Chapter 11 Oil Tension Made of monocrystalline silicon

Hearing Ning De be so frank, Zhang Zhimu said: "General Ning, we just didn't talk to you about this in advance, and I also believe that after you calm down, you will also make the most correct decision." ”

Ning De thought for a moment, nodded and said, "Mr. Zhang, you are right!" The army I am taking with me now is the Yaogang army, and I will not do anything to be sorry for the Yaogang. Lord Sun has no other way, he thinks that only by continuing to be a loyal minister can he make some more contributions, maybe the emperor will forgive him for the crime of defeat and spare his life. When I didn't listen to him and told him that the army I was leading was from the kiln and couldn't listen to him, Master Sun was furious. I advised him to follow Yaogang to do it, but he said he wouldn't listen to anything. I didn't immediately inform my family of the news that Master Sun was looking for me, which was also a selfish motive. I wanted to persuade Master Sun before telling my family that Master Sun was the old chief who had always trusted me after all. But until we were ready to go back, Master Sun didn't spit out. I'd like to come back and talk about it! may be touched by the fact that we are going back to Yaogang, and Lord Sun's heart is also moved. Besides, he is in our camp, and I will go with him. He also saw the difference between our army and the previous ones. This difference is not only in terms of weapons, but also in the mental state of officers and men. In particular, he was surprised to see that the soldiers were able to write letters home on their own. The night before leaving, the two of us didn't sleep all night, and we talked almost all night. In the end, he was moved by what I said. As soon as dawn came, he came back with us. Along the way, I kept telling him about our situation here, and he became more and more interested. As soon as we arrived in Lanzhou, we took a boat to Baotou, Sun was simply stunned, the most difficult thing here was the inconvenience of the road, and now it is so convenient to be able to pass the boat. When he arrived at Yaogang, his mental state and body were very different from those in Hexi. To be honest, I didn't expect everything to change so quickly. ”

Due to some excitement, Ningde was talking a lot in a row, saying that he was thirsty and had to stop to drink water.

Zhang Zhimu said: "General Ning! I think so, today, you will come here first, and you will also go home first. When Li Kui comes, we will hear about your Hexi. ”

"Good!" Ning De said, "I also want to tell you about Master Sun first, otherwise I'm afraid you will misunderstand." ”

"Wherever we are, we are all comrades-in-arms!" Zhang Zhimu said.

"That's right! Comrade-in-arms is a good name. Ningde said.

After sending General Ningde away, Zhang Zhimu said to Chen Yufeng and Ouyang He: "I don't care about military matters, you can talk to Ningde and them." There is another prominent problem on their side, that is, the national question. In the past, there have been many Muslim riots, and we will encounter such problems in the future. ”

"It's all caused by the tyranny of corrupt officials." Chen Yufeng said, "The people who forced it had to reverse. ”

"This is just one of the reasons," Mr. Zhang said, "and the ethnic and religious issues are very complicated. They rioted because of the problems that Uncle Chen said, and there were also religious people who wanted to gain greater power through religion and took advantage of these factors. We need to take a good look at these things. Sun Chuanting had spent some time in the Hui tribe, and he would get to know them better. We can listen to their opinions. ”

"Mr. Zhang is right, if the ethnic issue is not resolved, there will be no stability in the northwest. In the past, it was suppressed by force, and that was not a long-term solution. Ouyang He said.

At noon, after lunch, Zhang Zhimu wanted to take a break, but Li Yunhe called. Li Yunhe's loud voice came from the phone, "Mr. Zhang?" In the afternoon, Master Qingfengzi invited us to come over. ”

"What's the matter! Can't you go on your own? Zhang Zhimu asked impatiently.

"He said he was going to talk about the smelting of fierce fire oil." Li Yunhe said, "This matter is too important. Our tractors are getting more and more produced, and diesel fuel is already scarce. It didn't take long for us to save some diesel fuel before. You'd better go over! ”

"Alright! Sleep for a while and then pass, now I can't stand it. Zhang Zhimu put down the phone after speaking. But I was so sleepy that I couldn't put down the phone and couldn't fall asleep. The power problem has eased slightly, and the oil problem is in trouble again. If we rely on extending that oil field, we will not be able to support the demand for oil in the future, but it is not realistic to go to Yumen to extract oil immediately, and the transportation conditions will not allow it.

