400 mm guns, this is already the level of the main guns of battleships, in World War I, super dreadnought battleships, most of their guns caliber is about 15 to 16 inches, that is, in World War II, in Musashi and Yamato, such a class of battleships, their caliber exceeded 400 mm, reaching 460 mm, and the warships of other major countries in World War II rarely exceeded 400 mm.

Of course, Japan's technical level is very low, and their 460 mm caliber artillery may not be much stronger than the 356 mm gun, the main battleship of the US army.

At present, the navy has solved the two problems of materials and gunpowder, and three kinds of guns have been used at the same time, and only the methods of strengthening the artillery that appeared in the middle and late 20th century in later generations have reached the maximum in terms of the strength that the artillery can accommodate, so the power is naturally high.

Artillery, to put it bluntly, is a weapon that causes gunpowder to explode in it, and then produces an expanding gas, and the cannonball moves forward quickly, and causes damage.

In principle, as long as the barrel can withstand an attack, how powerful the gun itself will be.

Sometimes, the life of the barrel of the cannon is about a few hundred cannons, according to the time of a shell, the explosion time in the barrel, tens or even hundredths of a second, the life of a few hundred cannons, is a continuous force for a few seconds, or even lower.

Whether it is self-tightening, iron hoops, or coatings, these can strengthen the strength of the artillery, and under the premise of the three together, the strength of the simple barrel and the barrel of the navy have reached the level of the second half of the 20th century, or even the end, and it is very normal to exceed the level of the second war.

Even if the navy is not in-depth in some research on artillery, but artillery, especially large artillery, the most critical foundation is the material, as long as the material is solved, the artillery is equivalent to half of the solution, if the understanding of artillery is not profound, it may not be able to shrink, but there is no problem in enlargement.

In this way, under a certain coincidence and Zhao Xin's continuous investment, the artillery is getting bigger and bigger, the largest one at present, has been produced, the caliber is more than 400 mm, this artillery, calculated to be 40 cm, after the technical concept of later generations, the use of more advanced gunpowder, as well as more powerful warheads, these artillery, the power is endless, even if it is a reinforced concrete structure like a fortress, in front of such artillery, it is also vulnerable.

Zhao Xin is a military enthusiast, he even personally studied the longbow, but also went hunting, as a representative of the peak era of heavy artillery, the era of dreadnoughts and super dreadnoughts, he very much hopes to reproduce these ships, the artillery has made a breakthrough, compared to the early days of dreadnoughts, it has increased a lot, but another basis of dreadnoughts, large ships, is a restrictive one, and the navy cannot make it.

Dingjun, because of Zhao Xin's leap forward, directly across the existence of wooden iron ribs, directly take the steamer, unfortunately, there are many problems, although the Dinghai has a pool experiment, there are more scientific methods, but the rise of time, is too little, others use a hundred years, hundreds of years, to be able to accumulate the harvest, in the Dinghai Navy, it may only take a few months, you can cross, this is because of the result of Zhao Xin's leap, but it does not mean that there is no bottleneck, now, this bottleneck is shown.

In the era of sails, ships have been the largest means of transportation made by human beings, and when it came to ocean-going ships such as Spanish galleons and clippers, it was much larger, from dozens of tons to thousands of tons, but from ordinary sail warships, and then to the extent of ships, it was different, thousands of tons were normal, and so were bigger ones.

This constantly rising weight is especially suitable for materials that are lighter than water, such as wood, but heavier materials such as steel, which itself is difficult.

Zhao Xin came from later generations, passed the college entrance examination, and was baptized by consulting for so many years, of course he knew the basic principles of ships.

The reason why a ship made of steel can float on the surface is because its overall density is still lighter than water, to put it bluntly, it is to divide steel into different cabins, so that the density of air is much lighter than water, and air and steel, once neutralized, form something heavier than water, and ships can also be made.

space, cabins, and some unique settings, such as fluid, as well as design, Ding Navy, under the impetus of Zhao Xin, made a Spanish galleon, as well as a flying clipper, is no stranger to the fluid system, the flying clipper is the master of fluid buoyancy, the unique design, the hollow bow, will make the ship in the wind forward, slightly upturned, so that the whole ship and the water surface contact is smaller, at the same time, the overall shape of the clipper ship, is a blade-like, the resistance is smaller, That's why clippers are so fast.

Zhao Xin did not have a lot of research on ships, nor did he have knowledge of mechanics and ship science, but he had seen a lot, not to mention anything else, the position of the propeller, he would design, this has been formed by the later generations of steamships after many generations, and at the same time, the shape of the entire ship, the chimney, and some overall layout, etc., he also knows.

Of course, he knew the law of development, from the Chinese sailing ship, to the Spanish sailing ship, to the clipper ship, and then, without considering other means of transportation, directly entered the field of steamship and steel manufacturing, which was common knowledge in later generations.

But even so, the speed of development of the steamship is still very slow, all the previous leaps and bounds, forming a huge barrier here, even with great efforts, there is no way to complete the finalization and mass production of the steamer, even the small steamer for civilian use, not to mention the warship, it is really very difficult.

For this, Zhao Xin is also very helpless, on the artillery, there is a huge advance, 400 mm artillery, not to mention compared with the First World War, the First World War is almost invincible, even if it is placed in the Second World War, it is considered a leader, the power is higher than 356 mm, maybe it can be suppressed, only monsters like Yamato.

