Chapter 4 Assignment of Tasks Neglect Yulin

Yang Yulin was very happy to hear that the wedding should be prepared as soon as possible, but as soon as she heard that Zhang Zhimu was going to enter Beijing to see the driver after the wedding, she was very reluctant. Because she didn't know if the emperor would do anything unfavorable to Zhang Zhimu. But now I can only prepare for the wedding. Fortunately, Mr. Lu took over the matter outside, and he just had to clean up the house. Because Huang Yukun really couldn't take care of the house, he had to worry about it all. Fortunately, when Yang Jing comes back, he can still help. Zhang Zhimu can't count on it at all.

After deciding that he was going to Beijing to see the emperor, Zhang Zhimu felt that many things had to be explained before leaving.

The first, Zhang Zhimu found Lu Qi.

Lu Qi reported that the prototype of the sewing machine has been made and is being debugged. After the improvement of the textile machine, production is being organized, and the new textile workshop is almost built.

Zhang Zhimu remembered the hand-cranked shoe sewing machine used by the shoe repairer on the street in his previous life, so he gestured and asked Lu Qi to make this kind of shoe sewing machine. Lu Qi said: "There is a sewing machine to make a look, and this kind of shoe sewing machine can be made quickly." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Your textile machine is very good, you have to use it well." I want you to weave a kind of twill that I will use to make military uniforms. I will also tell you that when this cloth is woven, it will be of great use; In addition, I want you to make a thick canvas out of a mixture of cotton and linen, and I will use the canvas to make tarpaulin, and I will also use the canvas to make breeches for the cavalry, and to make shoes, and to make carrying bags, and so on. ”

Lu Qi listened to the request of the two kinds of cloth and said, "It's not difficult, we can weave it soon." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "You can also specialize in researching and weaving different fabrics with different methods. It is also necessary to study new processes such as silk weaving and wool weaving. It's best to organize a few people to study these things. ”

Lu Qi said: "Mr. Zhang, don't worry, I will implement these things when I go back." Some of the people who came from the south were already interested in spinning and weaving, and I was able to play to their strengths. ”

Second, Zhang Zhimu invited Sun Liang and others.

As soon as Sun Liang came in, he began to introduce the microscope, "Mr. Zhang, when our microscope is close to a hundred times, it seems to have reached the limit, and if you zoom in the field of view, it will be dark and you can't see anything." ”

Zhang Zhimu asked: "What light source is the light source you use?" ”

Sun Liang said: "I use a biogas lamp with a reflector. ”

Zhang Zhimu thought of the method he used in his experiment, and said: "It stands to reason that the brightness of the light source is enough. You put a little cedar oil between the objective lens and the target, because the refractive rate of cedar oil is similar to that of glass, the light entering the oil lens increases, the brightness of the field of view increases, and the image is clearer. ”

"What is cedar oil?" Sun Liang asked.

"The cypress oil obtained by distilling cypress trees is." Zhang Zhimu said.

Sun Liang honestly wrote down the method Zhang Zhimu said.

Zhang Zhimu looked at Sun Liang and finished memorizing, and then said: "I will arrange two tasks for you today, one is binoculars; The other is an optical rangefinder. ”

The binoculars are relatively simple, in fact, they are two 12x monoculars, but both binoculars use two prisms for two reflections. After the light enters from the objective lens, it passes through the bevel of the first 45-degree angle prism to make a total reflection, and the light is reflected into a perpendicular incident light and enters the eyepiece after being reflected by the second prism. It is also conducive to holding and using both hands, so such a telescope can be used immediately without a telescope frame.

Sun Liang said after reading the picture drawn by Zhang Zhimu: "The idea of this kind of telescope is very good, but the technical difficulty is not great. Let's go back and study it, and we think we'll be able to make it soon. ”

Zhang Zhimu is already very satisfied with Sun Liang, they are already a group of optical technical talents who are willing to specialize and have hands-on ability. In addition to completing the tasks assigned by Zhang Zhimu, they made all kinds of glass with different materials, and measured their refractive index and other parameters, accumulating a lot of information. And the level of grinding lenses has been greatly improved. He also designed his own lens grinding machine, which greatly improved the grinding speed and quality of lenses.

Zhang Zhimu took out a few more pictures and said: "This optical rangefinder is a bit difficult. However, in fact, the principle of this rangefinder is still very simple, and the theory is to use the trigonometric principle. ”

Zhang Zhimu introduced the rangefinder in combination with the drawings:

The optical rangefinder looks like an eyepiece and two viewfinders that are far apart.

