There are many erroneous views about the Han and ethnic minorities in China, for example, the Han people are pure-blooded, which is not true, the Han people are a fusion of countless ethnic groups. In fact, in ancient times, there was no such thing as a "nation", they were all the people of the Son of Heaven, and the so-called "Han nationality" was created by the modern revolutionary party, which has a political connotation. All the ethnic groups living on the map of China are part of the Chinese nation. Judging from the following 16 main ethnic outcomes, although there were killings in ancient times, they did not disappear, for example, the "Dangxiang" did not exterminate the Mongols, and the Karma did not be exterminated in the era of the 16 Kingdoms. The biggest lie circulating is the Xiongnu, it turned out that after the Xiongnu was defeated by the Western Han Dynasty, part of it became the "Xiongnu Empire" in Europe, but in recent years, through the DNA analysis of dozens of ancient Xiongnu corpses, the European Xiongnu and China's Xiongnu have nothing to do with each other.

According to anthropology, the earliest humans came from East Africa, and the Xiongnu and the "Han" came from the same ancestor. The fate of Hitler, a fanatical Germanic ethnoracist, is well known. The United States has a large immigrant population, and there is little fear of polluting their own ethnic lineage. Personally, I believe that some ultra-nationalists in China have been poisoned by Confucianism, and the so-called "Yixia" division of Confucianism is very unfavorable to today's national harmony and unity.

One. Huns

In the Qin and Han dynasties, a powerful nomadic people who dominated the north of the Central Plains, were expelled from the Yellow River Hetao area in 215 BC, and after the division of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern Xiongnu entered the Central Plains and annexed, and the Northern Xiongnu moved westward from Mobei, which experienced about 300 years in the middle. The Xiongnu in ancient China and the Huns (Xiongnu) in Europe were not related by blood and were not the same people. In recent years, the use of tests such as DNA has answered this question.

The Xiongnu were the remnants of the Xia Dynasty. "Historical Records?? The Biography of the Huns recorded: "The Xiongnu, the descendants of their ancestor Xia Hou, are also called Chunwei." ”。 "The Classic of Mountains and Seas?? The Great Wilderness North Classic said: Dog Rong and Xia people have the same ancestor, both from the Yellow Emperor. "Historical Records Suoyin" quoted Zhang Yan as saying: "Chunwei ran to the north at the time of Yin. It means that Chunwei, a descendant of Xia, fled to the north during the Shang Dynasty, and his descendants multiplied into the Xiongnu. There is also a theory that the descendants of Xia who moved to the north are the sons of Xia Wei. Xia Wei died in exile for three years, and his son Xiong Hu took the wives and concubines left by his father, took refuge in the northern wilderness, and migrated with the animals, which is called the Xiongnu in China.

Wang Guowei systematically summarized the evolution of the name of the Xiongnu in "Ghost Fang Kunyi Qiangli Examination", and believed that the Ghost Fang, Chaoyi, and Qiangqi in the Shang Dynasty, the Qiangli in the Zhou Dynasty, the Rong and Di in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Hu in the Warring States Period were all the so-called Xiongnu in later generations.

The real large-scale battles with the Xiongnu were fought in the Han Dynasty. In 201 BC, Liu Xin, the king of Han, surrendered to the Xiongnu. In the following year, Liu Bangqin, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, led a large army to conquer, and was besieged by more than 300,000 cavalry of the Xiongnu Mao Dunshan in Baideng (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi) for seven days and nights. After escaping with a trick, he began to make peace with the Huns. Later, Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing also followed the policy of harmony and proximity to recuperate. In 57 BC, the Xiongnu split, Zhizhishan won the victory in Mobei, and Huhan Yedan went south to join the Han Dynasty in 51 BC. In 33 BC, Hu Han Xie Shan Yu married Wang Zhaojun and reconciled with Han.

In 48 years, in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were divided into two parts, and more than 40,000 people went south to attach to the Han Dynasty and were placed in the Hetao area by the Han Dynasty. Those who stayed in Mobei were called the Northern Xiongnu. From 89 to 91, the Southern Xiongnu and the Han jointly attacked the Northern Xiongnu, and successively defeated the Mobei and Altai Mountains, forcing them to move westward, and the Northern Xiongnu disappeared from ancient Chinese books.

