The Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu's Seven Uniques "Jiangnan Spring" begins with "Thousands of miles of warblers cry green and red, and the water village mountain Guo wine flag wind". Thousands of miles south of the Yangtze River, the yellow warbler is singing happily, the clusters of green trees reflect the clusters of red flowers, the villages by the water, the cities by the mountains, and the wine flags waving in the wind, all in the bottom of the eyes.

There are many names of wine flags, in terms of their texture, because they are made of sewn cloth, they are called wine trees, wild trees, wine curtains, green curtains, apricot curtains, wine curtains, banners, etc.; In terms of its color, it is called green flag, plain curtain, green curtain, color flag, etc.; In terms of its use, it is also known as wine label, wine list, wine move, curtain move, trick, and wangzi......

As the oldest form of advertising, wine flags have a long history in our country. "Han Feizi • Waichu Said Upper Right" records: "The Song people have drunk, the promotion is very flat, the guests are very cautious, the wine is very beautiful, and the hanging flag is very high...... "hanging flag" here is to hang the wine flag.

Wine flags can be roughly divided into three categories: first, pictographic wine flags, which are characterized by real objects, models and drawings such as wine jugs; the second is to sign the wine flag, that is, the flag and the night light; The third is the text wine flag, which is expressed in the form of single words, double words and even pairs and poems, such as "wine" and "Taibai Legacy". Some borrow the reputation of heavy liquor to make patent advertisements, such as the tavern opened by the imperial court during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty, and the flag is inscribed with the famous Mobao: "This store sells lotus high wine at four o'clock", and lotus high wine is the imperial wine of the palace at that time. Some wine flags indicate the mode of operation, such as the wooden archway of Kaifeng's "Xipeng Pot Restaurant" in "Divergent Street Lamp", which reads "Arranged Banquet"; More wine flags try their best to render the aroma of wine, such as the Qing Dynasty octagonal drum song "Ruixue Heaps" cloud: the wine flag flies in Xinghua Village, and it is written that "open the altar for ten miles, even the gods should be drunk." ”

In ancient times, the role of wine flags was roughly equivalent to that of today's signboards, light boxes, or neon signs. Sign the name of the store on the wine flag, hang it above the store, hang it in front of the rooftop house, or simply set up a lookout pole to let the wine flag flutter in the wind to attract customers. In addition, the wine flag also has the function of transmitting information, and when you get up in the morning and start business, you can sell wine, and you will hang the wine flag; If there is no wine to sell, accept the flag. "Tokyo Menghualu" said: "Until noon, there is no wine in every house, and I drag down my son." This "Wangzi" is the wine flag. Some shops are open at night, such as Liu Yuxi's poem "Walking on the Embankment", which mentions that a restaurant "goes out of the curtain to invite customers to drink in the evening"; Generally, it is open during the day and the flag is lowered in the evening, such as Song Daoqian's poem "Autumn River": "The red leaf maple forest falls the wine flag, and the white sandbar Zhuyang has been slight." Outside the vast expanse of soft oars, where the people of Jiangcun return at night. ”

Wine flags have also often become a medium for people to paint scenes and tell stories, and to express their lyrical aspirations. "Thousands of peaks and clouds, showers and a flash of price. Farther away the trees and the sun, how to give birth to the scenery of the picture Qingqi Gu wine, on the side of the mountain, there is no one else. In the Song Dynasty, Xin Qiji's "Ugly Slave • Boshan Road Zhongxiao Li Yi'an Body" depicts a beautiful picture and artistic conception with the fluttering wine flag.

Wine flags, plaques, inscriptions and hotels

1. Wine flags

The "wine flag" is the original official decree, logo, and righteousness, and is used by the "king". Later, it gradually became the logo and call of the operator. The purpose of hoisting the flag in the wine market is to attract customers. As a kind of identification, it is generally called "table", such as "Han Poem Biography": "People who have market wine and are very beautiful, put the table for a long time." This kind of sign is usually hung high at the front of the restaurant, which is very eye-catching, so that passers-by can see it from a long distance. The logo is generally sewn with cloth (plain, green) and varies in size. The word "wine" is written on it, or it is marked with famous wine, or the name of the store is written, and there are even warnings on it. Wine flag, also called "wine curtain", "wangzi". For example, many hotels in the famous painting of "Qingming Riverside Map" are marked with the words "new wine" and "small wine" on the wine flag, and the flag cloth is white or cyan. However, the materials used in the wine flag are not limited to green and white. For example, Tang Weiyingwu's "Wine Shop" depicts the prosperous scene of Chang'an wine shops and luxury restaurants rising from the ground, and colorful wine flags waving in the spring breeze.

In ancient times, most of the wine flags were written by the Fang family or wonderful hands, so there is no need to doubt it. The historical and cultural phenomenon of the book on the wine flag to solicit literary sentences was naturally reflected in the literary works of the time. In "Water Margin", the wonderful story of the good man Wu Song who kicked over the god of Jiang Men with "five ring steps, mandarin duck feet" took place in the Happy Hotel on Mengzhou Road. And read the book description: Wu Song "walked less than thirty or fifty steps, and saw a big hotel at the T-shaped intersection in the morning, with a lookout pole standing in front of the eaves, holding a wine wangzi on it, and writing four big characters: 'Heyang Fengyue'." When I turned around, there was a green balustrade in front of the door, and two gold flags were inserted; Each handful has five golden characters, and it is written: 'The drunkenness is great, and the sun and the moon are long in the pot.' Later, the "two pinned gold flags" gradually became couplets made of wood, bamboo or metal that could not be blown by the wind, and the wine flags were replaced by dazzling modern signboards such as glittering metal or neon signs. The kind of poetic and picturesque scenery that hangs high and flutters in the wind is mostly a fabrication of historical and cultural scenes on TV screens.

