Chapter 105: Making Glass

The proportional formula of glass, Zhang Zhimu really can't remember. He only knew that the largest proportion of glass was silica, so he chose 75% sand; Limestone and soda ash each account for 10%, and miscanthus nitrate accounts for 5%. Do it first, and then slowly adjust the proportion, the proportion is different, the characteristics of the glass are different, and you will definitely try to find a suitable ratio.

So Zhang Zhimu put 0.75 kg of sand, 0.1 kg of soda ash, and 0.1 kg of limestone in the graphite crucible that had been burned. Namango nitrate is used as a clarifying agent, and it needs to be added when the glass liquid is fused.

The crucible was placed on the refractory clay, and Zhang Zhimu lit the flame of the welding torch again, and when the fire was turned blue, he used the flame to burn the mixed glass ingredients in the crucible. Zhang Zhimu, because for the sake of safety and reliability, the welding torch he makes now is really heavy, and he is too tired to hold in his hands. Zhang Zhimu had no choice but to hold the welding torch with a bracket and let the flame face the ingredients. When these ingredients turned into molten glass, Zhang Zhimu used a steel rod wrapped in refractory clay to stir the molten glass. At this point, the molten glass is cloudy. Zhang Zhimu poured the miscanthus powder into the molten glass, and when the stirring was finished, the molten glass was already a clear liquid.

Turn off the flame and let the liquid glass cool slowly. The molten glass gradually becomes a sticky and plastic state. Zhang Zhimu used a steel rod to pick up a small ball of molten glass, put it on a preheated steel plate, and then pressed it into a round sheet, and pressed several in a row. Finally, a few square pieces of glass were pressed. The pressed glass is immediately placed at the mouth of the furnace and slowly tempered to cool.

Seeing that it was so complicated, Li Yunhe asked, "Isn't this already built?" Why do you have to go to the intersection to bake? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "This is annealing, otherwise the glass will easily explode." In the future, making large pieces of glass and annealing them slowly is a technical task. ”

Wait until the glass is completely cold. Zhang Zhimu asked Li Yunhe to grind off the raw edges of the round glass. And he threw all the glass with a cloth wheel. At this point, the glass becomes transparent and shiny. Zhang Zhimu asked Lu Chengxiang to take out a tortoiseshell shell that he brought back from Quanzhou last time. asked Lu Qi to find a craftsman and asked him to make a glasses frame according to Zhang Zhimu's requirements, and set the round glass into the glasses frame. Without glasses, they are tied to their heads with a string.

Zhang Zhimu tried it and felt that the transparency of the glass was okay, but it was a little blue, which was the reason why the glass contained iron, and if you wanted to make pure white glass, you should add manganese dioxide. However, wearing it in front of your eyes has little effect.

Zhang Zhimu brought a candle again and blackened the glass of his eyes.

Li Yunhe said: "This glass is black, and I can't see anything clearly." ”

Zhang Zhimu didn't answer his words, and said, "Let's go and see the iron furnace." ”

Several people came to the iron furnace, and the iron furnace was discharging molten iron, and for a while, sparks splashed and the light was dazzling. At this time, no one dared to look at this hot molten iron. But Zhang Zhimu, with these blackened glasses, actually looked directly at the dazzling firelight.

Liu Baoxue, who was in front of the iron furnace, took the glasses handed over by Zhang Zhimu, and also learned from Zhang Zhimu to look directly at the molten iron of the iron furnace. After reading it, Liu Baoxue suddenly realized, "Oh, Mr. Zhang, I have this baby." In the future, depending on the heat, it will be too convenient to make iron and steel. I won't let the furnace burn my eyes. This stuff is so good. ”

Li Yunhe hurriedly snatched his glasses and put them on. At this time, he also understood why Zhang Zhimu wanted to blacken the lenses of his glasses. Li Yunhe's brain is flexible, "It's okay to blacken the lenses with ink, it's not easy to fall off." ”

Those five-inch square glasses Zhang Zhimu were ready to be made into mirrors.

Now there is no way to electroplating, and the only way to use the ancestors is to use the mercury method. The so-called mercury method is actually to dissolve the metal to be mercury in mercury (mercury), and then apply it to the surface of the object to be plated, because mercury is easy to volatilize, and when the mercury volatilizes completely, the dissolved metal will remain on the surface of the application.

In the previous life, there were those who gilded the nib of the fountain pen, which was also called a gold-dipped pen. In fact, with the nib of the pen, dip it in the mercury that dissolves the gold, and the gold amalgam of the dissolved gold sticks to the nib, and as soon as the mercury of the lamp is evaporated, a layer of gold remains on the surface of the nib.