The various prisms in the optical rangefinder will overlap the images in the two viewfinders, and what one can see through the final eyepiece is the two overlapping images. The user can adjust the prism in the rangefinder to overlap two images coming in through the viewfinder, and then the exact distance of the corresponding object can be read from the dial on the rangefinder.

The distance from the two viewfinder windows to the target is not exactly the same, and these two distances plus the distance between the two viewfinder windows form a triangle on which the principle of measurement is based. From this optical rangefinder, we can see that the optical axis of the eyepiece is always the same axis as the left viewfinder of the two viewfinders. Inside the rangefinder, the image transmission path between the two viewfinder windows is completely perpendicular to the optical axis of the eyepiece. To be precise, optical rangefinders apply the right-angle triangulation method. When the object is in a different position, the angle between the hypotenuse and the right-angled side of the right triangle is completely different, and only when we adjust the position of the prism can we re-establish the right-angled triangle; The amount of angular change we derive from the position of the prism allows us to calculate the actual distance of the measured object. Using such simple geometric laws, we solved the ranging problem encountered in the actual shooting. When it comes to the measurement accuracy of the optical rangefinder, as long as you understand the Pythagorean theorem, you will know that the distance between the two viewfinder windows directly determines the accuracy of the measurement, and the longer the distance between the two viewfinders, the higher the accuracy of the rangefinder. The distance between the two viewfinders is called the baseline distance.

With this rangefinder, I take the image of the left frame as the upper part of the image in the eyepiece, and the image of the right frame as the bottom part of the eyepiece image. When adjusting, the upper and lower images overlap, which means that the adjustment is done.

The accuracy of the general rangefinder is proportional to the square of the length of the baseline, and the longer the baseline, the higher the accuracy; The accuracy is inversely proportional to the distance being measured, and the farther the distance, the lower the accuracy.

As a die-hard military fan in his previous life, Zhang Zhimu wanted to tell them that the rangefinders of the foremast and the three main turrets on the Japanese Yamato are all 15-meter baseline, and the optical observation range can reach 50 kilometers, and the sea level height of the first bridge of Yamato is 34 meters, and the visual distance to the sea level is 18,000 meters, and if it is a target at the same height (34 meters), the mutual visual distance is 36,000 meters. But forget it when you think about it. Explaining these requires making up stories, which is even more laborious.

Zhang Zhimu said: "The baseline of our rangefinder is 1.5 meters, you first solve the problem of whether there is one, and then solve the problem of whether it is good or not, and the problem of the long baseline." There is also the question of the effect of thermal expansion and contraction of the lens and the entire rangefinder on the accuracy. ”

After Zhang Zhimu's introduction in combination with the drawings and comparisons, Sun Liang and others have roughly understood the principle of the optical rangefinder. It's just that Sun Liang is not a person who is easily excited, and he is still slowly digesting this new thing.

When Sun Liang and the others were leaving, Zhang Zhimu said: "The rangefinder technology must be broken through, and in the future, our warships will fight on the sea, and the rangefinder is a very useful thing." If nothing else, this kind of rangefinder with a one-meter-and-five-baseline baseline is very much needed by our artillery. ”

Third, Zhang Zhimu invited Li Di, Yang Chang and Lu Wenchen.

Zhang Zhimu wanted them to solve the problem of arc welding. After the three of them sat down, Zhang Zhimu said to Lu Wenchen: "Today is to solve your welding problem." In fact, Li Dong and Yang Chang have both engaged in carbon arc lamps, and the principle of electric welding is the same as that of carbon arc lamps, which is to use the heat generated by the arc, and electric welding uses heat to melt the metal to complete welding. The key to this problem is to turn a high-voltage power supply into a low-voltage and high-current DC power supply. Since the DC generator we use now emits direct current, there is no way to change the voltage through the transformer, so we have to use a DC motor to drive a DC generator to send out a DC direct current with low voltage and high current, and the size of the current can be adjusted by adjusting the excitation current. The voltage of the welding machine is between 70 and 75 volts when there is no load, and the voltage is between 25 and 30 volts when welding. The welding rod should be made of ammonium chloride. You should pay attention to the fact that the soldering handle made of pure copper must be made of rubber as an insulated handle. Pay attention to ventilation protective glasses when spot welding. ”

These welding knowledge was memorized for the exam when I was interning in the factory in college, but I didn't expect to use it now.

