The center of this article is to discuss how the spiritual world of man should reflect the original concept and the concept of oneness of all things in the universe. The "virtue" mentioned by Zhuangzi in this chapter is not morality or virtue as commonly understood, but refers to a state of mind. Zhuangzi believes that all things in the universe originate from the "Tao", and that although everything is very different, in the final analysis, it is all one. The so-called "forgetfulness" is that things and self are combined, and life and death are the same; The so-called "forgetfulness" means that there is no favor, humiliation, nobility and cheapness, likes and dislikes, and right and wrong. This mental state of "forgetting form" and "forgetting feelings" is the "virtue" of Zhuangzi. "Filling" means fulfillment, and "Fu" means verification.

In order to illustrate the enrichment and verification of "virtue", the article imagines a series of people who are ugly in appearance or incomplete in shape, but their "virtue" is extremely substantial, so that they form five short stories in their own parts: Confucius was impressed by Wang Xiao, Shen Tujia made his son ashamed, Confucius's heart was uglier than Shushan's toeless, Confucius praised Lu Aigong for mourning it, and his fragmentation and great gall were loved by the monarch. After the five short stories, the dialogue between Zhuangzi and Huizi is used as the end, that is, the sixth part, in Zhuangzi's eyes, Huizi is just the counterproof of "virtue", and it is not enough to catch up with those who are ugly and crippled.

There was a man in the country of Lu who had one of his feet cut off, named Wang Xiao, but there were as many people who studied with him as there were disciples of Confucius. Confucius's student Chang Ji asked Confucius; "Wang Xiao is a man who has had one of his feet cut off, and the person who studied with him is equivalent to the disciple of Mr. in Lu State. He cannot teach when he stands, and he cannot talk about great things when he sits. But the disciples came empty-hearted and returned with their studies. Is it true that there is an unspoken teaching that it is possible to reach maturity in the inner world of the crippled body? What kind of person is this? Confucius replied, "Mr. Wang Xiao is a saint, and I lag behind him in learning and conduct, but I have not yet gone to consult him." I will regard him as a teacher, let alone those who are inferior to me in knowledge and conduct. Not to mention Lu Guo, I will lead the people of the world to follow him and learn. ”

Chang Ji said: "He is a person who has had one foot cut off, and his knowledge and conduct surpass that of Mr., and the difference is even further than that of ordinary people." How does a person like this use his mind make a difference? Jonny replied, "Death or life are major events in life, but neither death nor life can change him; Even if the sky turns upside down and falls, he will not lose or destroy it. He knows what he has no basis for, and he doesn't follow the changes of things, and he keeps his message by letting things change. Chang Ji said, "What does this mean?" Confucius said: "Looking at the different sides of things, although the neighboring liver and gallbladder are in the same body, they are as far apart as the Chu and Yue kingdoms; From the point of view that everything is the same, everything is the same. Such a person will not know what kind of sound and color is most suitable for the ears and eyes, and let his mind wander freely in the realm of forgetfulness and forgetfulness. The foreign object sees the same aspect of it but does not see the difference caused by its loss, and thus sees the loss of a foot as if it were a lost clod of earth. ”

Chang Ji said: "He used his wisdom to improve his moral cultivation, and he used his mind to pursue his ideas. If he has reached the realm of forgetfulness and forgetfulness, why are so many disciples still gathered around him? Confucius replied, "One cannot see oneself on the flowing waters, but must face the still waters, and only the things that are still can make other things still as well." All kinds of trees are ordered by the ground, but only pine and cypress trees are lush and green in winter and summer; Everyone is commanded by heaven, but only Yu Shun has the most upright moral character. Fortunately, they are good at correcting their own conduct, and thus are able to correct the conduct of others. Preserve the signs of the beginning, and have fearless courage in the heart; A warrior alone dares to dominate thousands of troops. How can a person who is bent on pursuing fame and fortune and seeking for himself be able to do so, let alone a man who dominates the heavens and the earth, contains all things, but only treats the body as an abode, and the ears and eyes as appearances, and grasps the truth understood by the wisdom given by nature, and the spiritual world has never been exhausted! He will choose a good day to ascend to the highest level, and people will follow him closely. How could he take gathering so many disciples as one thing! ”

Shen Tujia is also a man with a broken foot. He and Zheng Guo's son were taught at the same time as Mr. Bo Du. One day, Zichan said to Shen Tujia, "When I go out, I have to go first, you have to stop and go." If you go first, I have to stop, and I must not walk with you. The next day, they sat together at the same table. Zichan said to Shen Tujia again: "If I go out first, you will stop, and if you go out first, I will stop." Now that I'm going out, can you stop for a moment? Or can't? When you see me as an archon, you don't shy away from it, do you think of yourself as an archon like me? Shen Tujia said, "Is there such an archon under the disciple of the gentleman?" Are you flaunting your consulship status while despising others? I've heard: 'When a mirror is bright, it doesn't get dust, and when it gets dust, it doesn't shine.' There is no fault in always being with virtuous people. Isn't it too much for you to come to my husband today to study and cultivate virtue, and to say such things? ”

