History did not depend on the will of man to come to 192 A.D.

Because of the relationship between the construction of Shanhaiguan and the strategy of Gongsun Kang to close the door and fight dogs, Liaodong temporarily gave up the attack on Badun.

Gongsun Kang is an idle person, and now that there is no war, he has begun to think about improving the lives of the people.

Papermaking、It was an epoch-making invention, but now the Han Dynasty already had it。 Therefore, Gongsun Kang can only be said to be an improvement, not an invention.

In the early days of the invention of papermaking, the main raw materials for papermaking were tree bark and rags. At that time, the rags were mainly hemp fibers, and the varieties were mainly ramie and hemp. In the first year of Yuanxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (105), Cai Lun improved papermaking.

He used bark, hemp and cloth, fish nets and other raw materials to make paper, through the process of frustration, pounding, copying, drying and other processes, is the origin of modern paper. This kind of paper, which is easy to find raw materials, is very cheap, and the quality has also improved, and it is gradually becoming more popular. In order to commemorate Cai Lun's achievements, later generations called this kind of paper "Cai Hou paper".

However, Cai Lun's improved paper is still yellow, and it is not resistant to preservation. If it were in the future life, it would be disliked when it was straw.

Gongsun Kang thought of Xiao Jia again, and when he had difficulties, he looked for Xiao Jia.

"Xiao Jia, Master Jia" Every time Gongsun Kang patted Xiao Jia's ass, he must have wanted Xiao Jia to open the back door.

Xiao Jia also understands this: "Don't, don't come to this set, I'm not familiar with you." ”

"Why is it unfamiliar? I came to the end of the Han Dynasty with you, living and dying together. In this place where birds don't poop, we have built a wonderful home. Gongsun Kang performed sensationally, looking like we were good friends.

"If you have something to say, let's talk about it directly" Xiao Jia really couldn't stand Gongsun Kang.

"You see, haven't I been thinking about papermaking and printing lately? I just thought, Shen Kuo is an expert in this area. Do you think you can summon him out for me? ”

"Shen Kuo not only knew how to make paper, he was one of the most outstanding scientists of the Northern Song Dynasty in history, and he was also a politician. He was also a brilliant engineer and a brilliant diplomat. Do you think such a talent can be summoned when you are now at level four? Xiao Jia asked Gongsun Kang coldly.

"That's why I want to go through your back door." How Gongsun Kang's words are a little ambiguous, I can't ponder it carefully.

"There's really no way, if you don't have a level, Shen Kuo won't appear in my talent pool. I can't help you even if I want to. Xiao Jia was also very helpless.

"Then there is no one in your talent pool who can make paper?" Gongsun Kang still didn't give up.

"There is one," Xiao Jia said helplessly.

"Then what are you waiting for, summon it." Gongsun Kang's eyes lit up.

"Okay" Xiao Jia didn't explain. He actually helped Gongsun Kang cheat.

Zhang Yong, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty. The paper he made was even better than the paper that came out of the royal trough. Shen Yue (441-513 AD) wrote in the "Book of Song: Zhang Yong's Biography": "Zhang Yongshan Lishu, and ingenuity, paper and ink are self-created, on the eternal table, play and sigh, for the emperor to reach." Just the words of the emperor's "playing and appreciating and sighing" can imagine the quality of "Zhang Yong Paper".

I saw a general with a helmet and armor appear in front of Gongsun Kang, and the general knelt down on one leg: "Zhang Yong knocks to see the lord."

Gongsun Kang was stunned, how can he be a general, I want a craftsman.

Xiao Jia put a few lines of text in Gongsun Kang's mind: "Zhang Yong (410-475) was the first county chief bookkeeper, and the state was engaged. Awarded the general Yangwei, the governor of the generals, through Henan, and then for the Qing and Hebei two states of the history of the thorn, the military department of the official book, the seal of filial piety and Changhou, changed to Wu County Taishou. In the second year of Yuan Hui (474), he moved south to Yanzhou and was the governor of Jiadu. ”

sent it, Gongsun Kang had a feeling of winning the jackpot, "Jingyun, please get up quickly".