In 187, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Dong Zhuo's dictatorship occurred, there was internal strife among the Southern Xiongnu. In 195, the Southern Xiongnu participated in the melee in the Central Plains, and Cai Wenji, the daughter of Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was taken captive to the Xiongnu. In 202, the leaders of the Southern Xiongnu were attached to Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, and Cai Wenji returned to the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao divided the Southern Xiongnu into five divisions.

At the beginning of the 4th century, Liu Yuan, the governor of the five major capitals of the Xiongnu tribe, was a general under Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu. Taking advantage of the chaotic period that followed the Rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan raised troops to occupy most of northern China, proclaimed himself King of Han, and in 311 Liu Yuan's son Liu Cong captured Luoyang, and in 316 captured Chang'an, destroying the Western Jin Dynasty. Historically, it is known as the former Zhao or Han Zhao.

The mixed-race descendants of the Xiongnu and Xianbei are called the Tiefu people. Liu Bobo, a Tiefu man, was defeated by the Xianbei Tuoba clan and defected to the Qiang people's Hou Qin. Later, he thought that he was the last Xiongnu king, changed his surname to Helian, and founded the Xia Kingdom in the Hetao area, known as Hu Xia in history. In 425, Helian Bo died and was succeeded by his son Helian Chang. In 428, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Helian Chang. Helian Chang's younger brother Helian Ding proclaimed himself Emperor Xia in Pingliang. In 431, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Helianding and died in Xia. The capital of the Xia Kingdom, Tongwancheng, is the only vestige left by the Xiongnu as a nomadic people in East Asia.

The Xiongnu merged into the Xianbei Yuwen tribe near Goryeo and entered the Korean Peninsula. Later, the Yuwen clan usurped the Northern Zhou regime established by the Western Wei Dynasty, and was later usurped by Yang Jian, a relative of the Han nationality. Yang Jian founded the Sui Dynasty and unified the Central Plains.

The above is the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Xiongnu performed the last performance on the stage of Chinese history. Later, the Xiongnu disappeared from Chinese history as an independent people, and merged with some other ethnic groups into the Chinese people. After the sinicization of the Xiongnu descendants, the Han surnames changed include Liu, He, Cong, Huyan, Wan Qian, etc., and many of them live in today's Shaanxi, Shanxi and Shandong.

Two. Donghu

Donghu is an ancient nomadic people, from the early years of the Shang Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, Donghu existed for about 1,300 years. The Donghu language belongs to the Altaic language family. The name "Donghu" was first seen in the pre-Qin "Yi Zhou Shu", "Yi Zhou Shu?? The Wanghui Chapter mentions "Donghu Huangzhen Mountain Rong Rongshu", and the tombs of the Donghu people excavated in the Laoha River and Xilamulun River basins are considered to be circumstantial evidence for the above statement.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Donghu lived in the northern part of the Yan Kingdom. The Biography of the Xiongnu records that "there are Donghu and Shanrong in Yanbei". During the Warring States Period, Donghu lived in the north of Yan and Zhao, and during this period, Donghu was the most powerful, known as "200,000 people who control the strings", and invaded the Central Plains many times.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, Donghu gradually declined. In 206 B.C., Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu Maodunshan Yu, and the rest of the tribe gathered in Wuhuan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain, forming the later Wuhuan and Xianbei tribes. Since then, the name of Donghu has disappeared from history.

Three. Wuhuan At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty (the end of the 3rd century BC), the Xiongnu king Mao Dunshan defeated Donghu. The Donghu people moved north to Xianbei Mountain and Wuhuan Mountain, and each took the name of the mountain to form the Xianbei and Wuhuan people respectively. Wuhuan Mountain is the East and West Han Mountains in the middle of the Great Khing'an Mountains. Wuhuan grazes with water and grass, takes the dome as the room, often has to pay tribute to the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu levy livestock and leather from Wuhuan every year.

