As for the bearing, there is still a need for supporting grinding machines and processing equipment for the manufacture of balls, needle rollers and inner and outer rings, especially the measuring tool and heat treatment process, especially the heat treatment and assembly process is very important for bearings.

Before the fossil fuel drive and metal cutting machine tools matured, the metal processing part could only be done by hand, and even the tumbling work could only be done by manpower, animal power, water and wind power, all available power.

The principle of the bearing is very simple, but to do it well, it is important to have the most basic cycle life, heat treatment and steel. The former can make do, but the latter can't.

Last year, the Ganggong faction discovered manganese ore in Suidang County, which undoubtedly provided the possibility of manganese steel. However, it was not until two months ago that Yongxingcheng solved the problem of spring steel, for which it allocated 180,000 yuan to use a 100-kilogram test furnace to smelt more than 120 cylinders of molten iron, and only then did it explore the high-carbon spring steel process to solve the steel required for springs.

At the same time, the smelting of artillery steel has been going on for two years, and more than 600,000 yuan has been invested, but there have been no formal results, which can not help but make people feel hopeless. After trying back and forth, only the low copper-nickel alloy steel with copper-nickel-white copper is more resistant.

The biggest difference between copper-nickel-cupronickel cupronickel cupronickel cupronickel cupronickel is very hard, and the legendary meteorite iron is essentially an iron element containing nickel.

By mastering this rule and conducting comparative tests, it is easy to screen out cupronickel that contains only nickel, without going through metallographic experiments and chemical tests to determine whether it contains nickel.

Of course, if copper-nickel-cupronickel cupronickel occasionally appears, but rarely, the companion organisms are either lead, zinc, silver, tin, whatever the type, the hardness of the metal specimen after smelting is soft, and it can be screened through a simple hardness test.

However, the problem is that the density of nickel is almost the same as that of copper, and the nickel metal is inert, so it cannot be oxidized by air in smelting, and it is impossible to use the principle of carbon reduction to reduce and separate, so it is impossible to separate nickel and copper by density method, and it is difficult to separate it from copper by smelting means without smelting catalyst or electrolysis and acidolysis measures, and nickel alloy and tungsten compound have a characteristic, and the melting point of the alloy is low.

The melting point of nickel is higher than 1,450 degrees, that of copper is higher than 1,000 degrees, and that of copper-nickel-cupronickel cupronickel is less than 1,000 degrees, which means that the melting point of nickel alloys is lower than that of copper.

When nickel with a high melting point is alloyed with a metal with a low melting point, the melting point of nickel-copper alloy becomes lower, and it is difficult to extract nickel by the density temperature difference method, and the density of nickel is roughly the same as that of copper, so it is very difficult to obtain it by smelting alone.

Ninety percent of the nickel ore resources distributed in nature exist in the case of cupronickel, and in order to obtain nickel elements, in most cases, only cupronickel can be used, and nickel and silver ore will occur in a few cases, but the situation is rare.

Therefore, when the copper content of molten iron is too high, the pressure resistance of the steel will be significantly reduced. But too little copper will make the steel very hard and brittle. If chromium is present, the hardness of the chromium can be neutralized and passivated by the chromium element.

Chromium is the main companion of lead due to its high hardness and toughness, but it is extremely difficult to extract, at least for the time being, and cannot be separated by conventional smelting methods.

The addition of chemical reducing agents requires extremely high temperatures to reduce lead and chromium respectively, which not only pushes up the temperature and coke required for smelting, but also the evaporation gas of lead and chromium is toxic.

The high chromium content of lead is harmful to the quality of steel, and after Bailiyan tried red lead ore, he gave up the plan to use chromium and lead, and still needs to wait for the supporting development of chemical industry.

In the case that copper cannot be extracted cleanly, and there is no chromium element, the characteristics of nickel and manganese can only be reconciled with copper in the end.

Copper is a traditional alternative to low-cost alloyed steels with high performance, which improves the properties of the metal by reducing the use of chromium and adding copper.

However, the performance of copper is not as good as the advantages of chromium in advanced alloys, and the extraction and smelting of chromium is very difficult and costly, and it is undoubtedly feasible to reduce costs at the expense of a few performance indicators.

Just like the steel used in the aircraft carrier deck, the copper content of three thousandths is not good, not more, not less, it is just right, but to achieve this precision, the metal smelting process is affected by high temperature, and the metal itself has vaporization and volatilization, so the content of three thousandths is actually difficult to control, even in modern times, the countries that can smelt aircraft carrier steel can count it on one hand.

Therefore, before adding copper-nickel-cupronickel cupronickel to the molten steel, it is necessary to use the principle that the melting point of nickel is much higher than that of copper to separate the cupronickel ore at a lower furnace temperature, and the characteristics of natural alloys are not formed.

Because the nickel content of copper-nickel cupronickel cupronickel is less than that of copper, most copper elements cannot be fully integrated with the nickel elements in the ore body in the natural environment to form alloys, so at the beginning of copper-nickel cupronickel ore smelting, a large number of single crystal copper elements are stripped by the temperature difference method, and the rest are copper-nickel alloys with high nickel content.

At this time, the remaining copper-nickel alloy is newly formed due to similar density and tight atomic entanglement, and in the absence of electrolysis or acidolysis of industrial-scale nickel extraction, the original copper can only be returned with chemical smelters to form copper compounds or pure copper.

Due to the similar density of copper and nickel, it is extremely difficult to precipitate nickel or copper due to density, and it cannot be precipitated, and the characteristics of nickel will quickly form an alloy with copper again.

