When Zhao Xin was at Peking University, he studied history, and finally achieved a doctorate in history, which does not mean that Zhao Xin does not know a little science knowledge, and he dominates the world by learning, which is incomprehensible to ordinary people. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

In the chemical industry, the most basic, the most high-profile three acids and two alkalis, they are the foundation of the chemical industry, most of the important chemical products of the chemical system, plastics, petrochemicals, food chemistry, molecular chemistry and many other fields, and the three acids and two alkalis are not at all incompatible, there are only a few few, or unremarkable small items, the foundation of the new Chinese chemical field, but also from the three acids and two alkalis, they are the most basic chemical raw materials.

Five basic chemical products, if you insist on choosing one of the most important, in the three acids and two alkalis, sulfuric acid is basically the basis of three acids and two alkalis, with sulfuric acid and some other natural compounds, it is not too difficult to make other acids and alkalis, it has also become the basis of three acids and two alkalis.

Sulfuric acid is also ancient China, the only important chemical raw materials, the method of obtaining alum oil is very simple, calcined alum condensation, alum oil is literal, representing its manufacturing method, the ancients chemical knowledge is not systematic, just see the cooking of oil, did not study the characteristics of alum oil, perhaps because of the feeling that the oil will volatilize, dilute sulfuric acid has a pungent taste, it is natural to think that it will volatilize, there is no continued cooking, lost the opportunity to obtain more important chemical products concentrated sulfuric acid, in fact, The production of alum oil is easy, and it is even easier to go from alum oil to concentrated sulfuric acid, which is also an acid that can be converted into each other.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidant and adsorbent, the concentrated sulfuric acid in nature, will be through the adsorption of water vapor in the air, and gradually become dilute sulfuric acid, the most direct change method is to add concentrated sulfuric acid to water, keep stirring is dilute sulfuric acid, dilute sulfuric acid to convert concentrated sulfuric acid, it is simple, heating transpiration is good, the water vapor is transpirated, it is concentrated sulfuric acid.

The role of alum oil, that is, dilute sulfuric acid, is relatively simple, at most it only removes some rust, and when ionic chemistry does not enter a certain extent, the chemical industry is still a high school starting point, that is, based on precipitation, discoloration, or heat and luminescence, in chemistry, this should be regarded as a violent chemical reaction, to see the changes under natural conditions, rather than with the help of this molecule or a higher definition microscope, to observe the molecular and ionic level.

Compared with dilute sulfuric acid, the characteristics of concentrated sulfuric acid are more obvious, he is a strong oxidant, for many active substances that are not strong, have a huge oxidation effect, for the adsorption capacity of water, will allow him to have the function of dehydration, most of the sulfate is a solid precipitate, but also easy to be precipitated and cleaned up, concentrated sulfuric acid is often used as a purifier for a certain chemical product, or the purification of compounds.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is not only a chemical raw material, the lethality is not small at all, those who are disfigured with concentrated sulfuric acid in later generations, mostly about 70% concentrated sulfuric acid, or even lower, as long as the dose is large enough, about 50% of the proportion, are quite corrosive, even if it is not splashed on the eyes, the damage to the skin is also huge, the real 98.5% concentrated sulfuric acid, a drop is very powerful, not to mention the corpse water, one or two drops can melt the corpse, those modern science and technology can not reach, One or two drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, as long as they are thrown on the face of an unobstructed person, they will be injured, and the wound formed by the chemical agent will be very painful, and the manifestation will be very terrible.

Before Zhao Xin, he just wanted to find the green alum, use the green alum to make green alum oil, a little troublesome, but it is not impossible to solve, who knows, this time the harvest of the county is really huge, there is still green alum oil in the inadvertent corner, which saves a lot of effort, it is good to manifest it directly, through the association system, the green alum oil card was quickly found, there is a note behind it, the ancient dilute sulfuric acid, there are certain impurities, the main role is to clean up the rust, or it is not easy to clean up the stains.

Under ancient conditions, impurities are inevitable, even if modern science and technology, it is impossible to completely remove impurities, purity is always a never-ending problem, but the standards of different eras are different, as long as the impurities do not affect the overall performance, the impurities are impurities, this is just a simple weapon, the use of concentrated sulfuric acid is only the strong oxidation and dehydration of concentrated sulfuric acid, and not the pursuit of the limit, more than 70% of the content of concentrated sulfuric acid, have huge lethality.