In the twenty-second year of Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty (46 years), Wuhuan took advantage of the civil strife of the Xiongnu to attack the Xiongnu and drove the Xiongnu out of the south of the desert. The Eastern Han Dynasty gave preferential treatment to the Wuhuan, allowing some of the Wuhuan people to migrate to various parts of Taiyuan Pass and live in the subject countries of Liaodong, and most of the Wuhuan people were attached to the Han Dynasty. After Wuhuan moved south, the original place of residence was occupied by Xianbei, and some of the Wuhuan people who stayed outside the Saiwai also attached Xianbei and often helped Xianbei Koubian.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wuhuan lords in Liaodong, Liaoxi and other places took advantage of the chaos to claim the king. In the first year of Chuping (190 years), the Wuhuan Lord of Liaoxi unified the Wuhuan tribes in Liaoning. In the tenth year of Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty (205), Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao after the battle of Guandu, and his sons Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang defected to Wuhuan and formed a remnant force. In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), Cao Cao conquered Wuhuan in the north, fought in Liucheng, and beheaded the kings of Dun, and since then Wuhuan has completely declined, and his status has been replaced by Xianbei.

During the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, Wuhuan lived together with various ethnic groups, forming "Zahu". The mixed-race descendants of Wuhuan and Xiongnu, the "Tiefu" people, Helian Bo, founded the country of Huxia.

In the Tang Dynasty, there was the Karasuma country north of the Nenjiang River, which was said to have been created by the descendants of Wuhuan. Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji once sent troops to conquer, and then Wuhuan integrated into other ethnic groups.

Four. Xianbei

During the Han Dynasty, the nomadic tribes east of the Xiongnu were defeated by the Xiongnu's Mao Dunshan Yu, and then retreated to Wuhuan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain, becoming Wuhuan and Xianbei tribes, collectively known as the Donghu nation. Xianbei originated in the Xianbei Mountains outside the Saiwai of Liaodong, and was mainly active near the Hagule River in the Horqin Banner in eastern Inner Mongolia. Xianbei originated from the Yellow Emperor's grandson said Shijun, "Book of Jin" records: Murong ?@, who was named "Xianbei Governor" in the Jin Dynasty, "Xianbei people in Changli Thorn City." It first has the Miao descendants of the Xiong family, who live in Beiyi, and is called Donghu. "There is the Xiong clan, which is the Yellow Emperor tribe.

In 87, Xianbei rose and inherited the territory of the Xiongnu in the 2nd century, and became the leader of the north. After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty in the 4th century, the former Yan, Daiguo, Houyan, Western Yan, Western Qin, Southern Liang, Southern Yan and Northern Wei were successively established in North China, while Mobei was dominated by Xianbei and other branches. In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified North China, and then often clashed with Rouran. Later, the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei after the Six Towns Rebellion, and the Eastern Wei and Western Wei were subsequently usurped by the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou respectively. Finally, the Northern Zhou unified North China and died in 581 due to Yang Jian's usurpation. The Rouran Khanate, which dominated northern Cyprus, was also destroyed by the Turkic Khanate in 552. The Xianbei Bezhi Tuyuhun Khanate, established in Qinghai during the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, lasted until 663 when it was destroyed by the Tufan Khanate.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Wuhuan declined after being conquered by Cao Cao, and Xianbei rose.

During the period from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, Xianbei was divided into three branches.

(1) In the east, there are Duanbu, Murong Ministry, Yuwen Ministry, etc.

Among them, the Duan Division had united with Liu Kun of Jinyang, but was defeated by the Later Zhao of the Qianren and integrated into the Central Plains. Some people believe that this department is related to the Dali Duan clan during the Song Dynasty, but there is no empirical evidence.

Murong of the Murong Ministry? The Great Yan Kingdom, founded in the early period of the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, is known as Qianyan in history. Former Yan declined after the death of Murong Ke, a nengchen, and Murong Wei (the character Jingmao) died in the former Qin of the Fu clan during the reign of Murong Ke, and Murong Ke's brother Murong Chui had fallen to the former Qin before this. In 384, after the defeat of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Battle of the Former Qin Dynasty, Murong Chui restored the country and established the Yan State, known as the Later Yan in history. At the same time, Murong Wei's younger brother Murong Chong (nicknamed Fenghuang, the Zhongshan King of Qianyan, the Great Sima) also established a Yan state, known as Western Yan in history. In 394, Western Yan was destroyed by Later Yan. Later Yan was defeated by the Northern Wei of the Xianbei Tuoba clan and fled north. The Later Yan royal family that remained in the south was led by Murong De to establish the Southern Yan, which was later destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. (Murong?) , Murong Ke, Murong Chui, Murong De and others all appeared in Jin Yong's "Tianlong Babu" in the "Lineage Table of the Great Yan Imperial Family" of the fictional character "Murong Fu". ）

