Zhuangzi (c. 369 BC – 286 BC), Han Chinese. The name Zhou, the word Zixiu (a said Zimu), later generations called "Nanhua Zhenren", Song Guomeng (now Mengcheng County, Anhui Province, also said in the Northeast Minquan County, Shangqiu County, Henan Province) during the Warring States Period. A famous thinker, philosopher, and writer, he is a representative of the Taoist school, the successor and developer of Laozi's philosophical thought, and the founder of the pre-Qin Zhuangzi school. His doctrine covered all aspects of social life at that time, but the fundamental spirit was still attributed to the philosophy of Lao Tzu. Later generations called him and Lao Tzu "Lao Zhuang", and their philosophy was "Lao Zhuang Philosophy".

His thought contains elements of naïve dialectics, the main idea is "the way of heaven is inaction", that everything is changing, he believes that the "Tao" is "born from the earth", from "the Tao has not yet been sealed" (that is, the "Tao" is without boundaries), belongs to the subjective idealism system. Advocate "inaction" and give up all reckless acts. He also believes that everything is relative, so he denies knowledge, denies the essential difference between all things, vigorously denies reality, and fantasizes about a subjective spiritual realm in which "heaven and earth coexist with me, and all things are one with me". Politically, he advocates "rule by inaction", opposes all social systems, and abandons all cultural knowledge.

Zhuangzi's essays are highly imaginative, varied, romantic, and use the form of fables, full of humor and irony, which have a great influence on the literary language of later generations. Zhuang Zhou and his disciples and later scholars wrote the Zhuangzi (regarded as the Nanhua Sutra by Taoism), one of the Taoist classics. The Han Shuyi Wenzhi recorded 52 articles of the Zhuangzi, but only 33 remained. Among them, there are seven inner chapters, which are generally designated as Zhuangzi's writings; The outer miscellaneous works may be mixed with the works of his disciples and later Taoists.

The Zhuangzi has high research value in philosophy and literature. Famous articles include "Leisurely Travel", "Theory of Things", "Health Master", etc., and the "Cook Ding Jie Niu" in "Health Master" is especially recited by later generations.

The Zhuangzi consists of 33 chapters, divided into three parts: "Inner Chapter", "Outer Chapter", and "Miscellaneous Chapter", it is generally believed that the seven texts of the "Inner Chapter" must have been written by Zhuangzi, and the fifteen articles of the "Outer Chapter" are generally believed to have been written by Zhuangzi's disciples, or that Zhuangzi and his disciples worked together to write them, which reflects the true thoughts of Zhuangzi; The situation of the eleven articles of the "Miscellaneous Chapters" is more complicated, and it should have been written by the Zhuangzi school or later scholars, and some of the articles are certainly not all the ideas of the Zhuangzi school, such as "Stealing the Foot" and "Speaking of the Sword". The inner chapters that most intensively express Zhuangzi's philosophy are "The Theory of Things", "Wandering Away", "The Great Master" and so on.

"Xiaoyao" is also written as "shake", which means the appearance of being comfortable with your travel; "Getaway" is the freedom to move without any constraints.

The whole text can be divided into three parts, the first part to "the saint is nameless", is the main body of this article, from the comparison of many examples that can not be "free" to illustrate, in order to truly achieve the state of freedom, we must be "selfless", "meritless", "nameless". The second part to "lose the world", followed by the previous part to further elaborate, explaining that "selflessness" is the only way to get rid of all kinds of shackles and dependence, as long as you really forget yourself, forget everything, you can reach the realm of leisure, and only "selfless" people are the people with the highest spiritual realm. The remaining part is the third part, which discusses what is really useful and useless, explains that we cannot be stuck in things, and we must treat uselessness as useful, and further expresses the opposition to actively participating in social activities, aiming to pursue a life of pleasure without any constraints.

This is one of the representative chapters of the Zhuangzi, full of peculiar imagination and romantic colors, and the allegorical reason is based on allegories and vivid metaphors, forming a unique style. "Getaway" is also an important aspect of Zhuangzi's philosophical thought. Throughout the text, he repeatedly expounds the claim that there is no basis for the pursuit of absolute freedom in the spiritual world. In Zhuangzi's eyes, everything in objective reality, including human beings themselves, is opposed and interdependent, so there is no absolute freedom, and if you want to have nothing to rely on, you have no self. Therefore, he hoped that everything would conform to nature and be detached from reality, denying all the roles of man in social life, and mixing human life with the survival of all things; Advocate not to stay in things, the pursuit of unconditional spiritual freedom.