Second, the plaque pair

Plaques, pairs are two things, the lintel of the plaque county or the hall is one, and its number is one (although the temple and other halls have a non-one, but it is very special); The pair is listed on both sides of the pillar or door, or on both sides of the hall wall. In ancient times, it was mostly made of wood and bamboo, and there were also metals such as copper. The meaning of the plaque should be coherent with each other, and the plaque text should be more meaningful. Ancient hotels generally had pairs of plaques, and some even had several pairs or more. The purpose of these plaques is to attract customers and attract visitors. The content of the plaque is either compiled from traditional poetry and famous sentences, or written by ink scholars, and it is also a work of calligraphy or poetry and art. For example, in the Five Dynasties, Zhang Yiren inscribed Cui's wine sentence: "The Cui family wine in Kailing City should have no heaven on the earth; The wandering Taoist priest drank a bucket and was drunk and lying at the mouth of the deep cave of white clouds. (Hu Shanyuan's "Ancient and Modern Wine Affairs") is famous for a while because it is a celebrity, name, famous sentence, and the business of a small hotel, "the more people who are alcoholics". Xu Chong's "Warm Shu by the Pen" contains: During the Zhengde period of Ming Wuzong (1506~1521), the naughty boy Tianzi opened a royal tavern with ingenuity, and the two plaques read: "The first tavern in the world" and "Four o'clock should be hungry shop". The wine flag is hung high, and the big book is "our store sells lotus wine at four o'clock". Although this is like a play, it is all done according to the customs of the city. The plaque is a major feature of traditional Chinese culture and a major achievement of Chinese food culture.

3. Question wall

The inscription wall is the elegant thing of the ancient scribes, mostly in the place of scenic spots, the place of pavilions, and the hotel wall is a solid area. The hotel is a place where scholars from all over the world gather and come from all over the world. Anyone who asks the wall and leaves a chant is a good poem and writing, so that he can glorify his peers and leave a reputation for future generations, otherwise he will not be ridiculed.

The literati are suave and talented, and in the hotel, the white walls are suddenly shining. "Water Margin" tells the story of Song Jiang, who was not good at writing and writing, and after he was drunk in the "Xunyang Building" restaurant with Su Dongpo's handwritten plaque, he also "rode the wine, grinded the wine, grinded the ink, dipped the pen full, and went to the white powder wall" to inscribe two crooked poems. One of them said: "Since childhood, he has attacked history, and when he grows up, he also has the power to strategize, just like a tiger lying on a barren hill, lurking minions to endure." Unfortunately, stabbing Wen's cheeks, that is worthy of being in Jiangzhou! If he has revenge, blood stains the mouth of the Xunyang River! The second cloud: "The heart is in Shandong, the body is in Wu, and the river and the sea are screaming." If he succeeds in Ling Yunzhi, he dares to laugh at Huang Chao for not being a husband! It was these two crooked Khotanese poems that made him suffer a lot, although he didn't lose his head. In contrast, the inscription wall of a restaurant in Chengdu in the fourth year of Lu Fang Weng Chunxi (1177) is majestic, full of spirit, and lofty artistic conception, which is far beyond the reach of a sassy hacker who only expresses his personal mind: "The husband is not born in the world, and he intends to destroy the captives and collect the rivers and mountains; How do you know that rubbing is not satisfactory, and Liang Yi has been adjusting Zhu Yan for eight years. The third watch stroked the pillow and screamed, and the dream was strange to Songting Pass. The Central Plains has repeatedly lost its chances, and tomorrow Yin Xi will remain (left and right (upper forest and lower white)). Yizhou official building wine is like a sea, I will come to explain the flag and buy it on the day. The wine is for entertainment, and the handy owl is full of joy. The cow's back is rotten and the electricity is staring, and the madness kills himself as Yuan Fei's madness. The nine temple ministers of the old capital dare to forget? The ancestral gods are next to the emperor. ("Upstairs Drunken Book", "Jiannan Poems" Volume 8) can be described as not many long sentences.

4. Hotels

(1) Hotels from the pre-Qin period to the Northern and Southern Dynasties

The hotel also has the titles of restaurant, tavern, restaurant, etc., in ancient times, it refers to the wine and food shop. The history of Chinese hotels is long, and the rise of the catering industry can be said to be accompanied by business. Zhou's "Ancient History Examination" said that when Jiang Shangwei was in the past, he once "slaughtered cattle and sold drinks in Mengjin", which is the situation at the end of the Shang Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, the food market was "full of cooked food, overlapping corpses, and full of burnt cases". In order to pursue marital autonomy, Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun sold their cars and horses to open a "wine house" in Linqiong, Sichuan, which produced a good story of a talented and beautiful woman plot hotel.

Some ethnic minorities in the northwest and merchants from the Western Regions also had to run the catering industry in the Central Plains, introducing "Hu food" to the interior. Xin Yannian's poem "Yulin Lang" reflects this situation: "In the past, there was a Huo family slave, whose surname was Feng Mingzidu. Relying on the general's strength, he laughed at the restaurant Hu. The fifteenth year of the orchid, spring is alone. "Hu Hotel not only sells wine, but also sells wine dishes.

(2) Hotels in the Tang and Song dynasties

During the Tang and Song dynasties, the hotel was very prosperous. In terms of operating projects, there are various types of hotels. For example, in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were direct stores specializing in liquor, as well as tea hotels, steamed bun hotels, house hotels (hungry like official residences outside the door), scattered hotels (ordinary hotels), and cang hotels (with prostitutes).

In terms of business flavor, Kaifeng and Hangzhou in the Song Dynasty have North Food Restaurant, South Food Shop, Sichuan Restaurant, and Shandong Hebei flavor "Luo Hotel".

As far as the hotel grade is concerned, there are "main stores" and small hotels. The "main store" is a relatively high-end hotel, mostly in the name of "Lou", and the service objects are dignitaries, scribes and celebrities. According to "Tokyo Menghualu":

(Kaifeng) Maiquyuan Street South Yu Xianwu Zheng store, there is a building in front of the back of the platform, all people call it "on the stage", this store is the most hotel household, a corner of 72 Wen for silver bottle wine, a corner of 81 Wen for lamb wine.

Zheng Dong Renhe store, Xinmen Li Hui Xian Restaurant store, often have 100 halls, so that each is enough to prepare a thing. In the arrival of people in luxury, the measure is slightly wider. Where there is no one in the hotel, only two people sit opposite each other to drink, they must also use a pair of bowls, two plates, five fruit and vegetable plates, and three or five fruit bowls, that is, nearly 100 taels of silver.

This kind of luxury hotel, the consumption level is so high, ordinary people will never dare to ask about it.

The other category is ordinary or low-class hotels. After the Song and Yuan dynasties, restaurants generally refer to large hotels with towering buildings and high service levels, while hotels gradually refer to restaurants specializing in wine and no or only simple dishes with wine.

In terms of business ownership, there are private chef hotels, vegetarian kitchens that operate temples, and official hotels.

