Cold weapons generally refer to the use of gunpowder, illegal words and other thermal strike systems, thermodynamic mechanical systems and modern technology to kill and injure the enemy in battle, protect their own weapons and equipment, cold weapons in a broad sense refers to all combat equipment in the era of cold weapons, cold weapons can be divided into stone, bone, mussel, bamboo, wood, leather, bronze, steel and other types according to the material; According to the use, it can be divided into offensive weapons and protective equipment, and offensive weapons can be divided into three categories: combat, long-range shooting and defense; According to the combat use, it can be divided into infantry combat weapons, vehicle combat weapons, cavalry combat weapons, water combat weapons and siege and defense equipment; According to the structural shape, it can be divided into short weapons, long weapons, projectile weapons, tie weapons, protective equipment, equipment, military vehicles, warships, etc. Many cold weapons are made of composite materials and have more than two uses and properties. It is divided into categories based on its main materials, uses, and properties. Cold weapons appeared in the early stage of the development of human society, evolved from farming, hunting and other labor tools, and with the development of war and production level, it has experienced the development and improvement process from low to high, from single to diverse, from complex to unified. The development process of cold weapons in various countries and regions in the world has its own characteristics, but it can basically be summarized as the age of stone and wood weapons, the age of bronze weapons, the age of iron weapons, and the era of cold weapons and firearms. Among them, the era of stone and wood weapons lasted the longest. The Age of Bronze Weapons and the Age of Iron Weapons were the heyday of cold weapons, and the era of cold weapons and firearms was the era of the gradual decline of cold weapons, but with the development of science and technology, cold weapons were more sophisticated and more reasonable to use. The performance of cold weapons is basically based on melee killing, and in the era of cold weapons, weapons only have a quantitative increase, and there is no qualitative mutation. After the beginning of the firearms age, cold weapons are no longer the main weapons of warfare, but due to their special role in the world and the different development processes in various countries and regions, cold weapons have been used to this day.

[Stone Tools]

Tools or weapons made out of outfits. Mainly refers to the bladed device. In the Paleolithic Age, a hundred tools were used, and in the Neolithic Age, grinding and grinding tools were popular, and a certain number of beating tools were also used, and stone tools continued to be used in the Bronze Age, and were replaced by tools in the Iron Age. The Stone Age was the era of the integration of weapons and tools. A stone tool has the dual role of ordnance, and it was not until the late primitive era that the weapon was separated from the tool. Stone tools are the source of weapons.

[Stone flake stone tools]

Refers to stone tools that have been processed from stone chips. For example, scrapers, pointed tools, etc., usually have the dual role of weapons and tools, and are the main tools for human production and warfare in the Paleolithic Age.

[Stone Tools]

Stone cores or rows of pieces made of stones are processed into stone tools of a certain shape. Types of stone choppers, scrapers, pointers, etc. is the main tool or weapon of the Stone Age,

[Polished Stone Tools]

Refers to stone tools with a polished surface. The stone is first beaten or cut into a suitable shape, and then ground and processed on the stone. There are many types, and the common ones are about axes, rusts, chisels, knives, inlays, clusters, etc. Locally polished stone tools began to appear in the Mesolithic period, and full-body polished stone tools were widely used in the Neolithic period, and continued to be used in the Bronze Age. It has the dual function of weapons and tools.

[Stone Weapon]

Ancient people naturally made weapons made of stone. It is a type of cold weapon. It was transformed from stone tools, which were relatively rough and simple at the beginning, and were more sophisticated in the Xia Dynasty, and there were many types, such as stone knives, stone shovels, stone sickles, stone spears, stone ge, etc. Due to the slow development of the productive forces at that time, its use was long, until the era of the prevalence of copper weapons, it was still mixed with use, and then it basically died out after the rise and progress of copper weapons.

[Bronze Weapon]

In ancient times, weapons cast in copper were a kind of cold weapons, which prevailed in the Shang, Zhou, and Spring and Autumn periods. With the improvement of pottery and smelting technology, it was first developed from red copper weapons to bronze weapons. Bronze is an alloy of three metal elements: copper, tin, and chromium. In the smelting of bronze weapons, the alloy with the increase of tin content, the melting point gradually decreases, and the hardness increases correspondingly, according to the test, the bronze knife of the Shang Dynasty contains about 80 parts of copper, and about 15 parts of stone of tin and lead; Ge contains about 80 parts of copper, about 20 parts of stone, and about 20 parts of lead and lead; The copper content of jealousy is between the knives. In addition to copper, tin, and lead, it also contains iron, silver, silicate and other trace elements. The manufacturing process of bronze weapons is exquisite, and the appearance is carved and inlaid with various beautiful patterns, and some weapons are also cast with inscriptions. According to ancient records and archaeological excavations, copper weapons are very popular in the north of the Great Wall of China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Shandong, Shaanxi and other places. Offensive copper weapons such as copper ge, copper spears, copper knives, copper halberds, etc., and protective weapons such as copper armor. The shape and craftsmanship level are also constantly developing and improving. It wasn't until iron weapons appeared and developed that copper weapons were replaced by iron weapons.

[Iron Weapon]

In ancient times, weapons made of steel were a type of cold weapon. It began in the late Spring and Autumn period and flourished in the Warring States period and the invention of firearms. It mainly includes iron swords, iron rods, iron cones, iron whips, iron maces, iron guns, etc. With the continuous progress of steelmaking, the quality and shape and type of iron weapons have also continued to develop and improve, and their shapes have gradually tended to be unified and finalized, but their performance has not deviated from the scope of direct killing in close combat. Iron weapons did not die out until the advent and development of firearms.

[Long Weapon]

A general term for the longer hand-held combat weapons in ancient times. The term "long weapon" is used in comparison to shorter hand-held combat weapons. In ancient times, there was no strict size standard for the division of long weapons and short weapons, and cold weapons that were equal to or exceeded body length and were mostly handled with both hands were listed as long weapons.

[Short Weapon]

A general term for shorter hand-held combat weapons in ancient times. The term "short weapon" is compared to a longer handheld combat weapon. In ancient times, there was no strict size standard for the division of long weapons and short weapons, and cold weapons that were not as long as the body and were mostly one-handed in combat were listed as short weapons.

[Projectile Weapon]

A cold weapon that uses object inertia to kill and injure the enemy after flying independently in the air for a certain distance. There are many types of projectile weapons, which can be divided into hand-thrown weapons, throwing instruments and catapult instruments according to the form of giving flight power. Projectile weapons originated from the stones, wooden sticks, etc., which were used for caracal hunting in primitive societies. Later, bows appeared that bent branches and tightened them with ropes. With the development of labor and the practice of warfare, metal hand-thrown weapons and more complex throwing and catapulting instruments appeared. After the advent of shooting weapons, the role of projectile weapons gradually declined, and now they have become hunting, sports and special equipment. Projectile weapons use the strength of human arms, gravity, the elastic force of wood, and the elastic force of rolled or elongated fibers to throw various projectiles to kill and injure the enemy's living forces and destroy its fortifications. Commonly used about: throwing nitrogen

• Vulgar works please remove hammers, flying inlays, slings, spear throwers, bows, bends, Greek arsonists, throwers, bows and arrows, self-shooters, javelins, short throwers, derrid spears, and projectiles.

[Weapon]

In ancient times, ropes were tied to throw weapons that could be recovered after striking the enemy. Weapons are divided into types such as strikes, hooks, and bindings according to the way of killing. Striking and hooking are weapons that are also known as dog soldiers in ancient China. Binding weapons are generally called assault ropes. The system weapon is a combination of projectile weapons and long and short weapons, which has a unique role. This weapon is not considered the main weapon of the army, and is often used for specific personnel and tasks.

[Sanitary Equipment]

Body protection includes helmets and armor. The white armor is also divided into the protective armor of the human body and individual parts, such as the face and neck armor, the breastplate, the hand guard, the armor skirt and so on. Hand-held protective equipmentShields were generally used in ancient countries. Health equipment can be divided into wood, bamboo, rattan, leather, metal and other types according to the production materials; According to the role, it can be divided into simple defensive type and combination of offensive and defensive type

[Rong]

A general term for weapons in ancient China. Such as bows, zhang, spears, ge, halberds called Wurong. "The Book of Rites and the Royal System": Rong utensils are not porridge in the city. Zheng Xuan's note: Rong weapons, military weapons also. “

[Chopper] Stone Age tools or weapons, the shape is not fixed, the edge of the gravel or stone core is beaten into a thick blade, used to chop. It is commonly found in Paleolithic and Neolithic sites.