But Zhang Zhimu knows. This volatile mercury is sucked in by people, and it is very harmful to people. So he found a ventilated and open place, applied silver amalgam to the glass, and sprinkled a layer of sulfur powder, because sulfur can neutralize mercury and form red mercury sulfide. That is, dansha, also called cinnabar.

Zhang Zhimu's move puzzled Qingfengzi's master and apprentice, and Qingfengzi was wondering, could this Zhang Zhimu still receive the true inheritance of the masters of the Waidan faction. All this he did smoothly, without a little thought, he did it directly.

When the mercury was all volatilized, Zhang Zhimu took the mirror and showed it to Yang Yulin. Yang Yulin was startled when she looked at the mirror. The person in this mirror is the same as the real person, and he blushes when he sees it. Especially when she remembered what Zhang Zhimu said, "When the time comes, you will know how beautiful your confidant is." Yang Yulin's face turned even redder. Of course, this mirror was confiscated by Yang Yulin.

Zhang Zhimu said: "This is for you." But you also have to have someone make a frame. ”

Now there is no shortage of carpenters in the kiln, and when the frames are ready, these mirrors are installed in the frames. Zhang Zhimu immediately gave Huang Yukun one, and Huang Yukun's first reaction when he took the mirror was the same as all women who saw such a mirror for the first time, and they were blushed by the people in the mirror.

Then, Zhang Zhimu sent another one to Xiao Hongyu. Little Hongyu was also amazed when she saw the mirror. Also looking in the mirror for the first time, she also blushed all of a sudden. Originally, Xiao Hongyu's skin was very white, and this blush was particularly obvious. When Zhang Zhimu saw this, he thought to himself, I'll withdraw first. But Zhang Zhimu was just about to leave, Xiao Hongyu said: "Mr. Zhang easily didn't come to see me, why didn't he drink this tea, he had to leave." "Now Zhang Zhimu can't go anymore. Xiao Hongyu poured Zhang Zhimu a cup of tea, and said mischievously: "Is Mr. Zhang afraid that I will eat you." ”

Zhang Zhimu said casually: "I'm afraid that I will eat you." This is a mouthful of kung fu that he had practiced in his previous life, but as soon as the words came out, Zhang Zhimu felt that it was not suitable in this era, and hurriedly said: "Just kidding." ”

"Just kidding, what are you nervous about?" Xiao Hongyu's eyes never left Zhang Zhimu's face.

Zhang Zhimu was most afraid of looking at Xiao Hongyu's eyes, and he always dodged in his heart. Zhang Zhimu knows the meaning of Xiao Hongyu's eyes very well, Zhang Zhimu also likes this little Hongyu very much from the bottom of his heart, Xiao Hongyu's kind of intelligence and beauty are simply irresistible to men. But now he has to restrain himself, this is not the time in his previous life, he can be done overnight. If you get one of them, you must be prepared to marry one. Yang Yulin over there can't do it yet.

Zhang Zhimu hurriedly diverted the conversation and asked, "How is your "Tang Guifei" doing?" ”

Xiao Hongyu knew that Zhang Zhimu deliberately diverted the topic, she could feel that Zhang Zhimu had a good impression of her, otherwise Zhang Zhimu would not dare to look at her eyes, but this person had too many concerns and did not dare to show love easily. She sighed and said, "The masters are still revising, and there are some eyebrows." I want to ask, you know so many songs, when will you teach me to sing some new songs. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Wait until I'm not busy." I'll come and teach you when I have time. ”

Leaving Xiao Hongyu, Zhang Zhimu took another mirror to Lu Chengxiang to see.

Lu Chengxiang was also surprised when he saw it. "I've heard of a mirror used by the Frangi before. It's like a real person inside. It's not, and we can do it. Now we don't do anything else, just do this, and we'll make a fortune. ”

"I have arranged for Mr. Lu Bingyi and Li Yunhe to set aside people to organize a team to specialize in making glass. I want to build a float glass production line. I'm almost done with the drawings. The problem is to choose a place that is a little further away from our living area. Because of the mercury method used to make mirrors, the mercury used is harmful to people. Zhang Zhimu said.

"Then choose a place on the roadside in the south of our kiln, where it is closer to the river to get water." Lu Chengxiang said.

"That place will do. When the production line is completed, the mercury can be miraculated in a closed container. This reduces the amount of mercury that volatilizes into the air. Silver can also be exchanged for tin. Zhang Zhimu said.