The Uwen Ministry had a good relationship with Goguryeo, but lost to Murong? The former swallow. Later, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Yuwen clan usurped the Western Wei Dynasty and established the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it was usurped by his relative Yang Jian and established the Sui Dynasty. The Diethorn Division in the Yuwen tribe was later one of the "Eight Khitan Divisions" during the founding period of the Khitan.

(2) In the north, that is, in the middle, there is the famous Tuoba tribe, and Rouran, with whom many battles have been fought.

In 386, Tuoba Gui, a descendant of the Dai Kingdom, proclaimed himself the Acting King and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty later unified northern China and opposed the Southern Dynasties at the beginning of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Northern Wei Dynasty was later divided into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei dynasties, which were later replaced by the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties, respectively.

Rouran fought many times with the Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which ruled the northern part of the Central Plains during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After Rouran was defeated by the Turkic peoples, it was divided into two branches, the north and the south. The southern branch of Rouran fled to the upper reaches of the Liao River and became one of the ancestors of the Khitans. The northern branch fled to the area east of the Yablonov Mountains and south of the Trans-Khingan Mountains, and was the ancestor of Murwe. Murwe is one of the ancestors of the Mongols. See Rouran.

(3) Xixianbei

Murong? His cousin Murong Tuyuhun led his troops to move from the northeast to the eastern part of Qinghai, called Tuyuhun. In its heyday, Tuyuhun occupied present-day Qinghai, Gansu, southern Xinjiang, and western Sichuan. In 663 (the third year of Tang Longshuo), Tubo captured the entire territory of Tuyuhun, and Tuyuhun perished.

The view in the history books is that the mixed descendants of the Xianbei and the Xiongnu are called the Tiefu people. Helian Bobo, a Tiefu man, founded the Xia Kingdom.

To the north of Yinshan, Xianbei and Eile merged to form the Begging Department. In 383, the former Qin beggar Guoren rebelled after the Battle of Weishui, and later established the Qin State in Yuzhong, Gansu Province, known as the Western Qin Dynasty in history. In 400, Western Qin was defeated by Later Qin of the Yao clan of the Qiang people, and he returned to Southern Liang. In 409, he returned to rebuild Western Qin. In 431, Western Qin was destroyed by the Xia kingdom of the Helian clan.

Baldness is cognate with Tuoba. In 397, the bald Wugu of Houliang rebelled and became independent and established Nanliang. In 414, Nanliang was destroyed in the begging Western Qin, and the bald tribe defected to the Northern Wei Dynasty and was given the surname "Yuan".

Some were assimilated by other peoples, and some evolved into Rouran

Five. Soft

Rouran, a branch of the Xianbei people. From the end of the 4th century to the middle of the 6th century AD, following the Xiongnu and Xianbei, the ancient peoples who were active in the vast areas of the north and south and northwest of the Chinese desert were mainly Rouran and Eile. At that time, it was a period of conflict and confrontation between the Sixteen Kingdoms and the North and South Koreas in China's history.

Rouran originated from the Donghu tribe, attached to the Tuoba tribe in the middle of the 4th century, and mainly nomadic herds in the Orkhon River and Tula River valleys. After the Tuoba Department moved south, they settled in the Yinshan area. At the beginning of the 5th century, the leader Shelun moved to Mobei and merged with nearby tribes to form a coalition.

When Rouran was at its peak, its potential spread throughout the north and south of the desert, reaching the shore of Lake Baikal in the north, reaching the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain in the south, reaching the Daxing'an Mountains in the northeast, connecting with Didouyu (now the Wuzhumuqin Banner of the Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia and the area of Tongliao City), the southeast and the Kumoxi and Khitan of the Xilamulun River as neighbors, and the west as far as the Junggar Basin and the Ili River Basin, and once entered the Tarim Basin, so that the countries of the Tianshan South Road are like Wusun Fu.