[Armor]

A general term for the protective equipment for various parts of the head and torso in the era of cold weapons. It has many names, but it is basically divided into two parts: the helmet for the head guard and the armor for the body. A can be divided into several parts: a body, a skirt, a sleeve and accessories. In the early days, people used animal skin wicker, cloth covers with padding materials, and wood to fix on the torso to protect against the attack of weapons. With the development of production technology, leather armor, knee armor, and copper (bronze) cast armor gradually appeared. Plate mail made of monolithic metal, chain mail woven of metal, and so on. Earlier copper armor appeared in Asia. Around 2600 B.C., bronze armor appeared in the valley of the two rivers, in China during the Yin and Zhou dynasties, and in India during the Vedic era. The first people to make extensive use of iron armor were the Assyrians in the Middle East. In the process of popularizing armor, there were also matching armor tools to protect specific parts, such as neck armor, face armor, wrist armor, breastplate, and gloves. In some Asian countries in the feudal era and in medieval Europe, armor was highly valued, and the production was extremely sophisticated, exquisite, and expensive, and armor made of gold, silver, and rare leather also appeared. With the widespread use of firearms in modern times, the protective effect of ancient armor on the battlefield gradually decreased, and was finally replaced by bulletproof vests and steel helmets made with modern technology.

[Mirror Armor]

A kind of protective armor that protects the split. Shaped like a shirt, the secret is made by sewing some belt or thin metal pieces onto the leather jacket. Sometimes the armor was covered with velvet, decorated with pressed patterns and carved patterns. In the Middle Ages, chain mail and fish scale armor appeared, and from the 13th century onwards, they were gradually replaced by chain mail and fine armor. In Russia, armor was a caftan tightly connected with small rings, usually small iron rings.

[chain mail]

Protective equipment used to protect the body during battles in ancient times. Generally, small pieces of iron are forged into small pieces, and then small pieces of iron are connected with iron chains. They are intertwined to form a garment, which is soft and light to wear. It was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty in China.

[Blade Armor]

A kind of protective equipment against the killing of cold weapons and firearms. Initially, sturdy linen or leather coats were used, and with the advent of metal, copper, back, iron, and steel were installed. The ancient Oriental peoples had already had leaf armor, and the gold metal leaf armor was produced there, and was later widely used by the Romans. There are two types of leaf nails: leaf nails and fish scale nails. Firearms were widely used later

From the 14th century onwards, leaf armor was transformed into thick metal partial armor that protected parts such as the torso and limbs.

[Face Armor]

The front of the helmet is used to prevent cold weapons from attacking the face of soldiers. Face armor was used in ancient and medieval times. The face armor is tightly attached to the helmet, and some are movable. Made of iron or steel, in the form of a single tile or scale. The face armor of the French cylindrical helmet is an extension of the front wall of the helmet, and has 2 eyelies and 1 or 2 nose and mouth holes. The Old Russian helmet actually had no face armor, but only a narrow strip of arrow-shaped metal hanging down in the center of the face. Ancient Russian soldiers, who also wore ball* pointed helmets; Sometimes these helmets also have chain mail shoulder pads that can be lowered to cover the back of the head, neck, shoulders, and also cover the face.

[Neck armor]

An accessory for protective gear. It was used in ancient times and the Middle Ages to protect the back of the head, neck, shoulders and shoulders of soldiers from cold weapons. In ring armor, the neck armor is chained around the edge of the military helmet and hangs down over the shoulders. In leaf armor, the neck armor is made of a whole iron plate or several metal plates connected by a ring cable. In medieval seamless knights' armor, the neck armor was the main component of protective gear. The neck armor is connected to the blade armor, the mantle and the helmet, which are made according to the size and shape of the samurai, and are divided into two parts, the left side is connected by a movable hinge, and the stone surface is connected by a dark beat.

[Breastplate]

It is used to protect the chest and back of soldiers from cold weapons and firearms. It consists of two sturdy curved plates----- chest plate and back plate. Ancient cuirass were made of dense felt sheets of outer leather. Later iron cuirasses appeared, the front half of which was connected with a ring and hinges or iron-clad belts on the top of the back half, and fastened with a belt below. The chest is embellished with pressed patterns or inlaid ornaments, and is gilded or plated, weighing 6-10 kg and 1-3.5 mm thick. In the Russian army, the cuirass was equipped with heavy cavalry in 1731 and was briefly discontinued

(180a-812), it was used as a protective gear until the 60s of the 19th century.

Later, it was used as a ceremonial dress only in the regiments of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division. The breastplates of the soldiers, officers, and other members of the Imperial Guards Cavalry Regiment varied in terms of the structure and ornamentation of the cuirass, with the Imperial Guards having a smooth surface with bronze ornaments. The Russian cuirassiers only wore cuirass in a horse formation. Due to the continuous improvement of firearms, the cuirass became the honor guard of the Guards cavalry

(to 1917).

[Armor Gloves]

Hand guards in ancient armor. In ancient times, there were no gloves in the mirror armor, and then the back of the hand was protected with leather and felt sheets. After the delicate metal chain mail and forged armor appeared, a blade popped out of the lower end of the arm armor to protect the back of the hand. In Europe, at the beginning of the 13th century, it was transformed into chain mail mittens, and later made armor gloves with five fingers separated.

[Chinese Iron Armor]

China appeared around the time of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. A is also known as armor, "Release of the name • Release of the soldiers": "Armor, still armor." Armor, strong words, or armor. "Iron armor of various generations is often made according to the material and body, and there are many shapes. The Han Dynasty called the iron armor the Xuanjia, to distinguish it from the gold armor and the bronze armor. The Han Dynasty army Shen has been equipped with iron armor. Hebei Mancheng West Han Shenshan King Liu Sheng tomb out of the main fish scale armor. It weighs about 16 pieces of 5 kilograms and is decorated with a total of 2,859 pieces of iron armor. According to the determination, at that time, the iron armor sheet was forged from a block of iron into a nail piece, and then annealed and decarbonized, which had toughness. The wearer's torso and crumbs to the elbow are surrounded by iron armor, and the bell is shaped like a half-sleeved short coat. During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the two Xian Cheese Lines were called Jieguang Armor. The shape of the Liangdang armor and the shape of the Liangdang in the costume are similar to Li's name, and it consists of a cuirass and a back armor. The Mingguang armor has large mirror-like metal rounds on the chest and back. The armor of the Tang Dynasty was diverse, and according to the "Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty", there were thirteen kinds: Mingguang armor, scale armor, mountain armor, black hammer armor, white cloth armor, soap silk armor, cloth back armor, infantry armor, leather armor, wooden armor, lock armor, and horse armor, which were mainly used by infantry cavalry. After the Song Dynasty, although firearms appeared, armor was still an important protective equipment. In the Song Dynasty, there were several kinds of mirror armor, such as steel chain armor, black lacquer near the water mountain spring armor, Mingguang fine mesh armor, Mingju armor, and step person armor. The "History of the Song Dynasty • Soldiers" records: the total weight of a set of mirror armor in the Song Dynasty is 45 to 50 catties, the nail leaves have 25 pieces of flying, and the manufacturing time is 120 working days, and the cost is three and a half times. The Ming Dynasty focused on reducing the amount of mirror armor, and each payment was reduced to 40 catties to 25 catties, mostly iron valve mail and chain mail. The armor equipped in the early Qing Dynasty inherited the craft tradition of the Ming Dynasty. It has also absorbed the advantages of the armor-making technology of various ethnic groups, and the ironclad protection ability and external decoration have improved. Therefore, the rich museum preserves the imperial armor of Gaozong Hongli of the Qing Dynasty, which is composed of bronze helmets and guards. It is composed of eight parts: armor guards, battle robes, chest guards, bronze mirrors, battle skirts, and combat boots. The armor is lined with steel sheets, and the Mingha piece, Oh Frontier, and the robe are densely decorated with bronze stars, and the armor of ordinary samurai is made into a robe type with shoulders and horseshoe sleeves. The outside of the robe is embroidered and densely embellished with steel stars. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the new army was trained, Western-style military uniforms were changed, and iron armor was abolished.

[Cotton Armor]

A nail made of textiles. It was mainly used in the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and ancient Persia of the Shen Kingdom. It is made of cotton, linen, weaving and other materials, and consists of a nail body, a nail sleeve, a nail skirt, as well as a forearm, calf sheath and other accessories. The surface of the nail may be dyed in color, and there are large copper and iron armor bubbles nailed. The cotton armor is made of light and soft materials, and the clothes are wide, so the combat armor is more comfortable than the iron armor, and it can also resist the fire of primary firearms when wet. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing Dynasty organized a "new army" and used modern guns, and the cotton armor was discontinued along with other armor.