"That's right!" Zhang Zhimu suddenly thought that there should be not only coal on Shenmu's side, but also oil, and if oil could be extracted over there, it would be easier to transport. It seems that the time has come to intensify oil exploration and extraction. It is necessary to set up a special department to do this.

On the way to Yaogang College, Li Yunhe said to Zhang Zhimu: "We still have a lot of gasoline left. At present, there is no place where gasoline is used in large quantities, except for the washing of parts in factories. But as soon as our tractors came up, as well as speedboats and drilling rigs, they all used diesel, and the diesel consumption was large. Stocks are running out. ”

"Hmmm! How's your car doing? Zhang Zhimu asked.

"The car has the foundation that has been done before, and now it has learned a lot of experience in making tractors, and the car will be more practical and has been debugged." Li Yunhe replied.

Zhang Zhimu terminated the development of automobiles in the past because most of the transportation tasks of automobiles could be solved through cattle and horses. And the powerful power of the tractor cannot be solved by superimposing cattle and horses. But now it's time to get a car, because the transportation capacity of the car is still very strong.

Zhang Zhimu said: "The kind of car you are building now is a four-wheeled car, which is suitable for personnel to ride. After solving such a car, you have to develop a special transport car. You can start with a six-wheeled car. ”

"What do you mean by a six-wheeled car?" Li Yunhe asked.

"It's the two wheels in the front and two wheels on the left and right," Zhang Zhimu explained, "so that there are four wheels in the back, so that you can pull more goods?" However, the capacity of the gasoline engine should also be increased. With a car, it is easier for us to transport many large items. That's not something that cows and horses can replace. In the future, you can also build a ten-wheeled car. That will be the load capacity. ”

"Oh! I understand! Li Yunhe said, "I used to think that we could use the tractor by leashing a few more horses, but in fact, it is far from that." This time, we have concentrated a lot of forces to surprise the development of new models. This time, I not only arranged for them to engage in the crawler tractor, crawler transporter, crawler troop carrier, and crawler bucket truck, but also engaged in crawler crane and crawler piling truck. If we get all these models out, we will have great changes in the construction of the project and the transportation of artillery in the future. ”

Zhang Zhimu is very relieved of Li Yunhe, he is no longer the Li Yunhe who can only complete the tasks he has assigned. He will arrange the production of the entire kiln as needed, and he will know better what is needed in production. So Zhang Zhimu didn't worry much about it.

When he came to Qingfengzi's laboratory, Zhang Zhimu saw that Li Shoutan was also here.

"Huh! The altar is also here, and it is not easy to see you once. Zhang Zhimu went over to greet Li Shoutan.

"Oops! I'm too busy there, it's all dangerous things, and I don't dare to leave. Li Shoutan said.

"Master Qingfengzi! I don't think we can let the altar always be on the front line. Zhang Zhimu said, "We should let go and let young people boldly take over." Like the altar guard, it should be replaced by giving lectures to the students. The first is to improve the quality of our teaching, and the second is to let them be quiet and summarize their experience in the front line. After speaking, Zhang Zhimu said to Li Yunhe, "Our other departments should also be rotated in this way." Do some practical work, and then come back to do some theoretical work. Everyone has a process of calming down and summarizing the improvement. ”

Without waiting for Li Yunhe to speak, Li Shoutan said: "It would be great if it could be like this." I have so much to sum up, I really want to be quiet! Besides, I can also participate in the scientific research work here in the college when I come back! ”

Li Yunhe nodded and said: "What Mr. Zhang said is, don't say that these front-line technicians need such a rotation opportunity. Even I wanted to sum something up for a while. I've been having an idea for a while. We have too few magazines right now. Is it possible to run some magazines according to various categories? If you have any experience, you can write an article and publish it for exchange. ”

Qingfengzi heard Li Yunhe's suggestion and said: "I support Li Yunhe's opinion, I don't think we can just settle for that "Science Magazine". I propose to do "Chemistry", "Electronics", "Mechanics", "Medicine", "Art", several magazines. In this way, there is a place for communication in all walks of life. ”