The Northern Wei regime founded by the Xianbei Tuoba Department had repeatedly fought against Rouran. After the Northern Wei Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao defeated the Rouran Mu Khan and purged his power south of the Gobi, he thought that the Rouran people were intellectually inferior and like worms that could only wriggle, so he ordered to change the name of Rouran to worms.

In 552, the Rouran were defeated by the Turkic Tumen Khan on the Mongolian plateau, and the khanate collapsed. The royal family of Rouran was led by Uncle Deng Khan, and fled south to the Western Wei Dynasty, where the Western Wei Taishi Yuwentai did not dare to take him in, so he captured more than 3,000 people and handed them over to the Turkic envoys to be killed outside the Qingmen of Chang'an.

The other moved westward to Central Asia, and later entered Europe with some local Douda tribes to escape the Turkic pursuit, called the Avars, and occupied the Pannonia area of Central Europe. In 568, Bayan Khan established the Avar kingdom, and the Avars and his Slavs marched south to the Balkans, where they attacked Byzantium in 602. These military operations led to the Slavization of the entire Balkan Peninsula. At the beginning of the 9th century, the Avar kingdom was defeated by Charlemagne, and the Avars settled down as one of the origins of the modern Hungarian nation.

There are also some Rouran people who fled to the area of the Outer Khing'an Mountains and integrated into the local Murwei ethnic group. The Murwei people are the ancestors of the Mongols. According to some historians, the Khitan people in northeastern China also have Rouran ethnic origins.

Six. Khitan

The Khitan people originated from the Rouran tribe of Xianbei, a descendant of Donghu. She used the word "Khitan", which originally meant iron, as a national title to symbolize the indomitable will and indestructible national spirit of the Khitan people. Historical documents first record that the Khitan tribe began in 389 AD, when the Rouran tribe was defeated by the Northern Wei Dynasty of the Xianbei Tuoba clan. Among them, Beirouran retreated to the area of the Outer Khing'an Mountains and became the ancestor of the Mongols. Nan Rouran took refuge in the area south of the West Lamulun River and north of the Laoha River in present-day Inner Mongolia, and lived a nomadic and fishing and hunting clan social life in the form of a Ju tribe branch. At this time, the names of the eight tribes were Sivandan, He Dahe, Fufuyu, Yuling, Piji, Li, Tuliuyu, and Rilian. In the turbulent years of war, the various tribes united to form the Khitan nation, which successively passed through the era of the alliance of two tribes, the Dahe clan and the Yaoran clan. Later, the Liao Dynasty was established. The main body was assimilated by the Jurchen and Han Chinese, and the remaining fled west to Central Asia, where they merged with the natives and became part of the Central Asians.

The Khitans mostly blended into other ethnic groups in northern China, such as the Jurchens, Mongols, etc. According to research, the current Daur people may be descendants of the Khitan people, and in addition, among the families with genealogies in southwest China, according to genealogical records, they are the descendants of the Khitan who stayed in the local area with the Mongol army, and have been Sinicized and integrated with the local residents. In Russian, Greek, and Middle English, the whole of China is called "Khitan". For example, in Russian the Chinese pronunciation is "Kitay". Contemporary English also uses the word "Cathay" to refer to China, such as Cathay Pacific ("China Pacific Airlines").

Seven. Mongolia

Mongolians are one of the major ethnic groups in Northeast Asia and the majority of Mongolia. With the exception of Mongolia, the Mongolian population is mainly concentrated in China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang and neighboring provinces, as well as in the Russian Federation. There are about 10 million ethnic Mongolians in the world, more than half of whom live in China. The Evenks (27,000) and Tu (240,000) are also sometimes considered to be branches of the Mongols. It was a part of Donghu in the pre-Qin period, evolved from Xianbei, and has survived until now

During the Han Dynasty, after Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu's Mao Dunshan Yu, he retreated to Wuhuan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain, and was divided into Wuhuan and Xianbei tribes. Wuhuan declined after being conquered by Cao Cao, and the Xianbei clan rose, and in the Western Jin Dynasty, Xianbei was mainly divided into Duanbu, Murong Ministry, Tuoba Ministry, Rouran Ministry, etc. Among them, Rouran fought many times with the Tuoba clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which ruled the northern part of the Central Plains during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After Rouran was defeated by the Turkic peoples, it was divided into two branches, the north and the south. The southern branch of Rouran fled to the upper reaches of the Liao River and became the ancestors of the Khitans. The northern branch fled to the area east of the Yablonov Mountains and south of the Trans-Khingan Mountains, and was the ancestor of Murwe.