[胄]

Chinese helmets. Xuan, after the Warring States period, it was called Douli, and after the Song Dynasty, it was called helmets. The earliest Chinese legend was created by Zaoyou. People made helmets out of horns and rattan hides. At present, the earliest bronze crests unearthed are Shang Dynasty bronze crests, all of which are cast with bronze as a whole and decorated with animal patterns. The bronze helmet, also known as the armor, was used in ancient warfare to protect the head, which was shaped like a hat, which could protect the head*, face and neck at the same time, and was popular in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The bronze of the Zhou Dynasty is also a whole fan cast, with two sides on the left extending downward to form ear protection, and some protruding a lamb chop round bubble nail on the surrounding wide band. The unearthed Zhou Zhou has a simple shape. In the Warring States period, there was an iron bucket, which was made of layers of iron armor. From then until the Song Dynasty, helmets were generally made of a single piece of fan casting, braided iron armor, or a combination of the two. "The Ming Dynasty helmet generally inherited the Song system and improved it. The Ming Dynasty Imperial Forest military chain helmet, iron bowl like a * hat, the lower edge of the chain steel wire mesh, the helmet is eight inches high, the net length is about one foot, and the mesh ring is extremely fine. The soldier's iron helmet is simpler, not much ornamented, the iron bowl is tall, the shoulder is wide, and the whole helmet is wide and narrow, like a minaret. The iron helmets used by the officers are carved with dragon and tiger patterns, and some are inlaid with gold and silver, and there are rewards on the helmets, which can be inserted into the raccoon dogs. After the widespread use of firearms, the shape of iron helmets tended to be lighter. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the armor became a decoration for the guard of honor and the proofreading, and it was rarely used in actual combat. In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, Western-style steel helmets were passed on to China and became a common protective equipment for infantry. Leather strips are braided. The armor is painted, and the leather is mainly rhino skin, curse skin, turtle skin, buffalo skin, etc. Almost every samurai was armoured, and some horses were also armoured. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, after the appearance of iron weapons, leather armor could not resist the blows of sharp weapons, and gradually gave way to iron armor, but leather was still used as a light protective equipment for thousands of years.

[鞨]

Ancient Chinese leather cuirass. "Guanzi Xiao Kuang": "Minor criminals Lan Dun, Shi Ge, and Erhalberd." Yin Zhizhang's note: Lan, that is, the so-called Lan pick, the soldier is also. Pick up leather, heavy leather, beware of it, you can resist the arrow. “

[Ancient Egyptian Helmet]

The pre-New Kingdom Egyptian armies fought without armor and relied entirely on shields, and later metal and sewn armor appeared. The helmets are bronze, but more sewn. The helmet is sewn very thick, usually reaching the lower part of the ear, and the longer one hangs down to the shoulder, the shape is the same as the head, and it is fastened to the head. The king's helmet is raised and has a point*. Some helmets* have circular ornaments, like a bird's crown.

[Ancient Egyptian Armor]

The appearance of the New Kingdom-era fish-scale armor consists of about 11 rows of horizontal metal plates, held in place by bronze nails. The width of the scales is more than l inches. The sleeves are short, sometimes less than half the elbow. The cuirass was mostly absent, and the sleeves were long, almost reaching the elbows. The length of the cuirass is generally not a small sweat of 2.5 feet. To relieve the pressure of the cuirass on the shoulders, the Egyptians tied it tightly around the waist with a belt and used armor vests sewn from linen material.

[Assyrian Pointed * Helmet]

The Assyrian pointed * helmet is conical in shape, with 1 or 2 rings at the bottom, and an additional semi-circular shield at the front, and some helmets are hung with drooping neck guards covered with metal plates to protect the forehead, neck, ears, and back of the head. This type of neck guard is intricately made, and in some cases it is made of a simple metal sheet, which is attached to the lower edge of the helmet, protecting only the ears and cheeks, and is semi-circular or semi-oval. The archaeological finds of the Assyrian pointed * helmet were made of iron, and the lower rings and forehead guards of its lower part were copper.

[Assyrian Bird's Crest Helmet]

There are many kinds of bird-crested helmets, made of metal, the helmet itself is semi-circular and semi-circular, and the lower edge of the helmet is connected to the drooping neck guard and ear cap. * There is a horse crown on the part, some of which are made of metal, some of which are tufts of hair, and some of which are curved forward in a hook shape, and some of which are curved forward and backward in the form of a double hook.

[Chinese leather armor]

A is a protective equipment for men and horses in ancient warfare. Chinese legend hall especially invented armor, in the Xia Dynasty standing army has been equipped with armor. The early armor was made of rattan, wood chips, leather and other raw materials, and leather was the main type of armor. Shang Dynasty 1 generally used whole skin to protect donkeys, and the limbs were not armored. Due to the fact that the whole piece of leather was not convenient for combat, by the late Spring and Autumn period at the latest, pieces of armor made of small pieces of leather had appeared. In the Zhou Dynasty, the whole armor was composed of three parts: body armor, armor block, and armor sleeve, and each part was connected by a small piece of leather with ribbons.

[Assyrian Armor]

The Assyrians were the first people to use iron armor. The armor of the Assyrians can be roughly divided into two types according to their length. Early armor was longer, some reaching the feet and some reaching the knees. The armor of this period consisted only of iron scales and copper sheets sewn in rows onto linen or felt clothing. Later armor was shorter, its length did not exceed the waist, and according to the length of the scales, it could be divided into two types: new and old. The scales are square at one end, while the other end is rounded. The scales are made of iron and copper. The scales of the old style of armor are about 2 to 3 inches long, and the new style does not exceed 1 inch. The armor of the Assyrians usually had short sleeves that reached the middle of the shoulders and elbows.

[Chambers Cavalry Armor]

Imperial cavalry armor. Pot-shaped helmet or conical helmet with ear protectors and a tuft of colored horsehair on the helmet*. Dressed in chain mail, woven from leather strips and metal sheets, with iron shoes on his feet, leather boots or light armor on the upper part to protect his calves, and iron gloves on his hands and wrists. The armor was covered with a lighter cotton cloak or gown. Full pay heavy armor weighs 30--50 pounds. Each cavalry helmet* horsehair is uniformly colored to distinguish it from other troops. The horses in the front row of the queue are matched with heads, chests, and shins.

[Persian Fish Scale Armor]

A type of armor of the Persians. The Persians had fish scale armor with sleeves. The infantry and cavalry of the Persians and Medes wore such armor. Armor was made of rows of metal pieces linked together, some of bronze and some of iron. The armor of the noble cavalry was often gilded. These armors were produced by the King's Ordnance Workshop. There are several types of fish scale armor styles. The first type is made with metal scales. The upper edge of the scale is at right angles and the lower edge is rounded. It comes in a variety of sizes, ranging from 1•5 cm to 5 cm. with metal

Armor made of (bronze) scales was produced in Syria and Palestine in the second millennium BC. Form of production

There are two types of scales: the first type is that there are holes in the upper, middle and lower parts of the scales, and the whole plane is fixed to the soft bottom; The second form is that the scales have holes only in the upper part and sometimes in the middle, and the scales are only the upper half fixed to the soft bottom. The second type is made with rectangular sheet metal. This type of sheet is rectangular in shape, with a length of 2.5-9 cm and a width of 1.2-3.2 cm. Most rectangular lamellae have 4 holes, one on each corner, for threading

(or strip of leather) for fixation. The third type is usually made with a thin square piece of iron plated with gold. The fourth type is made from bronze right-angled sheets with many holes on the sides. The Persians of the Ahermenid era also had armor made of non-metallic soft materials, such as linen, felt, and leather.

[Ancient Indian Armor]

Ancient Indian armor was adapted to local conditions and had a wide variety. According to the Treatise on Political Affairs, there are the following types: 1) Rohagalik, a body made of iron wire; (2) Rahapata, an iron armor covering the whole body except the hands; (3) Roha Yingpo,

Iron armor covering the head, chest, and arms; (4) Rahasudhara traces, which are made of iron wire to tie to the waist or legs; (5) Sirostrana, helmet; (6) Gantotrana, throat armor; (7) Kulopas, cuirass; (Qianmingjia, knee-armor; (9) Brahmana, the whole body of armor to the feet; (10) Patuo, armor with only the arms exposed; (11) Nagaudrika, gloves; (12) Pati, armor made of plant fibers; (13) Shade Mora, animal skin armor.

[ball * pointed helmet]

A combat helmet made of iron, steel or copper, a type of helmet. It consists of a helmet ring, a helmet head, and a tube with apple-shaped or loose spherical balls at the end. The helmet ring is equipped with shields, ear guards, nose guards, cap tiles and neck guards. The ball * pointed helmet was first used in the Eastern countries in the 12th and 17th centuries, and later spread to Russia and Western Europe.

Shield]

A hand-held defense weapon in ancient times. At first, it was made of wood, bamboo, leather, and later copper and iron. The shape is mostly rectangular, round or trapezoidal. The surface is painted with color and pattern. There is a handle to hold on the back, and it is usually used in conjunction with weapons such as knives and swords. Ancient Oriental, Greek, and Roman countries used shields extensively. After the appearance of copper in the second millennium BC, iron shields later appeared. In the center of the outer surface of the wooden shield are usually fixed a metal plate -------- iron gauntlets with a protruding block. The shield has one or more layers of leather that protect against arrows, spears, and swords. In battle, the shield can be tied to one arm with a belt or held by the handle; When marching, the belt on the inside of the shield is hung behind the back. The face of the shield is usually painted with various colorful patterns, emblems, coats of arms, etc. In the 9th and 13th centuries, wooden shields in the shape of almonds, triangles, and round with iron gauntlets were widely used in Western and Eastern Europe. By the middle of the 13th century, with the development of cold weapons and the improvement of armor, the height of the almond shield for infantry was reduced from 1,7 m to 0•75 m, and the diameter of the circular shield for cavalry was also reduced to 0•75 m. In the 15th and 16th centuries, round iron shields with a diameter of about 0.5 meters began to be common. In China's primitive society, there was a simple shield, and later the types and shapes became more and more complete, also known as "dry", "brand", and the name, shape, and size of the shield were also different. For example, the "Interpretation of Names" records that the shield from the large and flat land of Wu is called "Wu Kui", and the shield that rises from the ridge of Shu is called "Dian Shield", and then the infantry uses a shield to weigh the foot, the car is called "Zi Shield" with a shield, and the cavalry is called with a shield. Pan Liu" and so on. The Ming Dynasty also invented some shields used in conjunction with firearms, which contained firearms or arrows, which could be issued when approaching the enemy, not only to cover oneself, but also to kill and injure the enemy. With the development of firearms, shields were gradually abandoned. However, among some peoples in Central Africa, South America and the islands of Oceania, the shield is still used today.