"Your advice is great!" Zhang Zhimu said, "These things should be done immediately." We will first develop a quarterly magazine, and then strive to make it a monthly magazine. Master Qingfengzi of the chemical industry will be the editor-in-chief, Li Yunhe of the mechanical side is responsible for arranging people, I ask Yang Chang for the electronic one, Mr. Zhang Bengui is responsible for the medical one, and Liu is responsible for the art side. You don't have to worry about the printing, I'll let our printing house take care of it, and you just need to review the manuscript. You can also organize and mobilize everyone to write more. During this period, there should also be something to popularize science, so that everyone can know more about science. Even if this matter is settled, it will be done immediately. We have to have a few full-time staff members for each magazine, otherwise we won't be able to do this. ”

After saying this, Qingfengzi turned his words to the topic, "Mr. Zhang, I invited you to come today to talk about oil refining. Now their small oil refining equipment is already working. However, there is a problem, that is, the cost of diesel, kerosene, and gasoline that we produce is not low. I'm afraid we won't be able to afford it if we use it in large quantities. If you think about it, the fierce fire oil was pumped out of Yanchang County, transported to the Yanhe River for loading, transported through the Yanhe River to the Yellow River and landed in Taikoo, then transported to the Fen River, transported from the Fen River to the Lingshui Wharf, and then loaded onto a train and transported to the oil refinery. How many times have this barrel of oil been loaded and unloaded, especially in these places, the roads are not easy to walk, and a horse-drawn carriage can't pull a few barrels of fierce fire oil. Coupled with our smelting, a barrel of oil and fierce fire oil can't refine much useful things. You say, we are constantly producing tractors is not to think about it. ”

"What Master Qingfengzi said," Zhang Zhimu said, "is that we are facing a big problem. Now the construction of the double-track railway and high-grade highway from Taiyuan to Fenglingdu has started. It would be better if the railway was opened. However, it can also solve the transportation problem of this section. Besides, in the long run, the extended oil field will not be enough for our future large-scale use of fierce fire oil. Yunhe, you have to choose a competent person, we want to set up an oil company, which is responsible for the drilling, production and transportation of oil. ”

"Okay!" Li Yunhe said, "I think the situation in front of me can be like this, we are building a special oil terminal in the Yanhe, the Yellow River, and the Fen River. And renovate these roads to carry oil. We can build some fuel tanks that a horse-drawn carriage can pull, and even horse-drawn carriages can be built specifically. We can pump up the hot oil next to the well and put it directly into such a tank. Then it is hoisted to the carriage by crane, and a special crane is used for loading and unloading at the wharf. This way, the transportation can be a little faster. ”

"That's the best," Zhang Zhimu said, "this matter is decided, and you can arrange it quickly." How many wells are there in Yanchang County now? ”

"Three mouthfuls, a few more this year." Li Yunhe said.

"After the establishment of the oil company, the well drilling team will be expanded. There is also oil in that Shenmu County. Zhang Zhimu said.

"One moment you talk about oil, the other you talk about fiery oil. What kind of oil are you talking about? Li Shoutan asked.

"Huh! You kid don't know, our ancestors have long called fierce fire oil oil. Qingfengzi said.

"Let's call it oil, it's better." Li Shoutan said.

"Good!" Zhang Zhimu said, "However, Master Qingfengzi, the oil yield of the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel distilled by you according to the current method is still too low. However, you can also use a catalyst to increase the temperature to crack the large molecules into small molecules, so that the heavy oil can be turned into gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. It seems that aluminum silicate can be used as a catalyst. In the future, if there are conditions, hydrocracking can also be carried out, which will be more efficient. ”

"It would be great if it could be like this," Qingfengzi's eyes lit up when he heard this, "Guard the altar, quickly remember this method." ”

After saying these things, Qingfengzi said to Zhang Zhimu: "Mr. Zhang, I'll show you a treasure today." As he spoke, Qingfengzi motioned for a disciple to go and get something.

Zhang Zhimu smiled and asked: "Master Qingfengzi can see that something that becomes a treasure must be priceless?" ”

"Huh! It's more than priceless. Qingfengzi said with a smile. At this time, the disciple handed over a small box. Qingfengzi took it, opened the small box, and poured out a gray shiny thing the size of a fingernail.