Zichan said: "If the son is the one, it is still competing with Yao for good, and the virtue of the son is not enough to fight against the evil (9)? Shen Tujia said: "Those who do not deserve to be the deceased are those who do not deserve their faults (10), and those who do not deserve to be the survivors are few." Knowing that there is nothing to do and being at peace is like life, only the virtuous can do it. Swim in the Yi Zhiyi (11), the central one, the middle of the earth (12), but the one who does not hit, the life also. I am angry when people laugh at me for my incompleteness with their full feet (13); And the place of Mr. Fit (14) is the opposite of the opposite (15). I don't know the washing of the gentleman with good and evil (16)? I have been traveling with my master for nineteen years (17), and I have not known my vultures. Isn't it too much for the Son to swim with me in the form (18), and the Son to ask me to be outside the form (19)? The child suddenly changed his appearance and changed his appearance (20): "The son is called (21)!" ”

Shen Tujia was a man who had one of his feet cut off, and he had no one to teach him from Zheng Guo's son. Zichan said to Shen Tujia, "If I go out first, then you stay, and if you go out first, then I will stay." On the second day, Zichan and Shentu Jia were sitting in the same room on the same mat. Zichan said to Shen Tujia again, "If I go out first, then you stay, and if you go out first, then I will stay." Now that I'm going out, can you stay, or not? When you see me, the great official in charge of government affairs, but you don't know how to avoid it, do you think of yourself as my ruling minister? ”

Shen Tujia said: "How can there be a ruling minister who has studied under Mr. Bodu? Do you relish the status of the ruling minister and ignore anyone else? I've heard things like: 'When the mirror is bright, the dirt doesn't stay on it, and the dirt falls on it, and the mirror doesn't shine.'" If you get along with a wise man for a long time, you will be at fault.' Your pursuit of broad and profound knowledge is exactly what Mr. advocated. And you are not completely wrong to say such a thing! ”

Zi Chuan said: "You are already so crippled, and you still have to compete with Tang Yao for kindness, you estimate your virtue, and the punishment of cutting off your foot is not enough to make you reflect?" Shen Tujia said: "There are many people who state or defend their own mistakes and think that they should not be mutilated; There are very few people who do not state or justify their faults and believe that they should not be whole. Understanding the helplessness of things, being content with one's own circumstances and seeing them as fate has arranged for them is something that only a virtuous person can do. When a person comes to the world, it is like coming to the range of Hou Yi, who is good at shooting, and the central place is the easiest place to hit the target, but he does not shoot, this is fate. There are many people who laugh at my incomplete feet with their whole feet, and I often turn to anger and fill my chest; But as soon as I came to Mr. Dull's apartment, my anger disappeared and I returned to my normal demeanor. I really don't know what kind of good way my husband used to wash me away? I have been with him for 19 years, but he has never felt that I am a man with a broken foot. Isn't it completely wrong that you are in communion with me and that you are in communion with virtue now, and that you are asking me in your outward form? Zichan was deeply ashamed when he heard Shen Tujia's words, and his face suddenly changed and he said respectfully: "Don't say any more!" ”

There was a man in the country of Lu who had his toes cut off, named Shushan Wutoe, who walked on his heels to meet Confucius. Confucius said to him, "You are extremely careless, and you have made a mistake earlier to leave such consequences." Although you have come to me today, how can you retrace the past! Shushan said: "I only lost two toes because I was ignorant and recklessly practiced myself. Now that I have come to you, I have a moral cultivation that is more precious than my feet, so I want to do my best to preserve it. There is nothing in the sky that is not covered, there is nothing in the earth that is not supported, I regard Mr. as heaven and earth, but I know that Mr. is such a person! Confucius said, "I am really shallow. Why don't you come in, sir, and tell me what you know. "Shushan is gone without toes. Confucius said to his disciples, "You have to work hard. Shushan Toe is a person who has had his toes cut off, and he also works hard to go to school to make amends for the wrongs he has done before, not to mention a person who has nothing lacking in moral character or even physical shape! ”

Shushan Wutoe said to Lao Tzu: "Confucius, as a person with the highest moral cultivation, I am afraid that he has not yet reached it, right?" Why does he keep coming to you for advice? He was still praying for a strange and vain reputation to spread outside, and didn't he know that people with the highest moral cultivation always regarded all this as a shackle to bind themselves? Lao Tzu said: "Why don't you just let him see life and death as the same, and see what can and can't be seen as the same, so as to free him from his shackles, so I'm afraid it's okay?" Shushan Wutoe said: "This is the punishment imposed on him by God, where can I be freed!" ”