[Chinese Shield]

The ancient Chinese shield is also known as "dry and bingjia". * When fighting a man, he holds a shield in his left hand to defend himself, and he has a blade in his hand to kill the enemy. The shield is generally no more than three feet long, and is mostly rectangular or trapezoidal, but also round. The larger shield is called "Wu Kui", or Wu Ke. The shield used by the chariot is smaller, which is called a contradiction. There are handles on the back of the shield for easy hand-held combat. The large shield is called. Peng Pai", about eight feet high, the card length can cover the body, the gun wood leans on the ground, for the city guard, water warfare, the large shield used in the camp is bitter, it is a defensive weapon. Most of the shields are made of wood, rattan and bamboo, and some are covered with raw cowhide. Due to its heavy weight, copper and iron shields are rarely used on the battlefield except for ceremonial guards. The surface of the shield is painted and painted with dragons and tigers, gods and monsters, birds and beasts. During the Shang period, the shields were equipped with bronze ornaments, which were often made of hideous animal or human faces to intimidate the enemy. After the rectangular wood was popular in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the surface was lacquered and the ornamentation was exquisite. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the shield became the main body protector. The cavalry of the Song Dynasty used small round side cards, and the infantry used rectangular pointed * side cards. "In the Ming Dynasty, light shields were mostly used in the army, such as hand cards and rubbing

(Suffer) cards, swallowtail cards, etc. Each side is five feet long, mostly made of poplar and pine, and is about two feet wide. There is also a round rattan woven rattan card, with a diameter of about two feet, and the circumference is slightly high, and after the arrow is shot, it prevents the arrow from slipping and hurting people. After the advent of firearms, shields were gradually phased out.

[Assyrian wicker shield]

This shield is very similar to the shield of the ancient Persians described by Herodotus, who used shields made of thin branches. The length of the wicker shield, whichever is equal to or exceeds the height of a soldier; The width can cover two to three people. The shape of this large shield is somewhat rectangular; Some are squares with the * part protruding backwards and at right angles to the shield; There are also those that start from a certain height (about 2,3) and bend inward and gradually narrow, and finally form a pointed* shape, which is the most common one. When fighting, shield bearers and archers work in pairs. The shield-bearer carries a short sword or spear and stands his shield on the ground to cover the archers; And the archers were able to give full play to their archery under the cover of their shields. This large wicker shield is best suited for siege battles. The pointed shield with the upper part bent inward, and the back of the house* protruding backwards, can effectively shield the stones thrown from the city. When using this large shield alone, the pointed shield is leaned against the wall and hidden in it for siege operations. The wicker shield is also slightly smaller, about half a person tall. This small wicker shield is intended for cover for one or two people.

[Assyrian round shield]

The round shield was more commonly used among the Assyrians. Charioteers mostly used round backs, but infantry spearmen and the attendants of early emperors also used this shield. Shields are generally made of metal and are therefore relatively small, rarely exceeding 2 feet or 2 and a half feet in diameter. The edge of the round shield curves inward. The metal material of the round shield is made of bronze, iron, and a few are made of gold and silver. The golden shield was made for a few high-ranking figures, such as kings and high-ranking officials. Later, the round metal shield was replaced by a round wicker shield of the same shape, the rim of which was made of hardwood or metal, and sometimes the center of the shield was decorated with a protrusion.

[Assyria convex shield]

The early Assyrian convex shields were generally rectangular in shape, and later ones were often used as well, but they were much larger. Postscript The base of the convex shield is square, while the * part is curved. Some of these shields are made of wicker or metal, and the center and edge of the shield are often decorated with a flower or ring pattern. The shield was 4 inches and 5 feet long, so that the soldier could be protected from head to knees. Carried on his back while marching. There are also some convex shields that are oval-shaped, larger, and hung on their backs on marching river crossings or other similar occasions.

[Persian wicker shield]

The shield more commonly used by the Persians. The shield is rectangular in shape, standing on the ground and reaching the chin or nose of a warrior, with a width of 50, 70 cm. The shield is made of tree strips, and the tree maniac is connected to each other through the incisions of the leather slats, and the upper and lower ends are reinforced with horizontal slats. This wicker shield may have been modeled after the wicker shield of the Ada people. During the Greco-Persian War, the Persian infantry used these shields to form a barrier and shoot arrows from behind.

[Persian Oval Shield]

A plaque for the equipment of the Persian king's guard. The size is large, from the shoulder to the middle of the legs, with oval openings on the sides of the shield. The shield is made of wood and upholstered in leather or bronze plates.

[Ancient Roman Shield]

Shields used by the hoplites of the ancient Roman legions. The Romans used small round copper shields in the early days, after the Gallic Wars; It was replaced by the big shield, and it has been used until the vulgar work, please delete it. The shield is semicircular, cylindrical, 1.25 meters high and 0.8 meters wide. The shield is framed in wood, covered in leather, trimmed with iron sheets, and lined with iron plates in the middle. in combat; Sometimes arranged in front of the battle formation. Used on the side, it has a good protective effect.

It is a weapon

[Ge Bing]

Ancient Chinese was a general term for weapons. The earliest arrows that can be recovered with ropes are "Ge Bing". Flying hooks, flying hooks, meteor hammers, lassoes, etc. can all be called substitutes.

[Flying Hammer]

Also known as the "Meteor Hammer". It is a type of weapon in ancient times. Made of iron, ribbed, and tied with ropes, it is used to strike enemies.

[Flying Hook]

Also known as "Tiepeng Foot". It is a type of weapon in ancient times. Its shape is like an anchor, there are four sharp claw hooks, tie it with iron chains, and then continue with ropes, when the enemy ants gather at the foot of the city, they are taken by surprise and thrown into the enemy group, and it is said that they can hook 2 to 3 people at a time.

[snare]

Binding or seizing weapons of the enemy or enemy equipment. The snares are generally made of leather strips, hemp, rattan, and ropes, the length depends on the needs, and there is a slipknot sleeve at one end, which is preset in the ground area where the enemy passes through the air, and the enemy suddenly tightens when he passes, binds or strangles the enemy. This weapon was used more in some jungle countries and regions such as India, Africa, and Southeast Asia in ancient times.

[Rope]

A weapon that binds an enemy or equipment. Also known as a "lasso". The materials and methods used to make them are roughly the same as those of the trap, but the method and object of use are different. Lasso is generally held by a person on foot or on horseback, and is thrown when used to catch an enemy or livestock and capture it. Strangulation. Lasso is generally used more in plain nomadic countries and peoples in Asia, Europe, America and other plains. According to Herodotus' book Histories, the Zagaltiois in the Persian army

(Nomads) provided 8,000 cavalry, whose weapons were nothing but a dagger and a rope made of straw and leather, and when they encountered the enemy, they threw a rope to trap the enemy's men or horses, and pulled the ring to hang him.

[Dragnet]

A net-like appliance that envelops the enemy. The net was used and developed by the primitive society to catch birds, beasts, and fish. It is mostly a large net made of rope and leather, which suddenly spreads out to cover the enemy and make him lose his combat effectiveness. It was commonly used in ancient countries.

: Long weapons

[Go]

Ancient Chinese stabbing hook pecks long weapons. It is generally characterized by a short blade with a transverse extension at the end, the blade is facing inward, and a long handle is installed to hook or peck the enemy. The earliest Ge was developed from primitive tools such as stone knives, stone axes, and stone sickles to stone Ge and bronze Ge. The shape and size of Ge are diverse, according to the record of "Examination of Work", the specifications of Ge are: Geguang

[width]

2 inches, seven inches long, 6 inches long, 8 inches, weighing 1 pound and 14 taels. Handle length 6 feet 6 inches. But in fact, the size of Ge is not uniform. The standard Ge is composed of three parts: the head, the handle, and the bronze honor.