(3) Hotels in the Ming and Qing dynasties

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hotel industry developed further. As early as the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, after the economic decline destroyed by the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of ten large restaurants in the capital Yingtian (now Nanjing) to facilitate business travel, entertainment of official eunuchs, and decoration of Taiping:

In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), the sea was peaceful, thinking and the people were happy, and the Ministry of Engineering was ordered to build ten restaurants outside the east gate, with crane singing, drunken immortals, Acura, drum belly, guests, re-translation, etc. It was added to the fifth floor, and it was completed. The edict gave the civil and military hundred official banknotes, and ordered the banquet to be held in the drunken immortal building, and the fifth floor was dedicated to the punishment of courtesans...... Not a few days after the banquet...... Shang and ordered the banquet doctor Qian Zai to be equal to the new restaurant, each offering poems and thanks, and going to Dayue...... On the tenth floor built by Taizu, there are still four names of Qingjiang, Shicheng, Dongmin, and Jixian, and the fifth floor is cloud light smoke, light powder, plum research, and willow wings, and one of them is missing, which is not contained in this history, and is the serval of the courtesan. The people of the time once sang a poem to the event: "The edict gives money to send wine, and Qilou wins the gathering of Confucianism." Jiangtou fish algae new feast, outside the garden warbler flowers and give drunk. Zhao Nu's wine turned over the song and fanned the wet, and Yan Ji danced in her skirt. Embroidered feast Mo Dao has few bosom friends, and Sima Nengqin is peerless. (Shen Defu, "Wanli Ye Won the Supplement • Addendum", Volume 3)

There is reason to believe that the abolition of the government-run restaurant in the early Ming Dynasty was forced by the competitive pressure of various private hotel enterprises that had flourished, in addition to internal reasons such as management malpractice and corruption. Because in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it was already a very prosperous and developing catering industry in the country of a thousand times and a ten-room city, where there were wine shops everywhere" (Hu Shi's "Pearl Boat" volume 6). In ancient times, hotels, pubs, and restaurants with small scale and simple services were generally referred to as "wine shops".

In addition to the larger restaurants and hotels in the bustling cities outside the city, there are more small shops, but these small shops in a corner away from the town are close to nature, simple and relaxed. Therefore, they are often more able to attract the love and elegance of cultural people. The historical and literary dedication of the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the notes and records of literati and ink writers, have many fascinating descriptions of such small shops. At the same time, due to the increase in the number of readers, the difficulties of people, and the commercial exhibitions, on the one hand, more readers have joined the ranks of businessmen, and on the other hand, the cultural literacy of businessmen has improved, and the culture of citizens has developed more deeply and broadly. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, an account of "Xiaocun Shop" is very thought-provoking: "I traveled with Liu Sanwu on a small trip, entered the market for a drink, and had nothing to eat." The sentence came out of the cloud: 'The small village store has three cups and five lamps, and there is nothing to do,' Sanwu is not right, the shopkeeper is suitable to send wine to, and casually said: 'The Ming Kingdom is unified in all directions, regardless of north and south. 'Tomorrow early summons officials, stubbornly do not accept. (Ming Jiang Yikui's "Chang'an Hakka", Volume 2, "Xiaocun Store") The "Shang" in the text should be Zhu Yijun, the main god of the Dingling Tomb of the Ming Tombs in Pingping, North China. This corpse emperor, who reigned for 48 years (157 ~ years), made almost no achievements in state affairs, and the Ming Empire was already falling leaves at that time, full of west winds. The owner of the small village shop may have been a hidden man who had insight into the situation, so he firmly refused the emperor's gift to make him an official.

The development of liquor shops in the Qing Dynasty exceeded that of any previous era. "Jiuqu is full of wine curtains, and the snow is fragrant through the nine skies. All countries sit in a row, not in love with Huang Jiao. Qianlong (1736~1620) was the peaceful and prosperous era of the Qing Empire, and the heyday of China's feudal social and economic activity and prosperity. This poem describing the prosperity of the catering industry in Beijing in the Qing Empire can be called a vivid and profound historical record: in the early season, the sun is clear and clear, the silver dust is elegant, and the warmth is lovely. The inner and outer cities of the Beijing Division, the wine shops belong to each other, row upon row, and the chess is full of stars. In all kinds of hotels, there are not only people in the middle and lower society who are five elements and eight works, three religions and nine streams, but also people in the upper class of society such as "micro line Xianda"; There are not only countless black-haired people, but also exotic diners from all over the world, and the east and west halves should speak many languages and drink in different costumes, sitting in hotels of various styles and grades, which is indeed both poetic and ecstatic.

During the Qing Dynasty, some hotels were fashionable to combine entertainment activities with food and beverage trading, and in some areas, boat banquets, tourist hotels and hotels combining Chinese and Western walls also emerged, and the hotel industry was unprecedentedly prosperous. The general trend in the history of the evolution of Chinese hotels is that they are becoming more and more luxurious and diverse.

Wine people, wine rituals, wine lanes and wine orders

1. Wine man

"Historical Records" cloud "Although Jing Ke travels in the wine people, but he is a deep and good book" ("Historical Records: The Biography of the Assassins" volume 86), for the first time, he can get the "wine man". What is a "wine man"? Pei Qiuji explains that Xu Guang is called "a drinker" ("Historical Records: Assassin Biography", vol. 86), that is, a person who likes to drink. Good drinking habits become habits, often drink alcohol to become a habit, to wine for fun, to wine for things, nothing can be without wine, no wine is not a person, words must be said to be wine, is described as a "wine man." From this point of view, the wine man is a general term for all those who love wine and are addicted to alcohol. However, in Chinese history, there are many kinds of wine people, and it is difficult to unify them into simple products. According to the wine morality, drinking line, and wind algae, the wine people of the past dynasties seem to be slightly divided into upper, middle, and lower three grades, and they can be graded within the class, which can be described as three grades and nine grades. The superior is "elegant" and "clear", that is, drinking is an elegant thing, and drinking is clear. Medium is "vulgar" and "turbid", that is, it is vulgar and vulgar due to alcohol, and the smell is mediocre and turbid. The inferior ones are "evil" and "filthy", that is, drunkenness, immorality, and indulgence in evil. Throughout the history of Chinese wine culture for thousands of years, according to this standard, the names of wine people in history are roughly as follows:

(1) Superior quality

The top grade can be described as the "wine saint". Li Bai's poem "Drinking Alone Under the Moon": "Therefore, knowing the wine and holy wine is hearty" ("Quantang Poems" volume 182, "Drinking Alone Under the Moon" No. 4). Li Bai (701~762) is too white, called Qinglian Jushi, his ancestral home is Chengji in Longxi (now northwest of Qin'an, Gansu), and his ancestors in the late Sui Dynasty lived in Shaye (near Tokmak in the north of the Kyrgyz Republic), Bai was born here. Use wine to fight against the times, to relieve their pain and depression under political and spiritual pressure, and to achieve a kind of "has heard clearly than the sage, and the road is as turbid as the sage." Since the virtuous saint is full, why bother to ask for immortals. Three cups lead to the avenue, and one bucket is natural. But if you have the pleasure of wine, don't pass it on to the awake" (ibid., 2; Another five generations • Wang Renyu "Kaiyuan Tian's Precious Things" volume 4 "Drunken Saint", the psychological state and spiritual realm. It is in this realm that Li Bai made strange words, sang swan songs, carried out brilliant creations, and left pearlescent and brilliant great poems for the nation. This kind of wine man who returns to the original with wine power, fully realizes himself, and creates extraordinary achievements is a well-deserved "wine saint". Wine made Li Bai realize himself, "I am born to be useful", and achieved great achievements; Wine also helped him surpass himself, becoming a model of Chinese scholars who are not powerful, straightforward and frank, and become famous and career-oriented, and become the self-condition image of scholars and literati in national history. As the historical theory says: "Li Bai is addicted to alcohol and is not informal, but the articles he writes in his drunkenness are not wrong, and the discussion with people who are not drunk is not too white." The name of the time is 'Drunken Saint'. Tao Qian (365 or 372 or 376 ~ 427 years) is a native of Yuanming, a person who is known as Yuanming, the word Yuanliang, a native of Xunyang Chaisang (now west of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi), can also be called a saint in wine. In history, there are many literary saints and philosophers who can be listed as wine saints, who are not obsessed with alcohol and drunk without violating morality, on the contrary, they see the transmission of sentiments, the purity of character, and the achievement of careers.

(2) Upper and middle grades

Shangzhong is called "wine fairy" and "wine yi". "Wine fairy" is a wine man who drinks a lot but does not lose his manners, does not lose his nature, and is a wine man who is dignified. Du Fu's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking" cloud: "Zhizhang rides a horse like a boat, and sleeps at the bottom of the well." Ruyang Sandou began to face the sky, and the road was salivating at the mouth of the curved car, and the hatred was sealed to Jiuquan. Zuo Xiangri spends 10,000 dollars, drinks like a long whale sucking hundreds of rivers, and holds a cup of music and is called avoiding sages. Zong Zhixiao is a beautiful young man, looking at the blue sky with white eyes, as bright as a jade tree in front of the wind. In front of the Buddha in Changzhai Township, Su Jin often loves to escape Zen when drunk. Li Bai wrote a hundred poems, slept in a restaurant in Chang'an City, and the Son of Heaven couldn't get on the boat, claiming that the minister was a fairy in wine. Zhang Xu had three cups of grass sage, took off his hat and exposed his crown in front of the prince, waving the paper like a cloud of smoke. Jiao Sui Wudou Fang Zhuoran, talking eloquently and shocking four feasts. ("Quantang Poems" volume 216) The "eight immortals" mentioned in the poem are He Zhizhang, Li Jin, Li Shizhi, Cui Zongzhi, Su Jin, Li Bai, Zhang Xu, and Jiao Sui.

(3) Upper and lower products

The upper and lower tastes are called "wine sages" and "wine directors". Confucius Ziyun: "Only wine is immeasurable and chaotic." "This should be the norm for wine sages. I like to have festivals, even if I am occasionally drunk, I don't go over, I talk and behave in a modest, and I am still an elegant gentleman, a humble gentleman. This is said to have "wine virtue", and it is a person who has won the samadhi in wine - "wine fun". Although the generation of Dongpo layman and public security officer Yuan Zhonglang (1568~1610) is "not a cup and a long night is full of prosperity", it belongs to this category. Su Shunsoft (1008~1048) "Shao Kang has great ambitions", "buy water stones in Suzhou as Canglang Pavilion, benefit from reading, and sometimes resentful of songs, its body is bold, often amazing." Good cursive, every drunken pen, strive to be passed on. ("Song History, Su Shun Soft Biography", volume 442) can be called an excellent representative of "wine sages". Another type of this kind of wine person is the "wine director" who is good at identifying the taste and quality of wine: "Loujiang wine Dong is not sweet and sour, and the top green is two or three." (Cao Yin's "Nanyuan Miscellaneous Poems" No. 8). In fact, many wine people are also good at wine tasting, and as a wine person, the standard is more important in the cultivation and demeanor of wine affairs.

(4) Medium and upper grade

The middle and upper grades should refer to "drunkards". This generation is addicted to wine and obsessed with the soul, sinking into self-destruction, reaching the point of obsession. Zhang Han of the Jin Dynasty (c. 258~319) was its representative. Hanzi Ji Ying, a native of Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). See "the world is full of troubles...... "Because I saw the autumn wind rising, I thought about Wuzhong's mushrooms, ulva soup, and sea bass", so he resigned and returned to Li. Zeng declared: "Let me have a posthumous name, not a glass of wine!" ("Book of Jin • Zhang Han Biography" volume 92) Cai Yong (133~192), a famous literati in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, also belongs to this generation. Yongzi Bo 喈, Chen Liuyu (now south of Qixian County, Henan) people, for the late Eastern Han Dynasty famous writers, calligraphers, erudite and talented, but the nature of the wine, every drink is unrestrained, often "drink to a stone", and "often drunk on the road to lie down", when the people send its elegance (left and right (on the right (on the right of the dragon) number, said "drunken dragon" ("wine reversal" volume). In his opinion, only wine is real and valuable, and nothing else in the world is desirable.