The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty has "Mengwu Murwei", which is a different translation of the same name from "Mongolian", which means "eternal flame" in Mongolian.

Among the Mongol tribes, Eastern Mongolia came from the Murwei tribe and was a descendant of Genghis Khan's family. During the Song Dynasty, the rule of the Turkic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau gradually declined, and the Murwei tribes in the east, including Genghis Khan's ancestors, began to move westward to the interior of the Mongolian Plateau. The Murwei tribes are called Tatars in Turkic. The western Mongol tribes were formed during the same period on the basis of Turkic or Turkicized tribes.

During the Ming Dynasty, Eastern and Western Mongolia were called Tatar and Warat.

Eight. Turkic

The Turks are one of the main ethnic groups of Central Asia. There are now about 130 million Turkic-speaking people worldwide, most of whom claim to be Turkic or descendants. These people are located in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, China, in more than 10 countries and regions. The Turkic people mainly speak Turkic. Turkic languages belong to the Altaic language family and are sister languages to Mongolian.

The Turks have Xiongnu blood. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, he lived in present-day northwest China. Modern Turks, who consider themselves direct descendants of the Turks, believe that the history of the Turks can be traced back to the founding of the Northern Xiongnu in 48 AD. In the 6th century, the Turkic tribes were nomadic in Jinshan (now Altai Mountain) and initially annexed to Rouran. In the Western Wei Dynasty, the first territorial gate defeated Tiele, broke the Rouran, established a political power, reached the Great Khing'an Mountains in the east, reached the West Sea (Aral Sea) in the west, crossed Lake Baikal in the north, and connected the Amu Darya River in the south, and established an official system, with legislation and writing. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, it was divided into two parts, and Taizong Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty conquered the ** Turk in the fourth year (630 years), and in the Wu Zetian period, he established the ** Turk Empire again. Around the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century, he finally died in the Uighurs.

Nine. Uighur

Uighur, the name of an ancient Chinese ethnic group, is also known as "Uighur", "Uighur", "Uighur", "Uighur". The Uighurs are the predecessors of the Uyghurs and Yugurs. During the Tang Dynasty, the Hui and Tibetan states were established in the north and west, and had a profound impact on Chinese history.

The predecessor of the Uighurs, the Eile, was a tribal confederation located south of Lake Baikal in the third century B.C. This tribal group has names such as Dili, Eile, Tiele, and Dingling, all of which are transliterations of the same pronunciation. Because of the use of a large car with "high wheels and a maximum number of spokes", it is also called a tall car. These tribes have a total of fifteen tribes, such as Yuan Su, Xue Yantuo, and Qibi.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Tiele Yuan Su was nomadic in the Orkhon River and Selenga River valleys, and was under the rule of the Turkic Khanate.

In the first year of the Sui Dynasty, Yuan Su rebelled against the oppression of the Turks and established an alliance with Fugu, Tongluo, Bayegu, etc., collectively known as Hui.

In the third year of Tang Tianbao (744 AD), the Hui alliance led by Guli Peiluo overthrew the Turkic Khanate with the cooperation of the Tang Dynasty army and established the Mobei Hui Khanate. During the Tang Dynasty, the Uighurs took the meaning of "swift as a falcon" and changed it to Uighurs.

After the founding of the state, the relationship between the Hui and the Tang Dynasty has always been very good due to historical relations, unlike other nomadic regimes that most of the regimes established by the nomadic people had to harass and plunder the agricultural state. Hui Su once helped Tang pacify the Anshi Rebellion. When the territory was the largest, the territory was bordered by Murowei in the east, Jinshan (now Altai Mountain) in the west, and the desert in the south.