[1]

Getou is divided into three parts: aid, inside, and turning. Aid: It is a flat blade, which is used to hook and peck at the enemy, and it is the main killing part of Ge. It is about 8 inches long and 2 inches wide, the body is narrow and long, most of the body has ridges, and the profile is fan-shaped diamond. The upper and lower blades of the reinforcement arc forward and converge into a sharp striker. Inside: Located at the back end of the aid, it is in the shape of a rod and is used to mount a wooden handle, some straight and some with a downward curved end. There is a hole in the upper part of the rope binding handle, which is called "wearing". In order to invite the rabbit to take off backwards when swinging and killing, some have a protruding "diaphragm" in the aid and the inner width. Lang: The lower blade of Ge Yuan is close to the arc of the appendix, and the perforation of the rope is raised along the side of the appendix, which is called Hu. In the beginning, the Hu was only designed to increase the perforations, and the longer the caries, the more perforations there were, and the stalk and the head were tied more and more, so the Hu became longer and longer. During the fortnight period, the beard was sharpened, which increased Ge's hooking ability. The length of Hu is generally three times that of the Ge blade, that is, 6 inches, and in the war garden period, the length of Hu has increased, becoming a long Hu multi-wearable Ge.

[2]

Shank: i.e. wooden handle. In order to facilitate the front chop and back hook, the flat round handle is mostly used to facilitate the control. The length of the handle is not the same, according to the needs of actual combat, the handle used in foot combat is short, and the handle used in vehicle combat is long.

[3 Katazun: The early hammer 9 was only to make it easier for Ge to be inserted into the ground when not in use, so it was not oblique, so adding a copper squat to the end of the handle could not kill the enemy.]

It may also be used for stabbing. Ge was popular in China from the Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, and had a variety of functions such as stabbing, hooking, and pecking. Its disadvantage is that it is easy to turn around and turn the head. Lack of flexibility in use. With the development of weapons and tactics, Ge was gradually eliminated, and later became a guard of honor weapon.

[Erlitou Ruins Tongge]

The earliest bronze Ge unearthed in China so far. • Found at the Erlitou site of Zhuangshi in Henan, according to archaeologists, its age is about 500 years old.

[Qunego]

A kind of Ge in the Shang and Zhou dynasties of China. There is no obvious demarcation between its aid and the inside, there is no diaphragm, and after the handle is installed, it is easy to fall off, and the merchant is eliminated later.

[Nao-Nego]

A kind of Ge in the Shang and Zhou dynasties of China. It began with no clear boundaries between aid and guilt. After the Shang Dynasty, in order to prevent it from falling off, a garnam was added, and later a hu was added, which was not easy to turn around. After the business. The Naonai style is very popular. Among the 2 pieces of straight copper Ge unearthed in the west area of Yinxu, 11 pieces have Hu.

[Shang Gou Bing]

Bronze Ge of the Shang Dynasty in the middle circle. Liberation of Wei legend Baoding unearthed. It is also said that it comes from Yi County or Pingyou County, and it is also called "Yizhou Three Hook Soldiers". The three Ge are all direct support, and the inner end is decorated with fan patterns. The inscriptions are cast, and the names of the ancestors, fathers, and brothers are listed respectively. Judging from the content and reading of the inscription, this kind of inscription should be a guard of honor in the Shang Dynasty, not a practical weapon.

[spear]

A long, straight, stabbing weapon with a sharp blade. Assassination or throwing weapons used by most peoples of the world in the past in wild hunting and warfare. Appeared in the Paleolithic period. The first spears were sharpened clubs, and later spears were fitted with spearheads attached to the shafts. The total length is 1.5-5 meters. Stone spearheads and bone spearheads were used in the Stone Age, and metal spearheads were used from the Bronze Age. The most widespread use of spears was during the Iron Age. The Roman infantry was armed with heavy and long throwing spears and spears. In the Middle Ages, cavalry and infantry used spears. In ancient Rome, the spear was a universal weapon for soldiers on foot and on horse, and soldiers usually carried their throwing spears in the flesh of a cast spear. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Russian spears were mainly spearheads made of iron or bronze with fine cast swords. The head of the spearhead is called the tip of the spear, and the tube of the spearhead that is attached to the shaft of the spear is called the spear helmet. There is a gold pry sleeve at the end of the spear shaft. Most of the japonica with the spear head and spear helmet connected is spherical. A long-poleed lightweight spear was used in infantry until the advent of spear spikes, and in cavalry until the 30s of the 20th century. In China. Spear aka

, pins, plating, and later evolved into guns. The spear is composed of four parts: the spear split, the remains, the handle, and Wei Zun. The spear split, that is, the part of the spearhead with a blade, has a ridge in the middle line, and some have blood grooves on both sides. The bottom of the blade is a skeleton

[kettle]

, the road is conical. Used to place the handle of the spear. The handle is made of bamboo or wood, and it is 2 zhang or 2 zhang 4 feet long. To prevent the spearhead from falling off, there are often two loops on either side or two small holes left so that the spearhead can be tied to the handle of the spear with a rope or nailed. There is a shank end

to plug in the ground. Originally, the spearhead was made of pointed stones or bone horns, tied to bamboo and wooden poles, and in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the spearhead was made of bronze, which was divided into two types: chief spear and Yi spear. After the Warring States period, it was changed to iron. Due to the emergence and rise of the spear, the role of the spear weakened, and the spear gradually evolved into a gun after the Jin Dynasty.

[Chieftain Spear]

Chinese Zhou Dynasty bronze spear. According to historical records, the spear handle of the chief is 2 zhang long

(Zhou), which is a weapon used by foot soldiers. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period of foot soldiers that have been unearthed in China are generally between 165 and 220 centimeters, and the longest is 297 centimeters.

[Razor Spear]

Chinese Zhou Dynasty bronze spear. The handle of the spear is 2 zhang 4 feet long (Zhou system), and it is a weapon used on military vehicles, and it is the longest weapon among the "five soldiers". The Warring States Chu spear unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province, has a handle length of more than 7 meters, which is equivalent to a circumferential ruler and is just a "zhang eight spear".

[Feathered spear]

A spear with a shaft and a thick spear head. The feathered spear appeared in Rus' in the 12th century as a hunting weapon. Later, it was mainly equipped with infantry, and from the 16th century onwards it was also equipped with noble cavalry. The tip of the feather-shaped spear is called "pouting tip", from which the saying "hard to touch the pout" (the meaning of standing up and taking risks) comes from. From the beginning of the 18th century, the feathered spear was used only as a caracal weapon to hunt large beasts.

[Diamond Spear]

The long rod is fitted with a long flat iron

(Steel) pointed spears. The pointed head is decorated with patterns, emblems, etc. Diamond-shaped spears tend to be 2.5 meters long or longer. The diamond-shaped spear was used by German mercenaries in the 16th century and by the monarch's guards in the 17th century. In Russia, the diamond spear appeared in the 17th century and remained as an honorary weapon of officers until the 30s of the 18th century, but was not used in combat. A variant of the diamond spear, the Espantong spear, remained in use as a weapon of the Russian army until 19

At the beginning of the century.

[Spear]

In the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., the basic weapons of spearmen in ancient Greece (ancient Macedonia) and some other ancient countries. At first, the spear was about 3 meters long and was a throwing and assassination weapon, and later it was long

It was increased to 6 to 7 meters, and it became a weapon only used for assassination.

[Swiss Spear]

Spears used by the Swiss in the Middle Ages. The Swiss spear was developed from the European spear of antiquity, and by the 14th and 15th centuries it was 20 feet long and had a 3-inch tip

ruler, made of iron, in case the enemy tomahawk, machete cut off. During the battle, the front of the phalanx was lined with 4 flying platoons of spearmen to form a barrier.

[Macedonian Spear]

It was used on a large scale in the ancient world

The spear is one of the longest kinds. The Macedonian spears were 2 meters short, 6 to 7 meters long, and the shafts were made of hard mountain wood, and the heads were mostly made of metal

(copper, bronze, iron, etc.). The spear was one of the main weapons equipped by the ancient Macedonian hoplites, in the hoplite group

In the Macedonian phalanx, the power of the spear was exerted to the point of ancient warfare. In the Macedonian phalanx, the first 6 rows of warriors held spears of different lengths equally

(2 flying meters), so that the 6 rows of spearheads are exposed in the forefront, like a barbed wall to charge at the enemy.

[gun]

An ancient stabbing weapon. According to Li Signature's "Taibai Yin Jing", when the two armies faced each other, they stabbed the enemy with guns; When camping, the tree gun is the camp; When crossing rivers, the gun is used as a raft. The shape of the spear is similar to that of the spear, at first the bamboo pole and wood are sharpened into the pointed end, and later the copper or iron head is added. In the Jin Dynasty, the spear head was changed to a short and pointed form. During the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and later periods, guns became the main weapons of the army. The Tang Dynasty guns were divided into four types: lacquer guns, wooden guns, self-pole guns, and stick guns, and the lacquer guns were short and were used by cavalry; The wooden spear was used by the infantry, and the other two were used by the Imperial Janissaries. There were many types of guns in the Song Dynasty, and the "General Essentials of the Martial Arts" Shen Ji had a horse smashing gun. Double hook gun, single hook gun, ring gun, plain wood gun, crow gun, key gun, shuttle gun, fade gun, Taining pen gun, short-edged gun, grab gun

(Two kinds), Zaoli gun, abduction gun, crutch gun, crutch gun, etc. The army of the Ming Dynasty Shen, the gun is still the "head of the blade", mainly scooping horn guns, arrow-shaped guns, dragon knife guns, etc., as well as javelins at hand. The spears of the Qing Dynasty included envy guns, pen-shaped guns, hook-shaped guns, spear-shaped guns, etc. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, after the elimination of war, a wide variety of spears tended to be single, the head of the spear is generally flat, round bottom, barrel plus several copper hoops, its shape is close to the spearhead. This gun was used until the period of the Great Revolution of Chinese Workers and Peasants. The revolutionary base areas in the north are called red tassel guns, and the revolutionary people in the south are called shuttle darts.