Therefore, the melting point of nickel can be used to reduce the liquid fluidity of nickel by reducing the furnace temperature, and the fluidity of copper is higher than that of nickel, at this time, only need to open the furnace door to lead out the molten liquid in the furnace, and the reduction and separation of the smelter takes effect, and part of the molten liquid is discharged in the relative time when the alloy is not formed again, the fastest flow will be copper, and the slowest flow will be nickel.

When the furnace temperature is reduced to the point where it can no longer provide high-temperature fluidity, close the furnace door and continue to warm up, and the large amount of metal remaining in the furnace, the nickel content, will increase significantly. The copper and nickel water outside the furnace will form copper and nickel metal solids due to the decrease in temperature and the change of fluidity.

Both contain copper-nickel elements, but the copper content of nickel solids will decrease significantly, while the nickel content of copper solids will be greatly reduced.

Due to the easy formation of copper-nickel alloys, it is never possible to separate them completely. Alloys will become more and more difficult to separate as copper continues to decrease, and costs will rise dramatically.

Therefore, this part of nickel and copper forms high-nickel cupronickel cupronickel with high nickel content, which is smelted in molten iron after primary smelting of copper-nickel-cupronickel, and then smelted into molten iron to obtain copper-nickel-iron-based alloy.

The whole smelting process can only rely on mathematical calculations and time to control the proportion of elements and smelting time, and how to choose and how to mix the formula in the end requires manual experiments to find out the best formula.

In the absence of metallographic tests and laboratory equipment, the technical laws can only be explored by the primitive exhaustive method of one furnace at a time.

This method is also a helpless local method, due to the advanced technology, the weak foundation, will inevitably lead to the technology span is too large, and the resulting time, money, the risk of failure cost multiplied.

Bailiyan aims to solve problems, and under this premise, it ensures a relative balance of cost, quality and efficiency.

Of course, the predictability of knowledge provides a pre-knowledge of nickel, manganese, and copper in the field of materials, and to some extent, reduces the necessary exploration process.

Of course, if it succeeds, the benefits will greatly exceed expectations, and the impact on the political, military, and economic fields will be immeasurable.

In the case that the stall has been fully rolled out, the situation will obviously not be too optimistic when the manganese steel exploration project is launched, especially the financial expenditure of Yongxing City, which is calculated in millions of units per year. Although the department store and Yongxing Hou Mansion have a lot of income every year, more than sixty percent of them are thrown in Yongxing City.

In addition, the treasury is still not abundant, Qianfang has just made a profit, and Xianwang has no intention of investing in technology research and development and education promotion, but is more counting on Yongxing City to support itself.

Obviously, Yongxing City, the hen that lays golden eggs, has a huge annual income, and if the treasury is allowed to post money, of course King Xian can't figure it out, let alone a hundred civil and military officials.

Of course, if you settle for the next best, you can earn the highest return at the lowest price, save amazing wealth, and be happy.

But Bai Liyan believes that the truth is always within the range of the cannon, and without preparation for military struggle, a rich life is a luxury.

Spending huge sums of money to tackle key artillery steel problems is far greater than its scientific research significance. In this way, the craftsmen of the Ligong School and Yongxing can understand the true meaning of metallurgy, and secondly, accumulate experience and data, and lay the foundation for the establishment of related disciplines and categories in the future, so the money and time spent are worth it.

Moreover, there are hundreds of alloy materials in a batch of alloy materials obtained from the smelting process of gunsteel, and the smelting process is completely recorded, not for nothing.

In late December, Yongxing Xicheng molten iron furnace opened, ten sixteen-pound guns successively off the assembly line, after seven days of sand box insulation and natural cooling, it took four days to sand grinding flaw detection, detect defects and remove waste, and then send it to the brick kiln to temper and eliminate stress, after which it needs to be stacked in the open air for two months, natural elimination of potential can eliminate stress, and finally carry out the second comprehensive flaw detection and test gun.

Through the percussion of metal and non-metal, the abnormal sound of different parts of the metal material can be distinguished, and the casting defects and defects inside the casting can be roughly judged, so as to avoid the accident of the hot test gun to the greatest extent.

Thermal insulation, cooling, tempering and natural stress relief are all necessary technical measures to ensure that the artillery has passed all the acceptances and reduce the explosion accident.

In modern times, it is entirely possible to use a large forging press to eliminate material defects, or a radioactive flaw detector.

In fact, the current heat treatment is still at the level of soft and hard metal materials, and there is no understanding of the invisible stress inside the metal.

For example, Changsun Guo cast the cannon earlier, it was just solidified, the cannon body was hot and red, and the sand box was directly dismantled and forcibly cooled, and the probability of exploding was much higher after cooling.

Before each new gun leaves the factory, without exception, it needs to go through 30 pre-heating tests, 50 hot tests, and 50 rain tests

The preheating cannon is the first firing before the artillery operation, and it is the most dangerous firing operation, especially the artillery used in the tropics is used in the cold zone, and the bore often appears in the preheating of the first few guns.

The hot test gun can test the stable state and limit state of the gun when it is fired continuously, and the rain test gun can test the tolerance of the gun to thermal expansion and contraction under harsh conditions.

Taking the Changsunguo artillery as an example, its artillery is extremely sensitive to sudden cold and hot rain, and the stress change of the material is exacerbated between the thermal expansion and contraction of the gun body, which causes the explosion under high pressure.

This is related to its smelting process and the addition of pig iron, which is also the case with the artillery of other vassal states. In order to solve this problem, Changsun Guo's practice was to thicken the wall thickness of the cannon and increase the copper hoop to enhance the pressure resistance.

However, the steel cannons in Yongxing City are much more resistant to rainwater infiltration, and so far, there has been no explosion accident caused by uneven heat and cold.