(5) Medium and medium grade

Zhongzhong should refer to "wine upside", "wine mania" and the like. The Jin people Ruan (210~263) and Liu Ling (about 221~300) can be representatives. Ruan's heir to the character is a native of Chen Liuwei's clan (now Kaifeng, Henan). "There is a history of the world, belonging to the Wei and Jin dynasties, there are many reasons in the world, and there are few celebrities and gentlemen, and the reason is not to be with the world, so it is normal to drink. At the beginning, Emperor Wen wanted to propose marriage to Emperor Wu, but he was drunk for 60 days and could not stop talking. "And it can be blue and white-eyed, so as to distinguish the elegant and vulgar guests. Drunken and desolate, exposed, and naked", thinking that "accessibility" and "the foundation of the road" ("The World Speaks New Language, Virtue First", 23 notes, quoted in Ren Yin's "Book of Jin"). Liu Lingzi Bolun, a native of Peiguo (now northwest of Anweisu County), is a famous drunkard who is crazy about drinking. In history, Liu Ling "has a very ugly appearance, is unrestrained, and often takes the fine universe and all things as his heart...... At first, I don't care if I have family property. He often rode in a deer cart and carried a pot of wine, so that people could follow with a charge, saying: 'Death will bury me.' ’…… He was thirsty, and begged for wine from his wife. His wife donated wine and destroyed the vessel, and wept and admonished: 'The gentleman's wine is too much, it is not the way to take a living, and it must be cut off.' He said, 'Good! I can't help myself, but I should pray to the ghosts and gods to tear their ears apart. You can cut it off. He said, 'Good! I can't ban it, but I should swear to the ghosts and gods. Wine and meat can be served. 'The wife obeyed. Ling knelt down and said: "Born Liu Ling, in the name of wine. One drink and one drink, five buckets to solve the drink. Be careful not to listen to the words of women and children. 'Still leading wine and meat, and getting drunk again. Drunk and resentful of the laity, their people rush to the fist. Ling Xu said: "The chicken ribs are not enough to Anzun fist." The man stopped laughing. ”

(6) Medium and lower grades

The middle and lower grades should refer to the "wine shortage". This generation is addicted to wine, wastes the right business, and occasionally acts contrary to morality. Liu Yan of the Three Kingdoms "has an empty nature, a thin conduct, and a disease of wine shortage." ("Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi, Liu Yan Biography" Biography 40) Jin Jianwu General Wang Chen "is not restrained, especially drunk in the last years, a drink for months without waking up, or swimming naked, every sigh for three days without drinking, then feel that the form and spirit are not incompatible." The woman's father tasted miserable, Chen was drunk and hanged, the woman and father wept, Chen and the guests were ten people, and their arms were sent naked into it, and they went out around the three turns. There are many such things. ("Book of Jin • Biography of Wang Zhan", Volume 75) Jin people Hu Mufuzhi, Xie Kun, Guang Mengzu and others can be regarded as the same kind.

(7) Inferior and upper grades

The lower and upper grades are the "drunkards" generation. Drinking must pass, sinking into alcohol, few good deeds, is already a drunkard. Ruan Xian, a Jin man who once drank with pigs and left an allusion to "pig drinking" in Chinese history, was often drunk and unconscious, riding on horseback and swaying from side to side, "like riding a boat in the waves". Ruan Xian, Wang Gong of the Jin Dynasty, and Zheng Quan of the Three Kingdoms period should all belong to this type of wine people.

(8) Inferior products

Xia Zhongpin is Shi Wen's so-called "drunkard", "wine head", "wine devil", and "wine lees head", which can be collectively referred to as "drunkards". It refers to people who are addicted to alcohol, forget their lives when drinking, go crazy after drinking, get drunk and confused, and even die for alcohol. Nowadays, there are many such drinkers. They are addicted to alcohol, and when they see their drunkenness before they drink it, they will drink it, and if they drink it, they will get drunk, and if they are drunk, they will be invisible: their faces are bare-eyed, their noses are swollen and their mouth is slanted, their mouths are full of nonsense, they are full of foul language, they are filthy, their spit is splashed, they are abnormal, they behave obscenely, and all kinds of things that make people feel uncomfortable. In the late 60s, I met a person from a production team in a rural village in Northeast China, and he belonged to this kind of person. Gradually, one night from a farmhouse after drinking, the cool breeze hit, that is, a head planted next to the firewood stack in the north of the village road, turned the intestines and spit out, and a small dog came to swallow its filth. In the early morning of the next day, the villagers saw that this person was still spitting north of the road; And the little dog was drunk and died in the south. This incident was rumored to be a joke among the people.

(9) Inferior products

Shimoro is a "wine thief" generation, which is the last first-class and lowest product of wine people. This kind of wine is of low character, not only does it have no virtue in its own drinking, but also because of the drunkenness, it is a big mistake for state affairs, and a small mistake for official or private affairs, and such people are mostly sucking the blood of the people by unbright and improper means, rubbing the fat of the country, that is, drinking innocent wine, dirty wine, and their behavior is the same as stealing. Therefore, it is called a "thief", and it should be among the forces to refrain from Du.

2. Wine ceremony

Wine etiquette is the etiquette and etiquette of drinking. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "wine is a gift". "Zuo Biography" cloud: "The gentleman said: "Wine is a courtesy, not followed by lewdness, and righteousness." Instigated by Juncheng, Ferner is promiscuous, and benevolent. "Wine becomes a gift", then the gift of the ceremony, from the ancient customs and ancient meaning. In prehistoric times, the production of alcohol was very small, and it was difficult to master the technology, so the ancestors were not allowed to drink alcohol in ordinary times. Only when the worship and sacrifice are celebrated, can the drink be divided according to certain rules. Drink must first be offered to the spirits. Drinking, connecting with gods and ghosts, and connecting with major hot and solemn and mysterious sacrificial celebrations, becoming a part of the "ceremony" is an important procedure for the demonstration of the "ceremony", and is an important basis for the establishment of the "ceremony" and an important means for the completion of the ceremony. The Duke of Zhou once sternly admonished his subordinates to "drink only rituals, and the virtuous general will not get drunk". Alcohol is only allowed during sacrifices, and it is never allowed to get drunk. In the eyes of the ancestors, wine, like the sacrificial activity itself, has an extremely mysterious and solemn character.