[halberd]

In ancient times, it was a long-handled weapon that was a combination of a spear and a spear or an axe. Chinese poke is also known as steamed bun. Thorns and other forms are the combination of Ge and spear, and this form is unique to the world. A straight blade is placed in front of the Chinese handle, and a horizontal blade is born on one side, which has four functions: hooking, pecking, stabbing and cutting, and its lethality is stronger than that of Ge and spear. The basic form is that the spear is attached to a wooden handle. According to the records of the "Examination of the Work", the specifications of the Western Zhou Dynasty were: poke a wide and a half inches, and the inner length is 4 and a half inches. Hu is 6 inches long, 7 and a half inches long, 6 inches long thorn, weighs 1 catty 4 taels, and the handle is 1 zhang 6 inches long. At present, the earliest found in China is a bronze stamp of worm spear and Ge unearthed from the Shang Dynasty site in Taixi, Tangcheng, Hebei Province. It was widely used in the Shang, Zhou, Han and Jin dynasties. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was gradually replaced by guns and became honor guards, and was eliminated after the Tang Dynasty.

[Monolithic Halberd]

The spear and the ge are cast into one". Generally, there are two forms, one is a spear as the main body, a horizontal blade is born next to it, and the handle is mounted on the body of the spear

"This kind of halberd is lethal, but it is easy to turn around when the hook pecks." the other is dominated by the Ge body, highlighting the sharp thorns of the former aunt; Some pokes cast the front end into a hook that rolls backwards. The manufacturing process of these two halberds is very complex, the technical requirements are high, and the bronze texture is brittle,

It is a relatively primitive halberd made in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and was quickly eliminated by the practice of war.

[Split Halberd]

The spear is divided into a halberd. It appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, and its Ge and spear parts were cast separately and then mounted on a wooden handle. This kind of straight stab is powerful, and the horizontal hook is not easy to fall off, so the lethality is greatly enhanced. The handle is not only wooden, but also bamboo.

[Bamboo handle halberd]

Bamboo, wood, lacquer and other composite materials as the handle. Its structure is that there is a ridged wooden stick in the center of the stalk, and 16 pieces of green bark bamboo stick are used to wrap the outer edge of the stubble wooden stick parallel to the wooden stick, and then wrapped tightly with silk thread, and then painted with black or red lacquer to make it bright and smooth. This kind of bamboo and wood handle is both rigid and soft. It is tougher and more resilient than a simple wooden handle. Changsha, Hunan in 1971. In the bronze slaughter unearthed from the late Spring and Autumn period of the Chu tomb in the Sucheng Bridge, there is a part of this kind of bamboo handle.

[Hook Halberd]

It is also used as a hook halberd and hook thorn. Ancient weapons. "Historical Records • Qin Shi Huang Benji": "It is not indifferent to the long inlay of the hook and poke." Pei Qiji's explanation is like Chunri: "The long-bladed spear is also." Yoshiri: "Hook."

Like a spear. There is iron under the blade, and the hook on the horizontal side is also bent. Xie Lingyun's "Writing and Levying Fu": "The hook thorns are at the end of the yao, and the birds before the fall are in Jintang."

[Sange Halberd]

A spear and a halberd are cast separately. Appeared during the Warring States period. It is mounted on the same handle by three ges and one spear, and there are also two ges and one spear halberd. The difference between it and the single Ge halberd in the Spring and Autumn Period is that in addition to changing from a single Ge to a double Ge and a triple Ge, the Ge body is more drizzle and sharp, and only the topmost Ge has an inside, and the other Ge has no inside. Tracing back to the north of Suixian County, Zeng Hou B tomb in the Zeng

[European Halberd]

A stabbing weapon used by European armies in the Middle Ages. It is different from the Chinese intercept. The Eurasian Chronicle is a spear-shaped weapon about 6 to 10 feet long, made of steel and iron, with a heavy axe on the head and a sharp iron on the back

(sometimes curved) or hook, * end is the tip of a spear or fusiform. At the beginning of the 14th century, the Swiss used this weapon in large quantities. It can pierce helmets, cut off blades, or knock down horses. It can also be used as a short spear, and its hook can also drag cavalry off their horses. It was one of the most lethal weapons of infantry in medieval Europe.

[Divination Halberd]

A halberd made of steel. The thorns of the iron halberd are sharp and slender, and the side branches have changed from wide and fat with a middle ridge to a narrow, long and sharp like a forward. "Inside" has disappeared, used to bind the handle of Hu lengthened, the whole kill is similar to the "Bu Zi shape, so it is also called "Bu Zi Halberd". This kind of iron halberd has a sharp blade and strong lethality, and is the main weapon of the infantry cavalry. After the two Han Dynasty, the shape of the halberd has a new change, the small branch has changed from the original perpendicular to the truncated body, and after the small branch is vertically horizontal, it arcs up slightly, and the branch thorns rise, which further enhances the lethality of Dai.

[繁戟]

Ancient Chinese ceremonial halberds. According to the Han Dynasty ritual note, the general Chong Cup could hold the emperor's side. The emperor simply sent his close ministers to inspect the field or lead the army to conquer. Often given a halberd, "to replace the axe of hunger". He was allowed to exclude and execute guilty officials on behalf of the emperor. For the sake of grandeur. On the new cut given by Emperor Ai, it is covered with a halberd coat made of red and black silk cloth, and this kind of clothed cut is called Fan Intercept. Later, Fan Ji became a guard of honor for high-ranking officials to express their noble status. According to the Sui system, grinding "more than three products, the door is a halberd". After the Tang Dynasty, civil and military officials were proud of their halberds in front of the door.

[Halberd]

Something of honor. It is made of wood and is set on a halberd stand outside the door. The palace gate of the Son of Heaven, the Chinese culture, the temple of Wenxuan Wang. Wucheng Wang Temple and the entrance of the state mansions are set up halberds to show grandeur. The halberd of the ceremonial guard is gorgeous, with a halberd knife, and the "Fang Tian Painting Halberd" held by the military general on the opera stage is designed and manufactured according to the appearance of this halberd.

[Six-winged staff]

Ancient Russian combat cold weapons. The head of the rod has six metal plate "wings", hence the name. Although the number of wings is as little as 4, as many as 8, the six-winged staff prevails and does 15 a]

7th century. The six-winged staff is also a symbol of the power of the military governor, this six-winged staff. "Yue" is decorated with a moulded pattern. Precious metals and gemstones.

[Stick]

？ It developed into a renaming in the late antiquity.? To the Song Dynasty in China, generally called bladeless? for sticks. Or called the rod, weigh the hair of the load attachment or the hair with a knife as the rod. The Ming Dynasty squeezed the door

, door wooden stick) is called a stick, the stick is about 8 feet, weighs 3 catties and 8 taels, the father is called a Shaolin stick, and the end group with a blade is called a big stick.

[Morning Star Stick]

Medieval Swiss club weapon with sharp iron at both ends.

[Bone Duo]

Strike long weapons, false bones. This weapon resembles a hammer. At one end of the wooden handle is a heavy iron tool in the shape of a garlic head or a li, which is used to strike enemies with gravity.

[Scepter]

The head of the cold weapon for impact is spherical, made of stone or metal, and is mounted on a short handle made of flower and wood. The Middle Ages in the countries of the ancient East

It was widely used in the 13th and 17th centuries in the Rus' principality. Until the 19th century, in Turkey, Poland and Ukraine, the scepter was also used as a symbol of the power of military chiefs.

[wolf]

A defensive weapon in ancient China, invented by the rebel army of miner Ye Zongliu in 1444-1449 AD. Use a long and multi-knotted bamboo, wrap iron at the end, such as a small spear, leave more branches and thorns on both sides, and have a straight hook when scalded with fire.

Fill it with tung oil. Apply poison. It is 1 zhang 5 feet long, and has 9 branches and 11 layers. When used, it must be used in conjunction with other tools, with a spear to fire its left and right, and the palladium bell handle can be connected to exert its effectiveness. Qi Jiguang's troops, in the Pingdwarf War, used the wolf Xian to deal with the dwarf plated long knife, which played a good role. However, the wolf is bulky and can only be used by physically strong and well-trained soldiers. Prevailed in the Ming Dynasty and was eliminated in the Qing Dynasty.

[Tin palladium]

An ancient Chinese type of palladium with a short handle and prickly stalks. The handle is 3 feet long, and 5 hard wooden poles are installed on the handle, 2 feet 1 inch long, and a 3-inch long iron head is installed on the top. When fighting, "advance and retreat, habitually separating guns and knives, taking advantage of the gap to attack", and cooperate with other white-edged weapons to fight.