"No" Zhang Yonggong stood up respectfully, and his attitude was very modest.

"Xiao Jia, thank you, I wanted to find a craftsman, but I recruited a general." Gongsun Kang said this sincerely.

"Papermaking does not belong to the military industry, and the characters in my talent pool are naturally related to the military." What Xiao Jia didn't say was: If you are summoned according to the general's requirements, Zhang Yong's level must be at least level five or above. Now summon him as a craftsman, level four is enough.

Gongsun Kang was not worried about Zhang Yong's papermaking technology, because he was obviously an amateur, so he decided to test him: "Zhang Yong, do you know Cai Lun's papermaking process?" ”

"The last general knows," Zhang Yong began to talk eloquently.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Emperor's period, after Cai Lun's improvement, papermaking formed a set of more stereotyped technological processes, and the process can be roughly summarized into four steps:

The first is the separation of raw materials, that is, the raw materials are degummed in the lye solution by soaking or cooking, and dispersed into fibrous form;

The second is pulping, which is to cut off the fiber by cutting and pounding, and make the fiber broom, and become pulp;

The third is copying, that is, the pulp is soaked into slurry, and then the pulp is scooped with a paper grazer (mat), so that the pulp is interwoven into a thin sheet of wet paper on the paper grab;

The fourth is drying, that is, the wet paper is dried or dried, and when it is removed, it becomes paper.

After the Han Dynasty, although the process was constantly improved and matured, these four steps basically remained unchanged.

"And where is your own papermaking improvement?" Gongsun Kang listened with relish.

"The improvement of the last general is mainly in two aspects." Zhang Yong continued to explain.

The development of papermaking technology is mainly reflected in two aspects: in terms of raw materials, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties have begun to use mulberry bark and rattan bark to make paper. In the Sui Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, bamboo, sandalwood, wheat stalks, rice stalks, etc. have also been used as raw materials for papermaking, which have been used successively, thus providing a rich and sufficient source of raw materials for the development of papermaking pages.

Among them, the Tang Dynasty used bamboo as a raw material to make bamboo paper, marking a major breakthrough in papermaking technology. The fiber of bamboo is hard, brittle and easy to break, and the technical treatment is more difficult, and the success of making paper with bamboo shows that the ancient Chinese papermaking technology has reached a considerable degree of maturity. In the Tang Dynasty, processing technologies such as alum, glue, powdering, sprinkling, and dyeing came out one after another in the papermaking process, laying a technical foundation for the production of various process papers.

The second aspect is the addition of lime. This is the most important step, the lime makes the paper white and smooth.

Gongsun Kang understood, and he said to Zhang Yong: "The primeval forests in my eastern Liaodong are patchy areas, and few people used to cut them down because there was no profit. It is too tiring to dig up the roots of the trees. Now I have the order of you to be the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and to be in charge of the things of paper and printing. You can recruit people to cut down trees and make paper. ”

"Promise" Zhang Yong bowed his hand and promised to come down.

In fact, wood pulp is the best raw material for papermaking, and the basic principles of the modern papermaking industry are still the same as Cai Lun's papermaking methods. Seven or eight tenths of the raw materials for papermaking have been replaced by wood pulp.

Therefore, the main raw materials used by Zhang Yong to make paper are these woods: bark, leaves, branches, remove the main trunk of the big tree that can build ships and leave the shade, and all the other parts are used.

"Zhang Yong, do you know printing?" Gongsun Kang is a guest and does not bother the two masters.

"The last will understand. Engraving printing and movable type printing are understood. "Zhang Yong has one thing to say, and two to say two.

"Great" Gongsun Kang felt that he had not only won the lottery, but also won the jackpot. "It's all entrusted to you, engraving printing and movable type printing, you can use whichever you think is convenient."

"No" Zhang Yong clenched his fists again.