Sake brewing is only used for sacrifices, to show the gratitude and reverence of the people to the heavens. If this purpose is violated, it is a great sin for the people to drink it at first. If an individual is like this, he will be in chaos, and if he is like this, he will be ruined and derelicted. This is the principle that "wine is a sacrifice, not a main drink". Pray before drinking, and there are two passages in the New Sayings of the World that speak of prostrations before drinking. One of them said: "Kong Wenju has two sons, the eldest is six years old and the younger one is five years old. During the day, when the father sleeps, the younger one steals wine and drinks at the bedside, and the eldest child says: 'Why don't you worship?' "He replied, 'Steal, then you have to salute!' The second cloud: "When Brother Zhong Yu was young, he was on duty and his father slept day and night, because he secretly took medicine and wine. His father felt that the county was looking at it. Bow down and then drink, drink but don't worship. When asked why Yu worshipped, Yu said: "Wine is a ceremony, and I dare not worship." Then he asked why he didn't worship, and he said, 'It's rude to steal it, so you don't worship.' ’”

Later, due to the decentralization of politics, the downward shift of power, and the development and change of economy and culture, the concept and atmosphere of alcohol also changed greatly, and the constraints and fears were greatly relaxed and diluted. Therefore, "worship" is symbolic. That is, it is estimated that the original strict regulations on "drinking and worshipping" are the heavens, the earth, ghosts, (ancestors), and gods. Three generations later, this kind of sake ritual is still preserved in the festival of worshipping ghosts and gods, but the non-ritual drinking is still in large quantities.

As a result, drinking gradually evolved into a set of symbolic rituals and feasible etiquette. "Worship" before drinking. "Worship" followed by drinking is such a symbolic ritual. It means that the drinker will not forget the virtues of the hadith of the previous kings and will still follow the precept of "no drunkenness." As for whether it is really "no drunk", it is another matter. Etiquette should be followed, especially in certain ceremonial or solemn banquets. The wine etiquette of later generations mostly focused on the rules of the banquet, such as sending letters, greetings, giving up seats, pouring wine, toasting, toasting, thanks, farewell, etc., and the etiquette norms were integrated into the staggered planning, so that the banquet was both joyful and modest, free and elegant, without losing order and proportion. China has a long history, a vast territory, and a complex cultural composition, and under the influence of different customs and human feelings, the wine ceremonies of different eras, places, and ethnic groups have different forms of expression and characteristics.

3. Wine Course

In the view of ancient Chinese philosophers, all things have their "Tao" in life and death, and all kinds of human psychology, emotions, ideas, opinions, and behaviors also have "Tao". Drinking alcohol naturally has a way of drinking.

The fundamental requirement of ancient Chinese wine is the word "neutralization". "Undeveloped, said to be in the middle", that is, there is no craving for wine, that is, Zhuangzi's "no tiredness", no greed for wine. "Hair and all in the middle of the festival", there is wine, can drink, can also drink, but drink but not, drink but not greedy, drink if not drunk, never and chaos, so it is called "and". Harmony is peaceful, impartial, and unfaulted. That is to say, it is best to drink alcohol to the extent that it does not affect the body and mind, the life of the political party, and the norms of thinking, and it is necessary to drink alcohol to the extent that it does not produce any negative physical and mental effects and consequences. The understanding of the way of sake is not only about the effect of drinking, but also about the whole story. "The common people think they drink, and the gentlemen think they are courtesy" (Zou Yang's "Wine Fu"), which is in line with "etiquette", which is the basic principle of wine. However, "etiquette" is not eternal beyond time and space, with the development of history and the changes of the times, the norms of etiquette are also constantly changing. In the dilution and transformation of "rites", "Tao" has not been diluted, on the contrary, it is more practical and scientific.

As a result, the sincere respect for the heavens, earth, ghosts and gods of heaven and earth has been transformed from the traditional "drinking and worshipping" to the respect for the venerable, the elderly, and the guests. Confucianism is to respect friends, Confucius said: "If a friend comes from afar, he will be happy!" "It is not an exaggeration to pay homage to the wine and invite the guest to drink it first (or with the guest, but not before the guest). In the political era of aristocrats and adults, there was a great emphasis on respect for the inferior, the elder and the young, and the new and the new, so in the determination of the banquet seats and the order of drinking, the first respect for the elder and then the inferior should not be confused. Although hierarchy has been denied in the democratic era, the cultural and psychological tradition of respecting the elderly of the Chinese people is deeply rooted, and it is still a habit to be polite to the elderly when drinking. However, this is no longer the order in which others drink in turn after the strict "drinking" of the elder, but reflects the courtesy, humility and respect for the elder. Since it is "respect", it is not possible to "force wine", according to everyone's wishes, do their best, and the drinking activities fully reflect the word "joy" of "doing their best". This joy is cheerful and pleasant, rather than the thunderous and dancing "soft". Whether it is the salute, celebration, friendship of the party, or the pleasure of drinking alone, they all follow the principle of not being "drunk", that is, not drinking too much. That is, it is not greedy, nor is it obsessed with wine, it is still the traditional "neutralization", which can be understood as a "suitable" word.

In this way, the traditional liquor ceremony, which originated from the ancient "rites", seems to be summed up with the above three words "respect", "joy" and "appropriate".

Fourth, the liquor order

The liquor order, also known as the order to drink, is a game of persuasion when drinking at a banquet. The prevailing situation is to push one person as the commander, and the rest listen to the order, according to certain rules, or fist, or guess, or skillfully make up sentences, or carry out other amusement activities, the loser, the violator, the person who can not complete, no penalty drink, if the same joy can be celebrated, then congratulated, called the persuasion to drink, with the meaning of reward. On the other hand, the liquor order is a fair means of persuasion to avoid bullying, and people rely on wisdom and luck to avoid bullying and scheming. The liquor order is an important means of enforcing the liquor ceremony.

The production of the liquor order can be traced back to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. There is an idiom called "painting a snake and adding feet", this idiom has an allusion, "Warring States Policy • Qi Ce II" Yun 2 "Chu has an ancestral hall, give it to give people wine." It is said to the others: 'A few people drink enough, but one person drinks more than enough; Please draw the ground for the snake, and the first to drink. 'A man who is a serpent comes first, leads wine and drinks it; He held a snake in his left hand and a snake in his right hand, saying, 'I can be in the middle.' 'Before it was done, the snake of one person became a one-man snake, and the communist party said: 'There is no foot, Zi'an can be enough!' And he drank his wine. He who is a serpent's foot will die of his wine. "It's actually one of the oldest liquor stories. "Warring States Policy" is the end of the Western Han Dynasty Qi Xiang according to the late Warring States period began to compile the words and deeds of lobbyists and various pamphlets, so the appearance of the wine order, there is a history of more than 2,100 years.