After returning to the country, due to the long-term war with Tibet and the continuous internal strife, he was killed by his subordinate Gansi in 846.

Three ways to move west

Once moved to the Turpan Basin, it was called the Gaochang Uighurs or the Xizhou Uighurs.

One moved to the area of the West Chu River in the Green Mountains, and called the West Uighurs in the Green Mountains.

Once moved to the Hexi Corridor, they were called the Hexi Uighurs, and later became the indigenous people of Hexi, which is now the Yugur people.

The first two of these Hui settled in Xinjiang and developed into today's Uyghurs.

Ten. Jurchen

Jurchen (or Ligustrum and Nuzhi), also known as Jurchen people, originated from the "Su Shen" more than 3,000 years ago, called "Lu Lou" in the Han-Jin Dynasty, called "Beji" (pronounced "Moji") in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, called "Heishui Yan Ya" in the Sui-Tang Dynasty, and called "Jurchen" and "Nuzhi" in the Liao-Jin Dynasty (avoiding Liao Xingzong Yeluzong Zhen), after the Qing Dynasty, "Jurchen" was called "Manchuria", and later commonly known as Manchu to this day.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the "Jurchens" were divided into three major divisions: the Jianzhou Jurchens, the Haixi Jurchens, and the Savage Jurchens. Later, it was divided into four parts: Jianzhou, Changbai, Donghai and Hulun according to the region.

"Golden History?? The Century recorded: "Before the gold, out of the Taya clan." The name of the 靺鞨 is Beji. Bejigu is also cautious. During the Yuan and Wei dynasties, Beji had seven departments: the end of the Su, the Bolu department, the Anche bone department, the Fu Nirvana department, the number room department, the Heishui department, and the Baishan department. Sui is called the 靺鞨, and the seven parts are the same. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there were black water and millet hair, and its five parts were unheard. ”

In 1115, Wanyan Agu unified the Jurchen tribes and established Jin.

In the forty-third year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1615), the Jurchen leader Nurhachi called Khan the founding of the country in Hetuala City on the bank of the Erdao River in Xinbin County, and the country name was "Dajin", which was known as Houjin in history.

In 1644, the Jurchens (Manchuria) entered the Central Plains and established the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty in Chinese history. The establishment of the Qing Dynasty laid the foundation for China's future territory.

Eleven. Party items

Dangxiang is an ethnic group in the ancient northwest, a branch of the Qiang people, also known as Dangxiang Qiang, and the founder of the Xixia Dynasty. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, they were forced by the Tubo to move north to the border of today's Ningxia, Gansu and Shaanxi. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong, the leader of the Tuoba Department, was named the envoy of the Dingyan Army and given the surname Li.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the leader Li Jitou returned to the Song Dynasty, but the clansmen supported Li Jiqian to rebel against the Song Dynasty, Li Jiqian's grandson Li Yuanhao called the emperor, established the Western Xia, ruled the northwest region for about 200 years, after the fall of the Western Xia for Mongolia, the Dangxiang clan was called "Tang Wu" by the Mongols, a clan of the Semu people, there were still some very active in the Yuan Dynasty, but then gradually merged with other ethnic groups, and the name of the party gradually disappeared in Chinese history.

According to the investigation of anthropologists in recent years, there are still descendants of the Dangxiang people in Sichuan, which may be the fusion of the Dangxiang people who moved south after the fall of the Western Xia and the Yaoyao people, and there are also descendants of the Dangxiang people in Anhui, Henan and other places.

Twelve. Qiang

The Qiang are an ancient ethnic group, and the main areas inhabited by them are Mao County and Wenchuan County in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province. The current population is 306,000 (2000). The Qiang area still retains the primitive religion and is prevalent in animism and the worship of spiritual objects of various faiths.

The history of the Qiang people can be traced back to ancient times, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, they have been concentrated in northwest China, and the Qin State has fought against the Qiang people until the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the Qiang people began to migrate to the Central Plains and distributed in the mountainous regions of central China. During the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, in 384, Yao Chang, a Qiang man, took advantage of the defeat of the former Qin Fujian and the defeat of the battle of Weishui, when Guanzhong was empty, he proclaimed himself the king of Qin in ten thousand years. In 386, Yao Chang proclaimed himself emperor in Chang'an and established Later Qin.