Weapons, especially large-caliber heavy artillery, are already at the level of the Second World War era, and the quality of steel has even reached the new century.

I originally thought that there should be a little development anyway, not to mention, a battleship of 10,000 tons, a battleship of several thousand tons, should be captured.

Zhao Xin ignored the technical content of the ship, and said unceremoniously that even in the Northern Song Dynasty, it took a lot of technology to build any ship sailing on the inland river, and those that have been passed down from generation to generation, from the most basic helper to the master craftsman who presided over a ship, these need many years to be able to walk.

To the Spanish sailboats and clippers, their technical content is even higher, to put it bluntly, every plank, each sail setting, needs countless calculations, this is just the opposite, to the level of the ship, the lifting is even higher, almost every structure of the whole, need to be calculated, to give buoyancy is not enough, then just sent to the water, it will sink.

The Dinghai Navy has accumulated a lot of experience in the fields of ordinary river boats, Spanish sailing ships and clippers, and the combination of these two aspects of the later generations of academics and master-apprentice teachings has promoted the development of the Dinghai Navy in ocean-going sea vessels, but in terms of ships, it is not possible, before the leapfrog development, skipping the structure of some ships, and the final consequences, even if it is a pool experiment, as well as calculations, everything is correct, but there is no way to make a qualified ship.

Either the boat is well launched, and a wave hits and sinks, or it is very reliable and prone to such and such problems.

At the beginning, the researchers just thought that this was an inevitable problem in the experiment, as long as they were solved in the right direction, but the more they were solved, the more problems there were.

Zhao Xin has always been very concerned about the ship, after finding the waterway of the Americas, and on the premise that the Americas have set foot on a foothold, the future of the Americas is definitely to be developed, North and South America, these two huge continents, full of treasures of animals and plants, is definitely worth paying attention to.

North America is also down, it is just a little bigger, a little more resources, but South America, that is really a treasure land, the world's largest river Amazon, Brazil's tropical rainforest, contains a treasure trove of plants, look to the south, in Argentina, there is a Pampas plateau.

In the 16th century, the Spaniards brought cattle to the Pampas grassland for the first time, and then they had no natural predators, in such a fertile grassland, growing wildly, and in the 18th century, the Spaniards estimated that there were a total of 88 million bison on this plateau.

In 200 years, it has increased tens of millions of times, and I am afraid that the only ones with stronger fertility than them are Australian rabbits.

No wonder later, on the Internet, after a joke, what Argentines said, when they encountered an economic crisis, they were extremely angry, and went home for a barbecue feast to suppress the shock, in Argentina, beef used to be the cheapest kind.

The clipper ship, quite good, is the pinnacle of the entire sail fleet, but it still has a lot of problems, so the ship can be perfectly solved.

I thought that the researchers would give him a perfect answer, not to mention a few thousand tons, tens of thousands of tons of steamships, one or two thousand tons of small steamers should always be possible, but the reality is like a slap in the face, let alone one or two thousand tons, 50 tons, 100 tons have not been made.

What is the reason, is it possible that the specific gravity is not good, but according to the formula he gave, the formula above the density and buoyancy, perhaps, the one that sinks directly, is not buoyant, but the other ones, it is not, there is just a hollow steel plate, the rest are all empty, the specific gravity, compared to the wooden one, is much lighter.

However, when it floats on the water, its performance is more unstable, and it is easy to capsize once strong winds and waves come.

Zhao Xin carefully analyzed the reasons, and suddenly thought of the development of later generations, it seems that from wooden sailing ships to ships, there is still a process of iron ribs, although it is said that the Ding Navy has used its strength to cross this process, will there be a problem here.

When Zhao Xin controlled the Dinghai Navy and promoted the development of the Dinghai Navy in terms of technology and machinery, most of the situation was smooth sailing, but in some special areas, problems were still prone to occur.

For example, the part that should have been passed over has crossed over the past, and it seems that this part has no direct connection with the back, but in fact, it is a very important step in the research process, and if this one is missed, it will have an impact on the whole research.

After dealing with these things, especially the real examples, Zhao Xin felt that perhaps the iron ribs of this wooden ship did not have much impact on the production of the entire ship, but he still instructed the technicians and made an attempt in this aspect.

Sure enough, Zhao Xin's idea is correct, the wooden boat iron rib, he is a step that the ship must go, only by adding iron ribs to the wooden boat, you can control the size of buoyancy, the sailboat itself, has a certain center of gravity, can easily sail on the sea, and by the high sea conditions, it can also be successfully stabilized, not to capsize.

Coupled with the iron ribs, the weight of the iron ribs, the size of the iron ribs, is very critical to the overall center of gravity, this is different from the previous direct steamer, this can be tried before and after, to figure out the problem of this density, in the future, in the production of ships has a huge help.

Of course, if Zhao Xin has an excellent understanding of density and fluid mechanics, and even has a very in-depth research, he does not have to go through this process, and directly puts the center of gravity and the shape of the entire ship out, but unfortunately Zhao Xin does not, then according to the historical development, it is the right choice.

After the iron ribbed wooden boat was made, he studied it through a thoroughly, and he had a bottom on the ship, and some proportions were roughly made in accordance with the iron ribs, even if they didn't understand, they would take it directly, and it would be good to use it, and soon, the first more successful steamship was harvested, however, this steamer was very small, only 100 tons of displacement, at most in the 19th century, the small steamer that crossed the river was of this grade, but the small one was made, and the big one was far away?