The manufacture of this glass mirror aroused the great curiosity of the kiln employees. So people who have mirrors have to take them out again and again for everyone to see. When everyone knew that a production plant would be built in Yaogang to make glass and mirrors, many people had to sign up for the work of this glass-making and mirror-making factory.

Lu Bingyi and Li Yunhe also sent competent people to participate in the construction of this glass factory. Zhang Zhimu only designed the glass furnace and tin bath part. Other auxiliary facilities such as factories are left to them to design.

Zhang Zhimu said: "You are bold and not afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success. ”

The newly appointed factory director said: "Mr. Zhang, don't worry, if you can make glass by hand, we will be able to realize factory production of glass." ”

Zhang Zhimu also told them a few key places. For example, in order to reduce the amount of soda ash, you can add more miscanthus nitrate and pulverized coal, so that the problem of proportioning will be tried. The ingredients of each batch of glass should be documented, so that the best ratio can be selected. The glass on the production line must be melted for two hours before it can be baked.

Since the kiln gang had great hopes for this glass factory, a total of 30 employees were selected to prepare for the construction of this factory.

In fact, the people of Yaogang believe that this factory can make money, but they definitely didn't expect that this factory will make more money in the future, which makes Zhang Zhimu dumbfounded.

Now Li Yunhe is most concerned about the steam engine, and he asked Zhang Zhimu when he will start building the steam engine.

Zhang Zhimu said: "Tonight, I will start to give you a lecture. I hope you can make a geared mechanism, and then make a steam engine later. ”

Because of the previous mathematical foundation, Zhang Zhimu's next course is a little better.

The content of the course starts from the basics of physics and introduces the relevant parts of middle school physics according to the syllabus listed by yourself. Without these foundations, it would be impossible to engage in mechanical design. Of course, we can't talk about electricity at this time. This is an outline made by Zhang Zhimu himself.

1. Linear motion

Content and Requirements

Mechanical Motion Reference System Mass Point

Displacement and distance

Average velocity instantaneous velocity rate

Acceleration The law of linear motion at a uniform variable speed

S-T image and V-T image of uniform linear motion

V-T image of linear motion at uniform variable speed

Free fall motion with gravitational acceleration

2. Force

Content and Requirements

The concept of force The vector nature of force

Gravity Center of gravity Deformation and elasticity Sliding friction Static friction and maximum static friction

Synthesis and decomposition of forces in parallelogram law

Equilibrium of common point forces Balance of moment and moment

3. Newton's laws of motion

Content and Requirements

Newton's First Law

Introducing inertia

Newton's second law

The relationship between acceleration and force

Newton's third law

The relationship between acceleration and mass

Overweight and weightlessness

Action and reaction forces

Overweight and weightlessness

Units of mechanics in the International System of Units

The scope of application of Newtonian mechanics

* Non-inertial frames and inertial forces

4. Curvilinear motion gravitational force

Content and Requirements

Curvilinear motion The direction of velocity in curvilinear motion

Synthesis and decomposition of motion Flat throwing motion

Uniform circular motion linear velocity, angular velocity, and period

Centripetal acceleration Centripetal force Centrifugal phenomenon

The law of gravitation

The law of gravitation

Artificial Earth satellites Cosmic velocity

For a few days, Zhang Zhimu counted these contents as bald. He also knew that none of these people would be able to fully understand. But when he finishes that, those who like to study will have something to do. The people who were most interested in these courses were Lu Bingyi and his disciples. They were both excited and depressed. I was excited to learn so much at once. It's frustrating that I can't understand a lot of things at once. But Mr. Zhang seems to have more things to say.

A disciple asked Lu Bingyi: "Teacher, can we learn all the things of Mr. Zhang in this life?" ”

Lu Bingyi didn't answer this question directly, and said: "If we don't come here with us, we will still be pulling those abacus beads there in our lives, thinking that we are masters." Isn't it our creation that someone here can teach us our inexhaustible knowledge? ”

The disciple said, "Disciple understands. ”

Zhang Zhimu also said to Lu Bingyi: "I know that everyone can't learn these things at once, so I just tell them all and show you a way." Let's follow this path and study it slowly. I don't have much time to spend with everyone. That's all there is to it. ”

These courses also puzzled Qingfengzi's master and apprentice. The two had long forgotten what their alchemy was about. Dive headlong into this knowledge of mathematics and physics.

Li Yunhe and these people are even more knowledgeable, but Zhang Zhimu can't wait for them to learn slowly. Then we will move on to the simple mechanics.