After Lu Wenchen finished talking about electric welding, Zhang Zhimu did not let Li Di and Yang Chang go, but assigned them another task.

After Zhang Zhimu discussed with Chen Yufeng and Ouyang He, he decided to build two underground telegraph cables between the smelter and the kiln gang, and between the Lingshui wharf and the kiln gang, and this matter should be carried out in secret.

The key to underground cables is to have waterproof cables. Zhang Zhimu assigned them the task of making waterproof cables.

When Zhang Zhimu finished speaking, Yang Chang didn't think it was difficult, he said that he just needed to paint two more coats of paint.

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said, "The cable you said will be short-circuited in a short circuit after being buried in the ground." My request to you is that each wire should be made of multiple strands of fine copper wire, and the outer part of the wire should be covered with cotton thread rubber, and the thread should be mixed with eight such threads and then wrapped with cotton thread rubber. The outermost layer should also be made of lead-antimony alloy. The outer layer of lead-antimony alloy should be coated with rubber. Such cables can only be used for a long time when they are buried one and a half meters deep in the ground. ”

Yang Chang said: "Such a line is safe and easy to use, but why use eight routes, isn't it too wasteful of lines?" Besides, such a thread will be very hard, and it will only be wrapped with a big reel. It takes a lot of effort to connect. "It seems that Yang Chang is still very experienced.

Zhang Zhimu said: "You are right. I've set aside a few strands of wire for the phone call when it's ready. You can finish the thread at one time and use it later. As for what you said about the line will be very hard, this can't be helped, you have to use a very large wire reel, and such a reel may have to be pulled by a special carriage. As for the wiring, I would like to remind you that the outer skin of the eight wires of the cable should be separated by eight different colors, and the wiring should be connected strictly according to the color. The joint must be well handled, in addition to the wire after welding with tape strictly wrapped, the outer skin lead alloy should also be melted and welded, and no water leakage at the joint. ”

Li Di said: "For the safety of wiring, I suggest that some soldiers be sent to dig a trench to participate in the wiring, and let them know what the trench is for, and we will bury it ourselves when burying the wire." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Don't worry, Uncle Chen has already arranged such things, and he is personally responsible for this matter." ”

Li Di and Yang Chang thought that after finishing this time, they would have nothing to do, but they didn't expect Zhang Zhimu to let them go.

Fourth, Zhang Zhimu called Li Yunhe into the house again.

Zhang Zhimu said to Li Yunhe: "There is an event that the three of you need to participate in. This is the question of developing electric lights. ”

As soon as Zhang Zhimu finished speaking, Li Yunhe couldn't help laughing and said, "Mr. Zhang, I've heard you talk about electric lights for a long time. I thought you had forgotten about it. ”

Li Di also said: "Since I was engaged in electricity, I have heard that we can use electric energy to light lights, but until now we can only use electric arc lights, and this time Mr. Zhang can be regarded as making electric lights." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Let me tell you, no one wants to make electric lights more than me." But this little electric light is not simple. You really can't do it without a little foundation. ”

Li Yunhe couldn't wait a little and said, "Okay, Mr. Zhang." Hurry up and tell me about the lights. ”

Li Dong and Yang Chang also showed expressions that they couldn't wait. Zhang Zhimu smiled and said, "Okay, I'll talk about the principle of electric lights first." As we all know, a resistor will heat up after being electrified, and the resistance will be red when it is heated to a certain extent, and it will glow when it is heated again. But when the general material person comes to light, it will melt. Only tungsten has a high melting point temperature and does not melt when heated to glow. ”

Li Yunhe said: "Then don't you just heat the tungsten wire." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "How can it be so simple, tungsten filament will oxidize and break off quickly when heated in the air. We have to heat the tungsten filament in a sealed and transparent glass container, so that it can not oxidize, but can transmit the light. I asked the glass factory to produce some lead glass, which is to make the glass shell of the lamp. In order to protect the tungsten filament from evaporation, we generally need to flush nitrogen gas into the glass shell, which can not only protect the filament from oxidation by oxygen, but also conduct heat to protect the tungsten filament from evaporation. ”