When he was desperate to solve the problem, Zhao Xin couldn't take care of it anymore, and directly found a ceramic pot, which showed about 5 liters of alum oil, with a lot of impurities, if he had time, he could wait, after simple filtration, the impurities could be reduced, for example, cotton cloth, or a fine mesh made of iron wire, a part of the impurities could be filtered and adsorbed, at this time, Zhao Xin had nothing to filter, to filter sulfuric acid, at least a dense iron mesh was required, Not to mention that the wire drawing technology of this era is not up to par, and in ancient times, it was rare to produce qualified copper and iron wire, and even if there were, the process of making iron wire was very difficult, let alone woven into a dense fine net.

Just as a weapon, then you can ignore the impurities, he should be able to continue, from dilute sulfuric acid to concentrated sulfuric acid, no large-scale production equipment, a pot that is not reacted by the high temperature of concentrated sulfuric acid, just continuous cooking, sulfuric acid is quite stable, will not be volatilized because of simple heating, with the increase of temperature, water will volatilize, when the water in sulfuric acid gradually decreases, the concentration of sulfuric acid will also increase, this is the principle of production.

Copper can not be used as a container, the reaction of copper and concentrated sulfuric acid is not fast, with the passage of time, it will be faster and faster, especially in the case of heating, although iron at room temperature, it will react violently, and then form passivation, preventing the continuation of the reaction, but in the state of heating, the reaction speed will also be accelerated, fortunately, there are ceramics on the ship, even if it is not good, but it is large enough to be used as a heating container.

The conversion of dilute sulfuric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is good if it is heated constantly, some relatively pure dilute sulfuric acid can be heated to the extreme, until the concentrated sulfuric acid boils, it is said to be boiling, but the concentrated sulfuric acid will form an azeotrope with water at a certain concentration, at this time, the solution is quite stable, and the concentrated sulfuric acid and water will not volatilize to form a mixture, which is the traditional sense of concentrated sulfuric acid, the limit is about 98.5%, and perhaps there are higher concentrations in the industry and laboratory. It's a pity that the chemistry has already surpassed the beginning of high school.

Such a method is very simple, but also chemists after years of research, plus a little bit of coincidence and formed, seemingly simple step, but at least through hundreds of years of history, Zhao Xin but a simple step, China's ceramic culture, so that this step out of the smoother, replaced by iron pot or copper pot, it will be a lot of trouble, perhaps many times, consume countless opportunities, to get the final result.

Zhao Xin came to the kitchen and drove everyone out, this is not cooking time, even the next meal, there is more than an hour and a half, the people in the kitchen are not hired casually, they are all trustworthy, knowing Zhao Xin's status, only a little guy who helped to light the fire was left to prevent Zhao Xin from messing around, so he went out, the little master always had some whimsical ideas, he could do whatever he wanted, and even Wang Song was not notified.

In the casserole, 5 liters of green alum oil were heated, because the concentration of sulfuric acid was not high, a few percent, a large amount of water vapor and a very small amount of sulfuric acid decomposition were transpirated, the movement was a little big, the taste was also very pungent, and the pungent smell permeated the entire ship, and finally Wang Song was alarmed, and came over to take a look at Sun Ji's request.

When I walked into the kitchen, I saw that Zhao Xin was just boiling a liquid, although it was a little pungent, but there was no danger, and Zhao Xin did not approach the stove, but commanded the little guy to operate from afar, it didn't look dangerous, to be honest, during this time, he was in a hurry, and he didn't even stop on the shore, even adults like Wang Song were slightly anxious, not to mention Zhao Xin as a child, although from the beginning of the boat, Zhao Xin showed wisdom, but occasionally crazy moves, He was impressed by what if he asked to land again, and instead of forcibly stopping him, it was better for him to find something of interest to play with.

Wang Song came in, didn't say anything, and then left, which made Zhao Xin more happy, he was still worried that there was no way to explain it, concentrated sulfuric acid is related to life, it is an important hole card, he can't give up, Wang Song didn't stop it, it was the best choice for him.

A total of 5 liters, from cooling to boiling, it takes a lot of time, along with cooking, a large amount of water vapor transpiration, the concentration of sulfuric acid is improving, different from the boiling point of water at 100 degrees, the mixture of sulfuric acid and water, the boiling point is very high, the high concentration almost reaches about 300 degrees, with the heat provided by ordinary firewood, it can barely be supplied, but the time is very long, this is still the result of a small guy who keeps adding fire and fanning, of course, the stove is not well sealed, not a firewood saving stove, but also one of the important reasons, Of course, Zhao Xin can't put his kung fu here, what he attaches importance to is concentrated sulfuric acid, it took almost an hour, after continuous cooking, the concentration of sulfuric acid keeps increasing, and after it is close to boiling, Zhao Xin scans it, a message flashes, and the concentration of concentrated sulfuric acid is 92% on the level 1 card.