There is a fish in the sea in the north, and its name is Kun. The volume of the kun is really not known to be thousands of miles large; Changed into a bird, and its name was Peng. Peng's back, I really don't know how long it grows to thousands of miles; When it rises and flies, its wings spread like clouds in the sky. This Peng bird migrated to the southern sea with the turbulent waves of the sea. The sea in the south is a large natural pool. "Qi Harmony" is a book dedicated to recording strange things, this book records: "Peng bird migrated to the southern sea, wings flapped on the surface of the water to stir up waves of 3,000 li, the sea surface of the sudden wind swirled up straight to 90,000 li in the sky, it took six months to leave the northern sea before stopping." The steaming and floating mist on the forest fields in spring like galloping horses, and the boiling dust in the low altitude are all caused by the breath of various creatures in nature. The sky is so blue, is this its true color? Or is it too far away to see the end of it? Peng Bird looked down from high in the sky, but it was just like this.

Besides, if the water does not accumulate deeply, it will have no power to carry a large ship. Pour a glass of water in the low-lying part of the courtroom, and the little mustard grass can be used as a boat; And the cup sticks to it because the water is too shallow and the boat is too big. The wind does not accumulate strong strength, and it does not have enough strength to support its huge wings. Therefore, the bird flew 90,000 miles high, and the wind was under it, and then it flew with the power of the wind, carrying the blue sky and no power to stop it, and then it flew to the south as it is now. The cicada and the little grey finch laughed at it and said, "I took off from the ground and touched the branches of the elm and sandalwood trees, and often I could not fly and fell to the ground, so why should I fly south at a height of 90,000 miles?" "When you go to the confused countryside, you can go back and forth with three meals, and your stomach is still full; When you go a hundred miles away, you have to spend the whole night preparing dry food; When you go thousands of miles away, you have to prepare food three months ago. What do these two little things know about the cicada and the gray sparrow! Small wisdom cannot catch up with great wisdom, and a short life span is not as long as a long life. How do you know this is the case? The early morning fungi will not understand what obscurity is, and the cicadas will not understand what spring and autumn are, which is short life. In the south of Chu State, there is a big turtle called the Spirit, which regards 500 years as spring and 500 years as autumn; In ancient times, there was an ancient tree called Tsubaki, which regarded 8,000 years as spring and 8,000 years as autumn, which is longevity. But Peng Zu is still famous for his long life, isn't it sad that people compare with him?

Shang Tang asked Thorn about the words like this: "In the north where there are no vegetation, there is a very deep sea, and that is the 'Heavenly Pond'. There is a fish there, its back is thousands of miles, no one can know how long it is, its name is Kun, there is a bird, its name is Peng, its back is like a mountain, its wings spread like clouds in the sky. Peng Bird rose up and flew, its wings flapped and the air flow that rotated rapidly upwards rushed straight into the air at an altitude of 90,000 miles, passing through the clouds, carrying the blue sky, and then flew south, intending to fly to the sea in the south. The scolder laughed at it and said, 'Where is it going to fly?' I jumped up and flew up, but I fell a few feet high, hovering among the basil bushes, which was the limit of my flight. And where is it going to fly? That's the difference between small and big.

Therefore, those who are intellectually competent for an official office, who are of good character to the wishes of the people of a country, who are of good morals who are of good faith with the king, and who are capable of winning the trust of the people of a country, look upon themselves as such. And Song Rongzi laughed at them. The people of the world praise him, and he will not work harder because of it, and the people of the world will criticize him, and he will not be more depressed because of it. He clearly distinguishes between himself and the outside world, distinguishes the line between honor and disgrace, and that's it! Song Rongzi has never been in a hurry to pursue anything for the whole society. Despite this, he failed to reach the highest level. Liezi can walk in the wind, which is really light and beautiful, and it will take fifteen days before returning. Liezi has never been in a hurry to seek happiness. Although he was relieved of the toil of walking, he still had some basis for doing so. As for following the laws of all things in the universe, grasping the changes of the "six qis", and wandering in the endless realm, what else does he rely on! Therefore, it can be said that a "supreme person" with noble moral cultivation can reach the state of selflessness, a "god-man" whose spiritual world is completely detached from things has no fame or career in his mind, and a "saint" whose ideological cultivation has reached perfection never pursues fame and status.