Since the theoretical level of these people is too poor, there is no need to talk about more theoretical things at all. I can only introduce the basic principles of the mechanism. Then I spent some time talking about the application and classification of gear mechanism; the basic law of tooth profile meshing and the involute tooth profile and its meshing characteristics; Basic parameters and geometric dimensions of involute standard gears; Correct meshing conditions, center distance and engagement angle and continuous meshing conditions for a pair of involute standard spur cylindrical gears; Involute standard spur gear cutting, undercut phenomenon and minimum number of teeth without undercut, displacement correction of gears and the concept of displacement gears; Calculation of meshing characteristics and geometric dimensions of parallel shaft helical cylindrical gear transmission; Calculation of the characteristics and geometry of worm drives and bevel gear drives. and the classification and function of the gear train; Transmission ratio calculation of fixed shaft gear train, rotating gear train and composite gear train; The efficiency of the planetary gear train and the selection of the planetary gear train are the determination of the number of teeth of each wheel.

After these things are finished, although Li Yunhe, Liu Bensheng, Lu Qi and others can't fully digest them, they already feel that they were too ignorant before. I used to think that I was a skilled craftsman, especially in the kiln gang with the so-called lathes and other things for so long, and I felt that I was already a great person, but now it seems that I have not yet started.

The mood of these people was hit hard. Zhang Zhimu also knows that these people can't design something practical by themselves all at once. But Zhang Zhimu must design something, and let them participate in the design, so that what they learn is also a process of consolidation and digestion.

Since the glass has been made, there can be protective glasses for welding, and Zhang Zhimu feels that the welding work should also be carried out. First of all, the welding rod is made, and then the welding rod is wrapped with a layer of ammonium chloride, which is produced when producing soda ash, which is a good flux.

Li Yunhe saw that Zhang Zhimu was going to make the welding work so complicated again, and said: "Aren't the two steel bars you welded last time very good?" You can't knock it open even if you knock it hard. Why is it so complicated to get this solder? ”

"The solder melts on the solder joint during welding, on the one hand, it protects the weld from further oxidation by air, and at the same time cleans the surface, reduces the interfacial tension, and makes the molten solder or brazing metal better bonded to the base metal. This is a welding agent for several chemical substances to produce high temperature through thermite reaction, and to achieve welding purpose through investment molding, at a high temperature of 2500 °C-3500 °C, copper and copper, copper and steel and other same or different metals are completely welded to achieve true molecular bonding. The resulting weld is even stronger than the original material. Zhang Zhimu explained.

Li Yunhe said: "After that, there are many structural parts that can be welded. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Yes. You pick out a few young-eyed people and ask them to specialize in this welding job. This welding work is also a technical work, and it is necessary to train specialized talents. In addition, you must remember that when Liu Bensheng and their building bundled steel bars, those thick steel bars must be welded to connect the columns. In this way, the reinforced concrete building is extremely strong. In fact, with steel bar welding technology, the original amount of steel and cement can be reduced a lot. We'll talk about that later when we design. ”

"This welding torch can also be used for cutting, so you don't have to spend so much effort to cut steel with sawing." Li Yunhe said.

"Of course, you can, but it's not the same for cutting torch nozzles. Here's a nozzle drawing I made. There is also a small nozzle inside this cutting nozzle. The outer nozzle is in the shape of a ring. This nozzle inside is used to blow off melted metal. When the mixed gas of the outside nozzle produces a high temperature to melt the metal, the high-speed air flow from the inside quickly burns the metal and is quickly blown off, which can increase the cutting speed. Zhang Zhimu handed Li Yunhe a few drawings.

After Li Yunhe finished all the nozzles for cutting, Zhang Zhimu personally selected ten workers to give a class and demonstrated gas welding and gas cutting. And teach these people welding techniques hand-in-hand.

With welding technology, the work of the kiln has entered a new stage. All sorts of steel products are popping up. The simplest is to raise a fox cage, with other wooden ones that are afraid of the fox's sharp bite open, this time the cage is welded with fine steel bars, so there is no need to be afraid of anything. In particular, the steel spring carriage, which was originally riveted and screwed, is now completely welded. So the carriage was much stronger. Later, Li Yunhe simply remodeled the carriages produced before with welding. Now Lu Qi's son Lu Wenchen simply does not want any cadre positions, and is responsible for welding work.

Zhang Zhimu said to Lu Wenchen: "That's all I know about this welding matter, and there are many things that you have to figure out by yourself." Those of you who are engaged in welding should set up a welding class. After you have mastered it, you must sum up your experience. You are a literate adult, and these experiences must be written out, which will be our wealth in the future. ”