Yang He drew the pattern of those two things, and Zhang Chuxun and the others hurriedly stared at it. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

"It's ......"

Li Tiannan muttered: "It feels like a nut and a ......."

Yes, what Yang He drew was the plate teeth and taps.

The plate is the machining tool of the external thread, and the appearance is a very high hardness nut, which can be installed with a handle to facilitate the processing of screws and bolts.

Although according to Yang He's point of view, the thread accuracy of plate teeth is still low, but the structure is simple, easy to use, and can be widely used in single-piece, small batch production and repair.

Taps are a kind of tools for processing internal threads, because there are grooves along the axial direction, also called screw taps, and there are two kinds of spiral taps and straight edge taps according to the shape.

At this time, of course, they are all straight groove taps, although the precision is also low, but the processing is easy, the output is large, and it is the most important tool for processing internal threads in modern times.

This tap designed by Yang He has a simple structure and easy to use, and it is a very convenient processing tool for small size internal threads.

"It's been a long time."

Zhang Chujing said excitedly.

Blacksmith Yu was also amazed.

Yang He said with a smile: "Fortunately, there is Su Gang, otherwise it is fallen steel, and it is not durable to make such equipment." ”

The most important point of the mold is that it needs good steel, high-carbon steel is the most basic, and many molds in later generations are made of alloy steel.

Yang He instructed Zhang Zhugong and others to make these instruments according to the drawings and sizes, and then talk about making firearms.

Sharpen the knife and don't mistake the woodcutter, and the processing tools will be made first.

In the end, everyone had a discussion about Xin'an, and Yang He also designed an arquebus on the butt of the gun.

The rope is still troublesome to cut off, but it is also in the way of the swan's neck-like gun, and the swan-neck-like gun is designed to be hollow, and the long fire rope is stuffed inside, leading to the dragon head There is a hole, and the fire rope is burned to a section, just pull out some.

This makes it more convenient for the soldier and will also be more beautiful.

The arquebus can also be opened, and even if the two-metre arquebus runs out, it can be stuffed back into it.

……

This is the design arrangement of Yang He's new anquebus, and when it is on the right track, it will produce at least 100 breech-loading arquebuses a month.

Xin'anzhuang currently has 100 purchased birds, and after a period of busyness, the Zhang Chugong brothers have basically transformed the 50 strokes into Xin'an.

For the time being, these firearms are still used in the village, and when the standardized new guns are built in batches, these purchased bird guns will be used for training.

How to say that the bird gun bought by 100 rods is also a sophisticated firearm, the quality can shoot thousands of rounds, enough for a long time of training.

It's just that these firearms are of different calibers and sizes, and the ammunition cannot be universally used, and they will be discarded when their life is up.

……

After preparing for the standardization of breech arquebuses, there is another important issue in front of Yang He.

That is the refining of gunpowder.

Gunpowder is made of sulfur, saltpeter, charcoal mixture, to the Ming Dynasty, especially by Qi Jiguang perfected, its formula "nitrate one tael, sulfur one money four points, willow charcoal one money eight points", and the modern black powder ratio has been basically the same.

Of course, because the purity of nitrate and sulfur was relatively poor at this time, even if the formula was basically the same, the power of black powder in the Ming and Qing dynasties was only about 70% of that of modern black powder.

Some are even worse, only 50 percent.

However, it is not easy to purify and obtain these three.

The selection of charcoal powder is harsh, and the wicker before and after the Qingming Festival is required, and the wicker is generally not used in other periods.

Without the wicker charcoal of this period, fir ash and straw ash can also be replaced, but the power is poor, which is the so-called hemp straw ash gunpowder.

In the experiment done by Zhao Shizhen, with willow ash gunpowder, the bird gun can penetrate two layers of one inch, a total of 66 millimeters thick wooden planks, and the hemp straw ash gunpowder can only penetrate one layer.

It is still early before Qingming, and it is obvious that Yang He can only use this inferior hemp straw ash gunpowder.

There is also sulfur, to obtain sulfur crystals with high purity, it is generally to recover sulfur gas, but the operation is more dangerous, or just.

It will be safer and more reliable to purify sulfur by filtration and precipitation, but it requires a large amount of butter and sesame oil, the general ratio, ten catties of crude sulfur, two and a half catties of butter, one catty of sesame oil, can be described as amazing.

Forget it.

Finally, saltpeter, which is generally purified using a large number of eggs, is also staggeringly expensive.

After all kinds of problems, the purity of gunpowder was very bad at this time, and it was not easy to get such excellent gunpowder in the Qi family's army.

China lacks saltpeter, but the proportion of nitrate is the largest, accounting for 75%, which is very difficult to do, but fortunately, along the banks of the Yellow River, there is an infinite amount of saline-alkali land, and it only needs to pay some labor to sweep the nitrate.

Moreover, Yang He knew a cheap way to purify saltpeter, which did not require eggs, but could be done with plant ash.

Let's start with nitrate.

……

"The villain Jiang Fuhai has seen Xianggong."

"The villain Tao Longfei has seen Xianggong ......"

Standing in front of Yang He were two new craftsmen Jiang Fuhai and Tao Longfei, who looked miserable, and I heard that he was a fugitive stove household and had a thin wife.

That Tao Longfei is younger, taciturn, seems to be a withdrawn personality, not good at words, claiming to have family rocket technology, ancestor Tao Chengdao once made a serpentine flying car, tied to forty-seven rockets, want to rely on this to go to the sky, and was finally blown to pieces.