Lu Aigong asked Confucius: "There is a very ugly man in the country, and his name is Ai Xiao it. Men get along with him and often miss him and are reluctant to leave. When the woman saw him, she pleaded with her parents, saying, 'It is better to be a concubine of a mourner than a wife of someone else,' and the number of such people is still increasing. I've never heard of it singing anything, but I often echo others. He did not take the position of ruler to save others from imminent destruction, and he did not amass large sums of wealth to feed others. His ugliness surprised the world, and he was always in line with others and never advocated anything, and his intellect was not beyond the four realms in which he lived, but those who came into contact with him, both men and women, were happy to get close to him. There must be something different about such a person. I summoned him to see him, and sure enough, he was ugly enough to frighten the world. Within a month of spending time with me, I had come to know him as a person; In less than a year, I trusted him. There is no official in charge of government affairs in the state, so I entrust state affairs to him. He replied indifferently, as if he were prevaricating. I was deeply ashamed to finally entrust the affairs of state to him. It was not long before he left me and departed, and I felt as if I had lost something, as if there was no one in the whole country with whom I could rejoice. What kind of person is this? ”

Confucius said: "I, Kongqiu, also sent an envoy to the state of Chu, and happened to see a group of piglets sucking the ** of the newly dead sow, and after a while, I abandoned the sow in panic and fled. Because they don't know that their own kind is dead, the sow can't nurse them as she did when she was alive before. Piglets love their mother, not for its form, but for the spirit that governs that form. Those who died on the battlefield did not need to use the ornaments on the coffin when they were buried, and those who cut off their feet had no reason to cherish the shoes they had worn, because they had lost their roots. To be the royal maid of the Son of Heaven, she does not cut her nails or pierce her ears and eyes; The person who marries only works outside the palace and will not serve in the palace again. If this is possible in order to preserve the body, how much more can a person with perfect and noble virtues? Now that he can win the trust of others without speaking, and can win closeness without merit, and make people willing to give him state affairs, lest he will not accept it, this must be a person who is complete in intelligence and does not show his virtue. ”

Lu Aigong asked: "What does it mean to have a complete intellect?" Confucius said: "Death, life, existence, death, poverty, attainment, poverty, wealth, virtuous and unscrupulous, slander and praise, hunger, thirst, cold, heat, these are all changes in things, and they are all the operation of natural laws; Day and night change before us, and the wisdom of man cannot glimpse their beginning. Therefore they are not enough to disturb the harmony of nature, nor to disturb the hearts of men. It is necessary to make the mind peaceful and comfortable, smooth and pleasant, and to make the state of mind follow all things day and night without interruption and merge into the spring-like vitality, so that it will come into contact with external objects and sprout feelings that conform to the four seasons. This is called intellectual perfection. Lu Aigong asked again: "What is the meaning of virtue not being exposed?" Confucius said, "Evenness is the best state when water remains." It can be used as a yardstick to emulate, full of inner meaning and unmoved outwardly. The so-called virtue is the highest cultivation to succeed in things and things to be smooth. If virtue is not exposed, foreign objects will naturally not be able to leave him. ”

One day, Lu Aigong told Min Zi about Confucius's words, saying: "At first, I thought that I was the most accessible when I sat in power to rule the world, controlled the country's discipline and worried about the life and death of the people, but now I heard the famous words of the people, and I am really worried that there is no real political achievement, and I will make the country perish by recklessly practicing myself." Confucius and I are not monarchs and ministers, but friends with virtue. ”

There was a lame, hunchbacked, mouthless man who lobbied Wei Linggong, and Wei Linggong liked him very much; After that, when I saw people with complete bodies and good facial features, I felt that their necks were too thin and not good-looking. Therefore, as long as there is superior virtue, the physical disability will be forgotten. If people don't forget what they should forget, but forget what they shouldn't, that's true forgetting. Therefore, the saint is comfortable with his leisure. Ingenuity is a curse, oath is a stalemate, favor is just a means of communication that waits for it, and ingenuity is the act of a businessman.

The saint doesn't have to think about what he is trying to do, where can he use any ingenuity? Conform to nature, where is the glue? Completely flawless, where is the outward virtue? If you don't seek profits, where can you still do business? All four of these are endowed by heaven, that is, they are fed by heaven (nature). Since God raised us, where can we use human schemes? There is a human body, but there should be no emotional bias of the person. Only with the form of a man can he get along with others; There is no emotional bias, so the rights and wrongs of the outside world cannot affect him. Small, like men; Great, alone with the sky!

Keiko said to Zhuangzi: "Are people originally unfeeling? Zhuangzi said, "Yes." Keiko said, "If a person has no affection, how can he still be called a human? Zhuangzi said, "The Tao gives people a look, and the heavens give them a form, so how can they not be called people?" Keiko said, "Since you have already been called a human, how can you be without love?" Zhuangzi replied, "This is not what I am talking about. By ruthlessness, I mean that people do not hurt their own nature because of their likes and dislikes, and always follow nature and do not add anything at will. Keiko said, "If you don't add anything, what do you rely on to keep your body?" Zhuangzi replied, "The Tao gives people a look, and the heavens give them a form, so don't hurt your own nature because of your external likes and dislikes." Now you are exposing your mind, expending your energy, leaning against the trunk of a tree and chanting, closing your eyes and pretending to sleep according to a few cases. Nature has granted you a form, but you are smug with the sophistry of 'hard' and 'white'! ”

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