According to the "Biography of Han Poems": "Qi Huan publicly ordered the wine and said: 'The latter will be punished for a journey!' 'After the middle of the tube, when you drink a warp (wine vessel), and abandon its bucket, say; 'It is better to give up wine than to give up oneself'. "Duke Qi Huan and Guan Zhong were from the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which indicates that the name of the liquor order was already more than 2,600 years ago. In the Han Dynasty, due to the unification of the country, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the people lived a stable life, and the practice of drinking became popular. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was also a monograph on "Wine Order" compiled by Jia Kui.

The real prosperity of the liquor order was in the Tang Dynasty, due to the rule of Zhenguan, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, and almost all the sharp liquor orders popular in later generations were formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are many kinds of liquor, and each has its own characteristics, which is now classified in a brief introduction.

(1) Flowers

Qushui Liuzhen is a kind of superstitious drinking and entertainment activities practiced by the ancients. The most famous Liuzhen activity in ancient China was held in Lanting in Shaoxing on March 3, 353 AD. The great calligrapher Wang Xizhi and the sages gathered on the shore of the Jiudian Pool, and everyone sat on the ground on the shore. Place a wine glass in the upper reaches of the water, let it flow and turn down, and whoever stops in front of the glass will drink the chant.

There are also people who use flowers instead of cups, and use sequential transmission to symbolize the flowing curved water. In the process of spreading flowers, the drum beats, the drum stops, and the flowers also stop. Whoever stops on the flower is like a floating wine glass in front of him, and whoever is punished for drinking. Compared with Qushui Liuzhen, drumming and passing flowers has been a simple drinking and entertainment activity, it is not limited by natural conditions, it is very suitable for carrying out at the banquet, Sun Zongjian of the Song Dynasty said in the "Donggao Miscellaneous Records", Tang poems have "the city head drumming to pass the flower branches, the table to fight fists and hold pine nuts" record, it can be seen that the Tang Dynasty has prevailed in the drumming and passing the flower wine order. In the absence of any utensils, the literati drank alcohol and often exchanged verses. Qushui Liuzhen is a very ancient folk activity, and many liquor orders in later generations are reborn and changed from Liuzhen, which can be called the arrow of China's liquor order.

(2) Gestures

Boxing is also known as fist fighting, fist fighting, is a gesture drinking order, two people at the same time relatively shot, each crazy guess the total number of fingers stretched, guess the right one wins. Because it is a mutual guess, it is also called guessing boxing.

Because of its simplicity and ease of use, it has spread widely and has been prosperous for a long time, and it is the most influential and popular kind of so-called liquor order. For example, there is such a kind in the guessing boxing order; The two people who give the order each punch, and at the same time each call a number, guess the sum of the two stretches, guess the right one for the winner, and the loser drinks. If both guesses correctly, drink a glass each. If none of them are correct, the punch will be restarted. Each person can use a maximum of five fingers at a time, and a maximum of ten fingers. The words of guessing are slightly different depending on the era and region. The thumb must come out, which is the "good" meaning. There are many words, such as:

A little.

Hello buddy.

Three-fingered (three-star photo).

Four Seasons Wealth (Four Respectful Wealth).

Five Chiefs.

Hexachlorocyclohexane.

Seven coincidences.

Eight horses.

Drink quickly.

It's all here.

When guessing boxing, it is often appended: "wow", "ah", "which", with a strong sense of rhythm and catchy. There are also "scissors, rock, paper" gesture boxing, etc.

(3) Dice class

The dice is a cube with a side length of about five millimeters, made of animal bones, plastic, jade, etc., white, with a total of six sides, each side is carved with one, two, three, four, five, six circular pits, and it is often used in wine banquets.

The four dots of the dice are painted red (and the dots are also painted red in recent times), and the rest are painted black. Hold the dice in your hand and cast them on the board to make them spin, or place them in the dice board and shake them with the lid closed. Stop, according to the rules of the game, the color of the point to determine the winner, so the dice are also called dice.

(4) Guess the coin class

Guess is a game that helps you drink alcohol; It's a kind of liquor order. The drinker takes some small objects, such as chess pieces, melon seeds, coins, lotus seeds, etc., and holds them in his hand, so that people can guess, one guesses the odd and even, the second guesses the number, and the third guesses the color.

(5) Fundraising

Chips, originally for the purpose of counting, were later used in wine banquets for the purpose of wine order, called the chips or wine chips. There are two main uses in the wine order: one is that it is still used for counting. Wang Jian of the Tang Dynasty "Book Gift to the Old Hun Er Cao Chang": "Raise money for drinking to know the small household, and help the book house to see the poor family." "Those who drink a lot of alcohol are called big households, and those who drink a small amount of alcohol are small households. If you can't afford to drink as much as you want, you have to ask someone else to drink on your behalf, but you can see that you have forgotten to drink a small amount of alcohol. Obviously, the stakes here are for counting. In order to ensure the normal progress of the alcohol order, when there is a person who violates the alcohol order and does not abide by the rules, he can take out a special wine chip, which is shaped like a flag or a sword, which is called a penalty chip, like an arrow in the army, or a yellow card or red card used by football referees today.

The above two functions of the wine chip are both tools of fear during the alcohol order. As a kind of chip-based order, it is composed of a simple plan and a certain number of wine chips, and each wine chip is marked with the specific content of how to carry out the order.

(6) Dominoes

Dominoes are generally based on bamboo as the back, animal bones as the face, the two with dovetail tenon riveted with each other cuboid, and some use noble ivory inclined surface, so it is also called the ivory card. Now the back and face are made of plexiglass in different colors, glued together. There are 32 dominoes in total, and the dots are painted red and green. Each domino has a specific name, such as:

Celestial card: 6 points up and down.

Land cards: up and down.

Human cards: four points up and down.

Tie: Up for the unit, down for the three.

The order is made with dominoes, mainly according to the color point pictogram of the domino to be attached, and the person who makes the order either says poetry and music, or idioms and proverbs, as long as the color points should be colored. Sometimes, in order to turn over the patterns, the color points of the three dominoes are often matched with the Zhilai, and a name is attached, called "a pair". When the order is first shuffled, every three stacks into a pair, one by one turned out and the name is announced, and the executor is corresponding to the sentence, which is like a combination of single dominoes, but adds a requirement that must rhyme.