Li Di said: "It's not difficult to make a glass shell! We have nitrogen too. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "The difficulty is the production of tungsten filament and the structure of the lamp. Tungsten wire cannot be pulled out like copper wire. It takes a special process to do it. First of all, when we make tungsten powder for tungsten filament, the production process of tungsten powder should be a little different from our previous production of tungsten powder. This time, when we use hydrogen to reduce tungsten powder in tungsten trioxide, we need to add potassium oxide, quartz sand (silicon oxide), purified bauxite (alumina) with a total amount of no more than one percent, and then use the mold to reduce the tungsten powder out of tungsten oxide, and then the tungsten strip is heated and sintered in a hydrogen environment, forged into a tungsten rod of about 3 mm, and then drawn into tungsten wire by means of mold drawing. ”

Li Di asked: "Mr. Zhang, why do you add those impurities to tungsten powder?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Because the weight of tungsten itself is very large, the thin tungsten wire will sag on its own, and these are added to increase the strength of the tungsten wire and prevent it from sagging." ”

Li Yunhe asked, "Mr. Zhang, how do you know this?" ”

Zhang Zhimu couldn't answer, he couldn't say: "In my previous life, I was interested in light bulbs, and I saw it when I checked the information, right?" But Zhang Zhimu is used to dealing with this, and he said, "I will tell you later." All you have to do is do what I say. ”

Li Yunhe asked: "In this case, is the electric light enough?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It should also be noted that because the thermal expansion and contraction rate of copper wire is different from that of glass, the temperature changes greatly when the bulb is heated and powered off, and there will be a gap between copper and glass, and this gap will penetrate air." In order to absorb the oxygen that goes in, we put a little red phosphorus in the bulb, because the phosphorus reacts easily with the oxygen and absorbs the oxygen that goes in. ”

Li Yunhe sighed and said, "It seems that electric lighting is really not an easy task. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "What I told you is all principled, but it can make you avoid detours, and when you do it, there are still many problems to solve." For example, how to seal the inside of the lamp after filling with nitrogen, etc., need to be solved. So Li Yunhe is always responsible for this matter, and you have to tackle key problems together. ”

In the end, Zhang Zhimu gave Li Yunhe his own task is also very heavy.

The first is to transport all the steam engines originally used on Li Yunhe's lathe to the Lingshui Wharf and load them onto the captured Cangshan ships. Zhang Zhimu thought of the small gunboat of the Japanese devil in the movie in his previous life, which was also very practical.

The second is that Zhang Zhimu found that due to the acceleration of construction, there is a great demand for iron pipes, and the production capacity of the kiln can no longer meet the needs. Zhang Zhimu asked Li Yunhe to build a longitudinal seam pipe production line. Because all the technical conditions are sufficient at the moment.

Zhang Zhimu told him that the rolled steel plate should be sent to the acetylene cutting head with a row of rollers, and then several rollers were continuously rolled into a tube type, and then welded into a steel pipe with acetylene, and finally the weld was smoothed.

The difficulty of this production line lies in the roll forming, which requires several hydraulic rollers to roll continuously to roll the steel plate into a tube.

Focusing on this production line, Li Yunhe said: "It's a bit troublesome, but many of the pipes we use now are also rolled into pipes by hand and then welded." The production line needs to be done with electricity. Because there are so many places where the motor is used, a generator is needed for such a production line. ”

Third, Zhang Zhimu emphasized that the strength of those who are engaged in the locomotive should be strengthened, and strive to get it done as soon as possible.

Regarding the locomotive, Li Yunhe said: "The steam engine part of the locomotive will not be too difficult, that is, the driving problem of the locomotive will take some time. According to what you said, there will be a special rail rolling production line. ”

Zhang Zhimu knew that a new thing, without reference, would take time to perfect, and what Zhang Zhimu could tell them was that there was a steam piston drive at each end of the locomotive. Then I told them the general structure of the locomotive I had seen in my previous life.

Zhang Zhimu said: "If we want to improve our industrial production capacity one step further, the problem of trains must be solved. You can talk about what support you need, but you have to hurry. In fact, Zhang Zhimu thought further, if the train rails could be laid to the northern frontier, then the logistics support there would be solved, and no matter personnel and materials could be supported at any time, and the frontier would be stable.

During this time, Zhang Zhimu desperately wanted to arrange all the work after leaving, Lu Chengxiang arranged the marriage outside, and Yang Yulin himself Zhang Luo at home. was a little snub to Yang Yulin, what Zhang Zhimu didn't expect was that Yang Yulin was annoyed by the matter of marriage.

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Calculus formulas, tables of chemical elements; Conquer Japan in the east and attack Mayi in the south; Penicillin, syringe. --Progress of "Memories of the Southern Song Dynasty".