Yao planned to give up the world to Xu You, saying, "The sun and the moon have risen, but the little torch is still burning; Isn't it hard to compare with the light of the sun and the moon? The monsoon rains fell just in time, but they were still watering the ground; Doesn't such laborious artificial irrigation seem futile to moisten the whole earth? If you can sit in the position of king, the world will definitely be governed, but I am still in his position; The more I look at it, the more I feel that my ability is not enough, please allow me to hand over the world to you. Xu You replied, "You rule the world, the world has been ruled, and I still want to replace you, will I be for the sake of fame?" 'Name' is a secondary thing derived from 'reality', am I going to pursue what I want this time? Wrens build their nests in the forest, but occupy a branch; The mole went to the river to drink, but it was full of drink. You better dispel the idea and go back, the world is of no use to me! Even if the chef doesn't cook, the host of the festival will not overstep his responsibilities! ”

Shouwu asked Uncle Lian for advice: "I heard the conversation from Jieyu, and there was no margin for the big words, and once I continued to talk, I couldn't go back to the original topic. I was very frightened of his words, as if the Milky Way in the sky had no bounds, and it was very different from ordinary people's words, and it was indeed too unreasonable. Uncle Lian asked, "What did he say?" Shouldergo relayed: "In the distant Gushu Mountain, there lived a god, whose skin was as white as ice and snow, and whose body was as soft as a virgin, who did not eat grains, sucked the breeze and drank nectar, rode the clouds and drove the flying dragon, and traveled beyond the four seas. His expression is so focused that everything in the world is free from disease, and the grain is abundant every year. I don't think that's all false and not credible at all. After hearing this, Uncle Lian said, "Yes! For the blind you can't enjoy the patterns and colors with them, and for the deaf you can't listen to the music of the bells and drums. Is it just the deafness and blindness of the corpse? There are also deaf and blind minds too! This seems to mean that you are shouldering. The man of God, whose virtues are mixed with all things, in order to seek the rule of the whole world, who would be busy with the management of the world! Nothing can hurt him, no great water can drown him, and he will not feel the heat when the great drought of the world melts the gold and stones, and the earth and mountains are scorched. The dust he left behind and the waste such as the bran of the deflated grain can also create a sage like Yao Shun, how could he take it as his duty to be busy managing all things! ”

There were people in the Song Kingdom in the north who sold hats to the Yue Kingdom in the south, and the Yue people did not have hair and tattoos all over their bodies, and there was no place to use hats. Yao governed the people of the world well, stabilized the political situation in the sea, went to Gushu Mountain, north of Fenshui, to meet the four enlightened masters, and couldn't help but feel stunned, forgetting his position in governing the world.

Huizi said to Zhuangzi: "The king of Wei gave me a big gourd seed, and after I cultivated it, the fruit produced was five stones. A large gourd is used to hold the water slurry, but its sturdiness cannot withstand the pressure of water. It's too big to cut it open to make a scoop, and there's nowhere to put it. This gourd is not small, I smashed it because it was useless. Zhuangzi said, "Sir is really not good at using big things!" There is a family in the Song State who is good at concocting unscrupulous medicines, and has been rinsing silk wool as a profession for generations. When a tourist heard about this, he was willing to pay a high price of 100 gold for his prescription. The whole family gathered together and discussed: 'We have been washing silk wool in the river for generations, and we have not received much gold, but now we can sell it for a hundred gold at once.' Let's sell him the prescription. The tourists got the prescription and came to lobby the king of Wu. It happened that the Yue country was in trouble, and the king of Wu sent him to lead the troops, and fought with the Vietnamese army on the water in winter, defeating the Vietnamese army, and the king of Wu divided the land to reward him. The prescription is the same, some people use it to get a reward, and some people can only rely on it to rinse the silk wool in water, which is a different method used. Now that you have a big gourd with a volume of five stones, why don't you consider using it to make a waist boat, and float on the rivers and lakes, but you are worried that the gourd is too big and has nowhere to place? It seems that you still don't know what to do, sir! ”

Huizi said to Zhuangzi again: "I have a big tree, and people call it '樗'. Its trunk is pimple, which does not meet the requirements of straightening the rope and ink, and its branches are twisted and twisted, and it is not suitable for the needs of compasses and angles. Although it grows on the side of the road, the carpenter does not even look at it. Now your words are too big and useless for everyone to despise them. Zhuangzi said, "Sir, haven't you seen wild cats and weasels?" Bow down and wait for the critters to come out of the hole to feed or play. One moment east, one moment west, jumping around, one moment high, one moment low, up and down, never thinking of falling into the trap set by the hunter and dying in the hunting net. And then there is the ox, whose huge body is like a cloud on the edge of the sky; It's very good, but it can't catch mice. Now you have such a big tree, but you are worried that it is useless, why not plant it in a place where nothing grows, plant it in the boundless wilderness, wander leisurely beside the tree, lie down under the tree freely. The tree cannot be cut down with an axe, and nothing will harm it. It doesn't come in handy, but where is the hardship? ”

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