Zhang Zhimu blurted out when he saw it, "Monocrystalline silicon wafers? ”

"Exactly, isn't it a baby?" Qingfengzi asked proudly, "It's already polished." ”

"It's baby, you finally got it?" Zhang Zhimu took the monocrystalline silicon wafer and said while looking at it, "With it, we can create miracles in the next step." ”

Qingfengzi asked: "Mr. Zhang, can you tell me what is the use of this thing?" ”

"The first use is that we can use it to make semiconductor diodes and transistors, and use them to replace tube diodes and tube transistors that consume too much energy. In the future, we can also engage in integrated circuits and high-power rectifier devices. In short, Master Qingfengzi, with it, we can create a new era. At that time, our radios could be as big as fireboxes, and the elderly and children could walk around the streets with radios. There are so many more. Zhang Zhimu said with some excitement. He also wanted to talk about computers, but that would require too much explanation, so let's save it for now.

"Mr. Zhang, can you tell me how we use semiconductors to make diodes and transistors?" Qingfengzi is also a little impatient.

"In this way, Master Qingfengzi, you can make the simplest point-contact diode first. You can cut the wafer into a very small piece, then touch the surface of the wafer with a very thin wire, and suddenly add a pulse current to sinter the wire and the wafer together, so that a PN junction is formed. You can measure that when the forward voltage is increased to 0.7 volts, the PN junction is turned on. Whereas, the reverse applied voltage does not turn on. This is a one-way diode. ”

Li Yunhe said: "With such a small diode, it almost does not consume electricity. I think let Yangchang and them do this together! ”

"Yes, diodes have negligible power consumption compared to electron tubes." Zhang Zhimu said.

Qingfengzi said: "I agree with what Li Yunhe said, Yangchang and they should be asked to send people to participate in the production of diodes." They have experimental means, and they also have experience. We wouldn't have been able to do it without them. To be honest, when we engage in monocrystalline silicon, many difficulties are due to equipment. Thanks to Li Di and Yangchang for their help. ”

"This is a diode with a small current, and it is okay for wave detection." Li Shoutan asked: "If it's a diode with a large current, how do you get it?" ”

"That's a little bit more complicated," Mr. Zhang said, "and you know that silicon is very stable, and if you look at the surface of this monocrystalline silicon when it is exposed to air, it basically doesn't oxidize." Semiconductors like pure silicon are generally called intrinsic semiconductors. P-type semiconductors are formed by doping trivalent elements, such as boron, into pure silicon crystals to replace the position of silicon atoms in the crystal lattice, and P-type semiconductors are formed by doping pentavalent elements, such as phosphorus, to replace the position of silicon atoms in the crystal lattice. P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors are made on the same silicon wafer, and PN junctions are formed at their interfaces. PN junctions are characterized by unidirectional conductivity.

We can heat the oxidation furnace to produce a layer of silicon dioxide oxide on the surface, which is more stable. We can take a picture and apply a protective glue to this oxide layer, but leave a window for diffusion and penetration, exposing the silica. Then use *** to corrode off the silica on this and the window, exposing the original monocrystalline silicon, and we diffuse phosphorus or antimony into pure silicon through this window in the permeation furnace to form N-type semiconductors. After the diffusion is completed, we oxidize the window again, and use the same method to corrode a window next to the N-type window, and infiltrate and diffuse boron or indium into the silicon of the window to form a P-type semiconductor. A PN junction is formed between two P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors next to each other. Let's draw out two more pins, which are diodes. In this way, the diode current can be larger. ”

Zhang Zhimu said that the disciples of Li Shoutan and Qingfengzi kept remembering.

Qingfengzi sighed and said, "It seems that making PN knots is not a simple matter!" ”

"Of course! It's something you can't finish studying in a lifetime. Zhang Zhimu said, "However, I can say for sure." It's easier than making monocrystalline silicon. ”

"I think I'd better make some contact diodes first!" Qingfengzi said.

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Mt. Fuji erupted, Japan was earthquaked. --Progress of "Memories of the Southern Song Dynasty".