[Chop]

Hook the long weapon of the lattice, pick the long handle, the horizontal end has teeth, and the iron tooth handle used by the shed farmer is almost the same. Mainly used in ship warfare. You can frame the enemy's long weapon, and you can also take the opportunity to kill and injure the enemy, which is what Zhu Bajie used in "Journey to the West".

[Boring palladium]

Ancient Chinese multi-edged weapons that stabbed and blocked. Boring palladium is a weapon evolved from agricultural tools, which was founded in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and was divided into six kinds: palladium, palladium, palladium, chopping, tin palladium, shovel and horse fork, collectively referred to as palladium. Among them, palladium is 7 feet 6 inches long, weighs 5 pounds, and the center is like a spearhead. Grow two strands of 2 inches. On each side there is a transverse strand with a quadrangular blade. This kind of weapon "can be attacked, can be resisted, and has both contradictory and dual-use". Every two sharp handles are equipped with thirty rockets. When the enemy is far away, the two strands can be used as rocket mounts to launch rocket enemies; When approaching, persist in killing the enemy; When engaging in a slash with an enemy. He can hold enemy weapons and is known as "the most advantageous man in the army".

[Long Knife]

In ancient times, there was a large sword with a long handle. A slashing weapon. Created in the Later Han Dynasty, there are single-sided blades and double-sided blades, and the shape and name of each generation are different. During the Three Kingdoms, it was called the glaive knife, and the Jin Dynasty called the big knife, the blade was 3 feet long, the handle was 4 feet long, and there was an iron slag underneath. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Mo knife, with a total length of 1 zhang and a weight of 15 catties. It was developed from the saber and the short-handled long sword, and was one of the standing weapons of the later generations of the Han Dynasty.

[Pak Dao]

Ancient Chinese sword names. Its handle is shorter than that of a broadsword, and it can be used with both hands. The second episode of "Water Travel": "Zhu Wu, Chen Da, Yang Chun on Shaohua Mountain...... will be the Pak knife".

[Modao]

A long-handled broadsword in the Tang Dynasty of China. Between Tang Kaiyuan, "the army used a Mo knife at the beginning". occupy

According to "The Biography of Tang Li Siye", there was a Mo knife team in the Tang Dynasty army, and there were Mo sword generals. The Mo knife has blades on both sides, is long and weighs 15 pounds.

[Slap]

A long-handled broadsword in the Tang Dynasty of China. It is about 1 zhang long.

[hook]

Hook and capture the enemy's white-edged weapon. The hook has one or several blades, and the blade is curved inward like a gourd. There are many types of hooks, and their performance and use are also different. According to the records of the military books of the past dynasties, it can be roughly divided into three categories: flying hooks, short-handled hooks, and long-handled hooks.

[long-handled hook]

A hook with a long handle. Evolved from Ge and sickle. The handle is very long. It can reach 1 zhang and 5 feet, and is mainly used in offensive and defensive battles. In the 11th century B.C., King Wen used a long pole hook to attack Chongcheng. "The Book of Poetry, Daya, Huangdian" Zhu Xi notes: "Hook aid, hook ladder, so hook go to the city". The long-handled hook of Zheng's later generations. In water battles, use a long-handled hook or a multi-headed hook to cut the enemy's ship cables. or hook up an enemy ship, which can also be used to fish for an enemy head that has fallen overboard. When the infantry cavalry engaged, the infantry period long sled hook hook the lower limbs of the enemy horseman.

[Hook knife]

A hook cutting tool used in ancient naval battles to destroy enemy ship equipment. Its basic form is a long pole with a binding ring and a sharp hook-shaped knife, which is stretched out when approaching the enemy ship, and the rope of the enemy's mast is cut to make its canvas fall and lose the wind power, so that it is easy to receive the ship for combat. Caesar recorded in the Gallic Wars that the Roman fleet used a hook knife to cut the ropes of the Gallic fleet's mast when fighting the Gallic fleet at sea, which was taller than its own side, and put it in a passive position.

[Axe]

Ancient slashing weapons. Stone axes are often found in the remains of hominids. Later, it developed into copper, iron and steel axes. There are mainly two types of long axes and short axes. It is one of the earliest and most effective weapons that appeared in ancient times. One has evolved into a ritual vessel, a symbol of power.

[Axe]

An ancient chopping weapon. Axe handle. The blade part is added to the chamber, and the handle is placed in it. It is easy to install and flexible to use, and is one of the standing weapons of the Tang Dynasty. An ancient Chinese slashing weapon, made of bronze. Avoid the blade or flat blade, have a wooden handle, used for slashing, and have to stone production, mostly for ceremonial or funeral use, prevailing in Shang and Western Zhou.

[Iron-edged copper?] ]

Because the hungry body is made of copper, and the rank is the blade, it is customary to call the iron blade copper hunger. So far, three pieces have been excavated. The shape of the unearthed iron-bladed copper hunger is roughly the same, and the hungry body is flat on one side and slightly convex on the other. Straight inside, there is a round hole on the inside. There is a gap between the stubble and the inside. Both of the bronze blades were damaged. One piece is 11.1 cm long and 8,5 cm wide; The other piece is 8.4 cm long and 5 cm wide. According to the X-ray perspective of the iron blade of the iron blade copper velvet conducted by the relevant units, it is known that the remaining part of the iron blade is about 1 cm inside the bronze body. Through chemical analysis and metallographic investigation, the iron blade was forged from meteoric iron. The era of iron blade copper hunger belongs to the late Shang Dynasty or the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

Six-shot guns, weapons, spectroscopy projection weapons

[Spear thrower]

A projectile device that increases the throwing distance, striking power and accuracy of the spear. A spear thrower is a small flat board made of bone or wood

(length 30-150 cm), the board is equipped with a spear shaft carriage and a grip with finger grooves on the grip. Spear throwers appeared in the Archean period, and were found in Upper Paleolithic strata during archaeological excavations

(111.20,000 BC). Spear throwers were used by the Indians of Lower Brazil, the Aboriginal people of Australia, and a number of other peoples.

[Slingshot]

A bow that fires a projectile. The slingshot predates the appearance of the bow and crossbow for archery, and was originally used as a hunting tool, and later also used in combat combat. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were also people who carried slingshots as hidden weapons. The slingshot has less elasticity, and the bow fat is mostly made of bamboo, wrapped with beef tendons, lined with horns, and lined with steel sheets for strong bows to increase elasticity. The bowstring wire is also made of ox tendon splitting silk, mixed with human hair and miscellaneous wires. A strong bow requires four forces to open late. A normal bow is two halves of force. A strong bow shoots a projectile, killing a person instantly. The length of the bow is about 18 fists, and if the width of the fist is 2 inches, the bow is 3.6 feet long. Generally, projectiles are made of clay and glue balls, which are dried until extremely dry and can be used, and there are also steel projectiles.

[Flyer]

Throwing weapons. It was originally a hunting tool of primitive people. It was also used as a weapon in ancient Egyptians and other countries. It has a certain length, angle, and shape

(cross-shaped, chamfered, etc.), after throwing, it rotates rapidly, and uses the aerodynamic principle to hit the enemy in a curve, and if it misses the target, it can fly back with its own gyratory force.

[Bow]

Instruments used in archery. Originated in the primitive society, at the beginning of the branch crossbow bent with a rope to tighten the formation, later in the production technology of continuous development, the selection of materials, ingredients, production procedures and specifications gradually enriched, sophisticated. However, the basic power principle and shape of the bow have not changed, that is, it is composed of two parts: the back of the bow and the bowstring, and the crossbow curvature of the bow back is increased by pulling the bowstring when shooting, and the arrow is ejected by the elastic force of the bow back bending. There are two ways to use it, and there are also those with both hands and hands

(e.g. the ancient Indian bow). The bow is a long-distance strike weapon in the warfare of the ancients, and the role of the bow is irreplaceable by any weapon since the emergence of human warfare to the massive use of guns and cannons in modern times.

[Chinese Bow]

Ancient archery equipment. Originated in the primitive society, the beginning of the branch crossbow bent with a rope tension, later generations in the production technology has developed, the selection of materials, ingredients, production procedures have strict regulations. The original bow-making material is a single material, made of bamboo and wood, and later developed into composite materials, which are generally composed of animal horns, tendons, bamboo wood, silk, lacquer, glue, etc. There are many types of bows, such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the King Bow, the Arc Bow, the Clamp Bow, the Geng Bow, the Tang Bow and the Big Bow. The king's bow, the arc bow is used for defending the city and chariot battles; Clip bows and waste bows are used for hunting and flying birds. The Han Dynasty was divided into tiger bows, carved bows, horn end bows, road bows, and Xinjiang bows. The Tang Dynasty was divided into four types: longbow, horn bow, slight bow and lattice bow, longbow infantry, horned arch cavalry, and slightly bow and lattice bow Imperial Guard.