From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, from 1038 to 1227, a branch of the Qiang people, the Dangxiang people, established the Bactria regime in present-day Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and parts of Shaanxi, known as Western Xia.

A baker's dozen. 氐

One of the ethnic minorities in ancient northwestern China, the origin of the Di people has been varied. First, it is said that the Di and Qiang are of the same origin. There was once a saying that the Baima Tibetans belonged to the Tibetan (ancient Tibetans) branch. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, he began to use Di as his clan name and lived in northwest China. During the period from the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, the Di people migrated twice and lived in the Guanzhong area. At that time, there were also ethnic minorities such as the Qiang who moved into Guanzhong. During the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Jin dynasty went south, and the Di people established the former Qin, Houliang, and Qiuchi regimes in the north. As they lived in China for a long time, during the Tang Dynasty, some of the Di people merged with the Tibetans, while the rest of the Di people merged with other ethnic groups.

Fourteen. Tibetan

Today's Tibetan people, the Tubo Dynasty is an ancient kingdom located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which lasted for more than 200 years from Songtsen Gampo to Dharma, and was the first political power established in Tibetan history. According to the tradition of Tibetan history, Songtsen Gampo was the 33rd king of Tibet. In 846, Dharma Zampu was killed, and Tibet was divided into a situation of aristocratic lords. After the Yuan Dynasty, it came under the direct rule of the Central Dynasty.

Fifteen. wether

One of the northern ethnic groups in ancient China, originated from the Xiaoyue clan and was once attached to the Xiongnu, so it was also called "the Xiongnu other tribe". After the decline of the Xiongnu, the Southern Xiongnu and some of the tribes originally attached to the Xiongnu scattered in Shanggu County and lived with the Han people in the Wei and Jin dynasties. They are mainly agricultural, and believe in "Hutian" (Zoroastrianism). During the Jin Dynasty, Shile established Later Zhao, one of the sixteen kingdoms, and gradually integrated into other ethnic groups. Some old histories explain that the Qianhu were mainly scattered in Shangdangwu Township (present-day Yushe North, Shanxi).

Today, there are many such ethnic groups in Shanxi, Hebei and the northern mountains of Weishui in Shaanxi. They are mixed with the Han people, mainly engaged in agriculture, and their physiognomy is characterized by deep eyes, high noses, and many beards, usually cremated, and they believe in "Hu Tian" (Zoroastrianism), and their surnames include Shi, Zhi, Kang, Bai, etc.

Sixteen. Ding zero

Eile, an ancient Chinese nation, belongs to the primitive nomadic tribes, also known as Chile, Tiele, Gaoche, Ding Ling (Ding Ling, Di Li). The Ele people first lived near Lake Baikal and belonged to the Xiongnu at the time of Maudundanyu. The Eile, who moved south into the Central Plains, was called Ding Ling. The Xianbei people are called high chariots because the northern people use cars with tall wheels. After the Han Dynasty defeated the Northern Xiongnu, the territory of Eile began to move southward and interact with the Han people in the Central Plains. From the end of the 4th century to the middle of the 6th century AD, following the Xiongnu and Xianbei, the Eile and Rouran people were active in the vast areas of the north, south and northwest of the Chinese desert. The Ding Ling people in the Central Plains once established the Zhai Wei regime.

By the middle of the 4th century, most of the people living in the Yinshan area had become inferior. The famous "Song of Eile" is a pastoral song in the Xianbei language of the Eile people in the Northern Qi Dynasty, which was later translated into Chinese. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eile people participated in a large number of wars between the Xianbei and Han people, and most of them gradually integrated into the Han nationality together with the Ding Ling people.

A part of the north-central part of the Gul was subjugated to the Turkic Khanate, which later became the Uighur, the ancestor of the modern Uyghur people. The Yakuts in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of the Russian Federation are also descendants of the Eules.

"Song of Ele"

Eilechuan, under the Yin Mountain,

The sky is like a dome, covering the four wildernesses.

The sky is blue, the wilderness is vast,

The wind blows the grass and sees the cattle and sheep low.

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