(7) Amusement games

There is also a kind of alcohol order that is mainly carried out by action or skill, such as the person who makes the order to do a juggling, thinking that others cannot imitate the behavior, which nose moves, hand branches, tricks, etc., and then asks others to imitate, and those who can't eat. The simple and easy shooting of seven reams, the popular contemporary "fishing" amusement activity also belongs to this category.

(8) Riddles

The riddle class is based on riddle drink. There are many ways, such as "seeking the bottom order", ordering the official to make a riddle, and the person who executes the order takes turns to match different bottoms, and those who can't match or don't match will be punished for drinking. If the commander takes the idiom "laughing" as the face, he can conceive from a range of different riddles, first report the riddle, and then report the riddle, there are many ways to match, to name a few:

(1) Hit the literary noun one: Yuefu

(2) Playing music noun 1: chamber music

(3) Hit "Water Margin" name one: Lehe

(4) Hit the title of the film one: Xiyingmen

(5) Heilongjiang place name one: Qiqihar

Another example is the "matching order", which makes the official come up with a mystery, and the matching face of the number of times the order is executed, and it must not be the same. Those who can't match or don't match will be punished for drinking. If the commander asks for the word "one" to be matched, there are many facets that can be matched, just to name a few:

(1) Work hard and fast, and everyone has a share.

(2) The foundation of no wood.

(3) It is in the sky, under the earth, and above the painting.

(4) Multiply it by being as big as it is, and divide by it being as big.

(5) The upper is not on the top, the lower is not on the bottom,

Not on top, but on bottom.

(9) Literature and drama

Literary drama is the introduction of word games to the banquet as a wine order, which began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. The so-called literary drama is either an embedded sentence, or a font change, or a quotation of words. The banquet is a contest of wisdom and talent, and it can also be used to cultivate people's agile ideas and humor.

(10) Lots

When encountering something difficult to decide, the ancients often adopted an opportunity method, that is, to take some small objects with the same appearance, make a mark, and place them in the utensils for making a decision. Making decisions in this way gives equal and fair opportunities to all who cast lots. When this method is applied to the banquet, the lot becomes the lot as a work of the wine order. An order is similar to a order of funding, but it is more flexible than a order of raising and can be used on the spot during a feast.

Wine Literature

1. The reasons for the prosperity of Chinese wine literature

"100 poems of Li Baidou wine", "drunk in the early morning, poetry crazy songs"; It can be said that there is a new and close relationship between a material culture and a material life and cultural activities like wine and literature. In Chinese history, this relationship can be said to be a unique phenomenon in the history of Chinese national food culture, a specific historical phenomenon, and an unattainable historical and cultural peak. This unique cultural phenomenon belongs to both Chinese history and historical China. It is the historical result of cultural people being fully active in the political arena and the culture and wine society, and culture being monopolized by cultural people; It is the result of the full development of history and culture in the free space left by the feudal system.

Before the Ming Dynasty, when distilled spirits began to be popularized, people basically drank rice wine and rice wine. Even after the Ming Dynasty, and even throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties, the drinking of liquor was basically the following expansion. Rice wine and fruit wine (including wine) are made according to the historical and traditional Chinese brewing method, and the alcohol content is relatively low. The alcohol content of rice wine and wine currently marketed is generally between 12~16 degrees (excluding those with distilled spirits). Historically, these two types of wine, especially the "shijiu" that is brewed as you go with it or the ordinary sake that you usually drink, may have a lower alcohol content, or even much lower. This kind of wine is drunk slowly, alcohol stimulates the nerve center, so that the excitement center is slowly formed, in a kind of "gradually its breath, willing to taste, its rhyme, Tao its nature, through its spirit, and its feelings, and then compare the excitement in the matter, express the chest directly, such as a horse walking the flat river, the water and the cliff, the clouds and rain, no obstacle! The physiological and psychological effects of wine on people, the rhythm and rhyme of slowly chanting, the ingenious consistency and consistency of the internal laws of the inspiration between the drinking method and the creative process of poetry and writing, make the literati love wine more, form an indissoluble bond with wine, leave endless anecdotes, and it is easy to make people feel from the surface that it seems that the prosperity comes from the wine, and the text comes from the wine. As a result, there are festive wines for meeting friends and celebrating Goethe, happy wines for festivals, "things wine" for sacrificial ceremonies, sad wine for grief and sorrow, sorrowful and sorrowful wine, leisure and leisurely wine...... "thinking in the heart, speaking in the mouth", wine talk, wine poems, wine words, wine songs, wine fu, wine literature - wine literature spontaneously appeared, became a grand spectacle, and became a great miracle in the history of Chinese literature!

2. Prosperous wine literature

A history of the development of Chinese poetry, from the "Bin Chu Feast" ("Xiao Ya"), "Gourd Leaf" ("Xiao Ya"), "Dang" ("Daya") and "Dang" ("Daya") chapters ("Lu Song") in "Chu Ci", to "Dian Gui Wine and Pepper Pulp" ("Donghuang Taiyi") and "How to Relieve Worries" in "Short Song Xing". Only Du Kang"; From "Anthology" and "All Tang Poems" to "Wine Words" and "Wine Song"; Countless outstanding endowments, five words and seven words, more about wine, songs and wine chapters! Qu Zi, Jing Qing, Gaoyang Drunkard, Shudu Changqing, Kong Beihai, Cao Zijian, Ruan Sizong, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Wang Wei, Li He, Wang Changling, Zizhan (Su Shi), Lu Zhi (Huang Tingjian), Wuguan (Lu You), Tong Shu (Yan Shu), Qiqing (Liu Yongzi), Yao Zhang (Jiang Yu), Wen Hanlin (Zhengming), Yuan Zhonglang (Hongdao), Guiyu (Shen Deqian), Banqiao (Zheng Xie), Suiyuan (Yuan Mei), Yuyang (Wang Shizhen), Beijiang (Hong Liangji), Gong Ding'an...... Thousands of talents, countless winemakers!

grain, harvested year after year; Wine, year after year. For thousands of years, in the vast land, it can almost be said that everywhere there is no wine, and no one has not drunk. has been brewing wine for thousands of years, drinking wine for thousands of years, but the only people who really enjoy it in wine are those dignitaries and literati; A wine culture, in a sense, is the culture of the middle and upper classes, and wine literature is also their literature. Countless sacrifices and sacrifices, public banquets, and celebrations, there are countless chanting and singing lyrics. Wine must have poetry, poetry must have wine, Chinese poetry is the poetry of wine, and Chinese literature is the literature of wine.