[Longbow]

Medieval English bow and arrow. In the 13th century, England vigorously developed the bow and arrow army, and gradually changed the bow to replace the crossbow with the longbow. The longbow was made of elm, stick and basil wood, and later it was mainly made of yew wood. The best yew wood is not grown in England, but is imported from Italy and Spain. The length of the longbow is 6 feet, and the length of the arrow is 3 feet. The middle of the bow is 1.5 inches wide and tapered towards the ends. The ends of the bow are upholstered with horns. The front part of the bow frame is round, and the back is flat. The longbow has twice the range of the crossbow

(up to 400 yards, with an effective range of close to 250 yards), and the rate of archery is much higher

(10 to 12 arrows per minute). In the hands of skilled British soldiers, the longbow had a significantly higher hit rate than the crossbow. It is lighter, easier to master, and suitable for skirmisher shooting or salvo fire. At the time, it was the most effective and versatile individual weapon on the battlefield. The disadvantage of the longbow is that the bow is too hard, the technical requirements are high, and it must be mastered by long-trained archers.

[Ancient Egyptian Bow and Arrow]

The bow of ancient Egypt is relatively sophisticated in the ancient history of the world. The bows of the Egyptians during the New Kingdom were generally made of round wooden strips. The length is 5-5.5 feet, thick in the middle and gradually thin at the ends. There are also bows made of composite materials, in which the wooden bow is embedded with antelope horn pieces and covered with a cow tendon, and various composite pieces are tightly wrapped around the wooden bow with brown bark. The compound bow has a lot of power and a long range, but it is not easy to pull away. The length of the shaft varies from 22 to 34 inches. The shaft of the arrow is made of wooden sticks, reeds, etc., metal arrows, and usually has three feathers as the tail fin.

[Assyrian Bow and Arrow]

The length of the Assyrian bowstring was generally shorter than that of the Egyptian bow, with a length of about 4 feet. The bow was made of wood, and the Assyrian bow was divided into angular and curved bows. The angular bow is the same thickness as the whole bow, and the curved bow is thinner at the ends of the stick, and the angular bow is smaller. There is also less use. Both types of bows have peonies at both ends

(later carved into a duck's head), a groove is carved near the knots for hanging bowstrings. The bow could be carried straight on the back or placed in the sheath, and the shaft of the Assyrian arrow was straight and thin, and was probably made of reeds or light wood. Arrowheads are made of bronze or iron. The arrows are diamond-shaped, flattened. The arrow has a raised line in it to increase its strength, and there is a hole at the lower end, which is embedded in the shaft. The tail of the arrow has two wings and a groove at the end to make it easier to attach to the bowstring.

[Ancient Indian Bow and Arrow]

Among the archaeological materials that have been excavated, the period of the Indus civilization has been found

(c. 2300-1750 BC). Hindering arrows were a common weapon used by all branches of the army in ancient India. Typical Indian bows and arrows are recorded in detail in the "Arrow Parables Sutra" of the "Zhonga Han Sutra": the material of the bow is decay, mulberry, and generality. horns, the materials of the bow are cow tendons, camphor deer tendons and silk, and the bowstring is tendons, silk, silk and hemp; The arrow is wrapped with cow tendon, camphor deer tendon and silk; The arrow feathers are fluttering feathers, carved crossbow feathers, and crane feathers; Arrow pith

for pregnant spicy spears and plated knives; The bow color is black, self, red, and yellow. According to historical records, the Persian king resisted the great invasion of Alexandria

(c. 7th century B.C.). The bow of the Indian Waste People's Envoy Period is made according to the height of the user, the bow is very hard, and one end needs to be propped up on the ground when pulling the bow, and the left foot is pedaled by the man, and both hands are drawn. The arrows have three kubi casts

(elbow) length. This kind of bow and arrow has great penetrating power, and at that time, ordinary shields and armor could shoot through. According to the "Political Commentary", the names of the bows during the Neo-Mauryan Dynasty were: Invite Rama, Qiao Tantuo, Truna, etc. They are made of palm shelf, bamboo, wood, or animal horns. The bowstring is made of vine plant fibers, bamboo fibers and sheep intestines. Arrows include bamboo arrows, wooden arrows, and iron arrows. Arrows are made of iron, bone, and wood, and have the functions of wearing, cutting, and impacting.

[Crossbow]

A catapult that harnesses mechanical force. The crossbow was developed from the bow, which was a powerful wooden stubble with an arrow groove and a firing device

On the (or metal) bar, after the bowstring is opened, it is magnetically fixed by the firing device, and the arrow is placed in the slot, and the bowstring is connected to the tail of the arrow. The launcher is activated and the arrow is fired along the groove. Some crossbows can also fire stone bullets, inlaid bullets, etc., so crossbows can be divided into arrows and bullets. The fundamental difference between a crossbow and a bow is that a crossbow has a time-lapse mechanism that eliminates the need to draw the bow and aim at the same time. You can use arms, feet, waist, machinery and other ways to draw the bow, calmly aim, waiting for the opportunity to fire. The arrows fired by the crossbow bow have a long range, high accuracy, and strong penetration. However, it fires less quickly than a bow and is heavier than a bow. The earliest crossbows appeared as early as ancient Greece and the Warring States period in China. It spread to almost all major military countries and continued to be used until the modern era when firearms were widely used. The quality and types of crossbows also evolved, and types such as repeating crossbows, self-fired crossbows, and rocket crossbows appeared. After the advent of modern shooting firearms, crossbows were gradually eliminated.

[Chinese Crossbow]

The earliest crossbow that has been discovered in China is a crossbow from the middle of the Warring States period unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province, with a wooden crossbow arm and a copper book vanadium. Han Dynasty waist crossbow. Repeater, bed crossbow. The basic structure of a crossbow is composed of four parts: a crossbow bow, a string, a crossbow arm, and a crossbow machine, and a crossbow string is similar to an ordinary bow. But even stronger. The crossbow arm is made of hard wood with grooves carved into it. holes, the front end of the crossbow is fixed, there is a longitudinal scumbag in the middle, arrows are placed, and a crossbow machine is installed in the rear. The crossbow hunger is the control mechanism for launching, and the first hall is composed of three parts: the annihilation, the hanging knife, and the ox. Teeth, also known as machine hooks, according to "Shi Ming • Shi Bing": "The hook string is the day tooth", which is used to hook the crossbow string. The suspension knife, also known as the machine dial, is a plate machine for shooting. Cattle, also known as pad machines. When opening the crossbow, use it to hook the teeth and the hanging knife together. When the crossbow is fired, the hanging knife is slapped, the ox is loosened, the tooth surface falls, and the tightly hooked crossbow string suddenly gallops away, and the crossbow arrow is fired. On the top of the bud, there is a "lookout mountain" ------ the door. It is used for aiming, and after the crossbow machine is combined, it is packed in a box, which is called a book. In China, crossbows were first used for hunting, and were used in warfare around the Spring and Autumn Period, and were popular in the Han, Jin and Tang dynasties. There are many types of crossbows of various generations. Performance is also inconsistent. For example, during the Warring States Period, it was divided into clamp crossbows, phlegm crossbows, Tang crossbows and large crossbows; In the Tang Dynasty, there were crossbows, horn bows, wooden crossbows, large car crossbows, bamboo pole crossbows, and bamboo pole police. Big bamboo pole crossbow, Fuyuan crossbow, etc.

[Arm Stretch Crossbow]

A crossbow that relies only on the strength of a human arm to position the bow and arrows.

[Jumping Crossbow]

A crossbow that uses the power of the arms, feet, or knees at the same time. There are two ways to draw the bow with a crossbow; One is a crossbow with the foot end, which is used for strong crossbows; One is the knee upper crossbow, which is used for weak crossbows.

[Waist crossbow]

A crossbow that uses the power of the arms, feet, and waist at the same time in a seated position. When using, sit flat on the ground and lay the crossbow flat in front of you. The left and right soles of the feet are inserted into the thumbs, followed by the crossbow split, pry the waist hook, and hook the crossbow string. Pull the waist hook with both hands and push the soles of your feet forward. The splitting body fell backwards, and with force, the machine started from the beginning, and the vanadium structure was hung.

[Repeater]

A crossbow that fires many arrows at the same time. It appeared around the end of the Warring States period. According to the chapter "Mozi Bei Gaolin", the crossbow designed for the defense of the city was very powerful, and it took ten people to push the winch to get it fully wound. The arrows used for repeaters are "ten feet long", and the tail of the arrow is tied with a rope, and after being shot, it can be recovered with a plated guard. This kind of heavy crossbow is mainly used to shoot at the enemy's defensive equipment outside the city. "Six Rice, Tiger Rice, Military Chapter" mentions the "winch crossbow" that fires long arrows with "red stem white feathers, led by copper" or "green stems and red feathers, led by iron". Five-foot wheel winch repeater. After the Han Dynasty, the repeater was improved, and Zhuge Liang created the Yuanrong repeater with "one arm and ten arrows". According to the "Qing Yilu", during the Jin Dynasty, there was a kind of crossbow called "Rapid Dragon Car", "its crossbow is a large machine, and the twelve small machines are all fired." With a series of arrows, it is far away. “