Yang He is noncommittal, at this time, people are used to climbing relatives, touting their ancestors, and showing off "my ancestors are also wide", even many founding figures are inevitable, only Ming Taizu is more sincere, and he clearly said that he is Huaiyou cloth.

Yang He, a salt-boiling stove household, was quite interested in Jiang Fuhai, his hometown was in Suzhou, and he claimed that his ancestor was a former general of Zhang Shicheng, and then "Hongwu was dispersed" was forcibly moved to Yancheng and became a salt-boiling stove household, which has been passed down from generation to generation.

At this time, although the salt drying method is very popular, but not every place can dry salt, Yancheng is boiling salt, there are endless thatched reeds everywhere, the government has ordered not to cut down, for the purpose of boiling salt fuel.

"Boil salt ......"

Yang He was overjoyed in his heart, and carefully understood the procedure of boiling salt, thinking that this person was a strong candidate for boiling salt.

asked Tao Longfei about some things again, Yang He nodded, no matter whether this person understands rockets or not, it is certain that he knows some gunpowder matters.

He said, "Okay, you two can be senior technicians, so you can work hard in the village." ”

In the eyes of the two of them, he said to Jiang Fuhai: "I heard that your little girl Jiang Youyan disappeared on the way?" As long as you do your best, Zhuang Zhong will definitely find your lost daughter for you. ”

……

Yang He asked Zhang Chujing to be in charge of nitrate and gunpowder, Sun Zhaodi assisted, and Jiang Fuhai and Tao Longfei were senior technicians.

He also sent some women, old and weak, to return to their hands, and began to prepare for boiling salt.

Most of the boiling is manual work, meticulous work, patient work, rather than technical work, and it is appropriate to use some women to do the work.

The raw material is nitrate, and the villagers have long stopped collecting this, because after the Jiaoshan bandits were exterminated, Yanghe apportioned the share of nitrate to each village, and used the nitrate to replace the tax and grain protection fee.

The surrounding villages are basically poor ghosts, and they can't get anything, so they can replace them with nitrate, and they can also get a reputation for benevolence and righteousness.

After all, to collect nitrate in saline-alkali land, you only need to pay some labor and time, and it does not involve the most sensitive money and grain issues.

Therefore, when the farming is not working, many villagers take the initiative to collect nitrate, which has also become a novel means of livelihood for the surrounding villages.

The flame of the firewood is high, and so far, the nitrate in the village has been piled up.

It's just that it's not easy to purify, generally speaking, 100 catties of nitrate can only boil out five or six catties of nitrate, and seven or eight catties of salt.

This salt is still industrial salt, and if you want to eat it, you must continue to purify it.

When the raw materials arrived, Yang He asked Sun Zhaodi and others to prepare 20 large pottery urns, and each pottery urn drilled a small hole thick with chopsticks at the bottom, and then poured the nitrate into it to press firmly, generally each pottery urn was pressed into about 100 catties of nitrate.

After the twenty large pottery urns are pressed into the nitrate, Yang He instructed to pour clean water into the upper part of each urn, and soon the small hole at the bottom of each urn slowly oozes yellow-brown water, which is the "brine" containing nitrate, and the nitrate in the twenty pottery urns is completed until the filtered water is colorless.

Next, it was Jiang Fuhai and Tao Longfei, who poured the brine into the cauldron and began to boil the nitrate.

The procedure ahead, there is a common name in later generations called "pressing the urn", it is simple to say, the process is very long, it takes at least half a day to press the urn, and then it takes three days to filter the water.

There's no technical content in this, it's just patience.

Then it takes about four or five hours to boil nitrate, which is a secret, and every candidate for boiling nitrate is carefully selected.

After all, if they are known by others, they purify saltpeter, and they don't need expensive eggs.

Under the guidance of Yang He, Jiang Fuhai changed from boiling salt to boiling nitrate, adding plant ash to boil, and obtained pure nitrate with a purity of 95%.

In the future, the Yang River will be filtered by the recrystallization method, and the purity of the nitrate can be 99%.

But wait until there is wicker charcoal and high-purity sulfur, gunpowder is a tripartite one, not just nitrate.

In about four days, Yang He also got about 100 catties of high-purity nitrate, which made Jiang Fuhai, Tao Longfei and others stunned, and the same feelings as Li Tiannan and others surged in their hearts.

Looking at these slightly white crystals, Yang He's heart showed joy.

Twenty large pottery urns, 100 catties of high-purity nitrate every four days, 700 catties a month, is enough for now.

In the future, when the demand is large, the number of pottery urns can be increased.

There are also 140 catties of industrial salt every four days, nearly 1,000 catties a month.

But let's put these industrial salts on the table for now, and then talk about them later.

……

Yang He still used hemp straw ash, and the sulfur that was not of high purity at this time, plus his nitrate, which was 95 percent pure, was proportionally mixed into black powder.

Mash and grind the powder into powder, add water and pound again, take out and dry, and the finished block gunpowder.

Then it is broken into granules, and the gunpowder is granulated.

Different particles are screened out with different thicknesses, some are propellants, and some are primers.

In the final test, it was fired with a breech-loading arquebus.

Yang He was pleased to see that the new gunpowder could break through the armor in more than 60 steps.

Compared with the gunpowder bought, the power has increased by more than ten steps. (To be continued.) )