The release is five fingers, and the clenching is a fist.

- Qinghai Mongolian proverb

Zuo Zongtang was overjoyed when he heard that Ma Zhanao took the initiative to lead the rebel army to surrender to the Qing army. He immediately sent someone to inform Ma Zhanao, asking him to personally go to the Hunan army camp in Anding (today's Dingxi County, Gansu Province) to ask for surrender.

Zuo Zongtang has long been calculating in his heart that if he wants to make the northwest long-term peaceful, he must implement "Ganren to govern Gan". It's just that I haven't found a suitable "Ganren" yet.

He wanted to take this opportunity to inspect Ma Zhanao.

In March 1872, Ma Zhanao sent his eldest son, Ma Qiwu, who was 17 years old at the time, together with Ma Yongrui's son Ma Rujiao, Ma Wanyou's son Ma Fucai, and Ma Haiyan's son Ma Qi (Ma Fang's father) and other 10 descendants of the leaders of the uprising, to the stable Zuo Zongtang camp. History called the top ten young masters into stability.

These handsome Hui youths, who were less than 20 years old, went in and out of the heavily guarded barracks, their faces did not change, and they talked and laughed freely.

Zuo Zongtang was very surprised when he saw it. In his impression, the Hui youth were all fierce and treacherous. Now seeing these young descendants with extraordinary bearing in the wind and jade trees, he suddenly felt a little relieved in his heart.

Zuo Zongtang asked Ma Seventy-five, who led the team: "You are Ma Seventy-five?" Why such a strange name? ”

Ma Seventy-five replied eloquently: "Report to Lord Zuo, when I was born, my grandfather was just 75 years old, so he gave me this name as a commemoration. ”

Zuo Zongtang gradually developed a good impression of these calm and calm Hui young masters, and while hosting a banquet to entertain them, he told them about the great cause of the Qing Dynasty, and encouraged them to choose the right path to serve the country and the imperial court.

He smiled and asked, "Ma Seventy-five, how about I change your name?" ”

Ma Seventy-five replied politely: "There is Lord Laozuo." The juniors are grateful. ”

Zuo Zongtang pondered for a while and said, "I think you are called Ma Anliang, and the word is Hanru." I hope you will remember the mission on your shoulders and fight violence and peace for the community in the future. ”

Ma Seventy-five smiled and said, "Thank you, Lord Zuo, for your teachings." Juniors must work hard to do it! ”

In the summer of that year, Zuo Zongtang saw that the situation in Hezhou was becoming more and more stable, and planned to shift his military focus to other regions, so he moved the camp to the provincial capital Lanzhou.

After he settled in Lanzhou, he again sent someone to inform Ma Zhanao, Ma Haiyan and other leaders of the Hezhou rebel army to meet in Lanzhou.

Ma Zhanao made careful preparations before traveling to Lanzhou. He hung a red silk banner with the words "The world is peaceful" between the antlers of the two sika deer, and dispatched more than 4,000 mules and horses to transport more than 14,000 guns and spears of the rebel army to the Qing army camp in Lanzhou.

Ma Zhanao wanted to impress Zuo Zongtang with his sincerity, so as not to punish the vast number of rebel officers and soldiers. He also deliberately put on a pair of straw sandals, tied his arms with iron chains, knelt in front of Zuo Zongtang, and said with tears in his eyes: "The criminals are heavy, and they will be punished by themselves." From now on, the foolish people will be faithful and will never rebel. ”

Zuo Zongtang suddenly looked frightened, hurriedly stepped forward to help Ma Zhanao, ordered someone to untie the iron chains, arranged for him to sit on the Taishi chair, and then said: "Why should Master Ma be like this? Your loyalty to the Qing Dynasty, no one dares to say a word. ”

One has a heart to belong to. One is intentionally co-opted. This drama of "guilty pleas" was performed truly and wonderfully.

Zuo Zongtang repeatedly encouraged Ma Zhanao with emotion, and fully affirmed his wise approach of leading the rebel army to surrender.

He suddenly changed his words and asked Ma Zhanao tentatively: "If I don't accept your surrender, but attack Hezhou City in three ways, what method will you take to defend it?" ”

Ma Zhanao was worried about angering Zuo Zongtang at first, so he didn't dare to answer positively. With Zuo Zongtang's repeated encouragement, he told his plans and plans for the front and rear.

Zuo Zongtang was taken aback after hearing this, and secretly glad in his heart that he did not attack rashly, otherwise the casualties of the Qing army would have been very large. He admired Ma Zhanao's military talent very much, and instructed him to change his mind in the future, make meritorious contributions to his crimes, serve the imperial court wholeheartedly, and assist the Qing army in eliminating other rebellious Hui rebel troops.

Ma Zhanao resolutely agreed one by one.

Through this "guilty of petitioning", Zuo Zongtang categorically determined that Ma Zhanao was the "Ganren" who he had been looking for for a long time to govern Gansu. He immediately reported Ma Zhanao to the imperial court, and in addition to his military merits, he also strongly recommended him as an official to govern Gansu.

Ma Zhanao's rebel army was incorporated into the banner of Liu Jintang of the Hunan Army, and from then on began to fight in the Hehuang area, suppressing the Hui rebel army without mercy, and becoming a tool for Zuo Zongtang to implement the policy of "using Hui to control Hui".

Zuo Zongtang was very satisfied with Ma Zhanao's extraordinary performance, and praised him many times: "Only if you can understand righteousness can you choose it." Ma Zhanao is the master of the solid return, and his son is also extraordinary. In the future, it will be bombarded in Hezhou, and it will be Ma's father and son? ”

Ma Zhanao faded from the leader of the rebel army to the executioner who slaughtered the rebel officers and soldiers, stepping on the blood of his former comrades-in-arms, and climbed step by step to the peak of power piled up with the heads of countless anti-Qing righteous soldiers.

From different angles and positions, Ma Zhanao is a complex person wearing a variety of faces. For the Qing court, Ma Zhanao was the leader of the Huihui rebellion in the early stage, and the prodigal son who changed his mistakes in the later stage. To the rebel officers and soldiers who persisted in the struggle, he was a shameful traitor and became a lackey of Du Shiman (the enemy). For the rebel officers and soldiers who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he was also a life-saving benefactor.

In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Wang Zixi, a descendant of the princes in Nianbo County, joined Li Zicheng's rebel army. After the failure of the uprising, he fled to the tiger and wolf den in Nanshan to escape the persecution of the Qing army. The Wang family was passed down to this generation by a middle-aged man named Wang Shicai who presided over the family's major affairs.

Wang Shicai kept in mind the historical lessons of the family and formulated the clan rule of "two prohibitions": members of the Wang family are not allowed to participate in political affairs, and second, they are not allowed to participate in any army, and they are only allowed to farm honestly in the mountains and live their own lives.

During the Tongzhi period, there were uprisings against the Qing Dynasty in Shaanxi and Gansu. There were not enough Qing soldiers to suppress the uprising. As a result, the county government of Nianbo County gave each village the task of recruiting one male soldier from each household.

After all, the arms can't twist the thighs. Wang Shicai could not disobey the official order, so he was forced to violate the clan rules, not only agreeing to send a man from each family, but also had to send his precious son Wang Youde to be a soldier.

At that time, Xining Province was under the jurisdiction of Gansu Province. In 1781, after the failure of the Zhehe Renye Uprising led by Su 43, a native of Xunhua Salur, the Qing rulers ruled more harshly over the Hui and Salul people. The Xining government has repeatedly reiterated: everything will be in accordance with the old regulations. No additional mosque shall be built. It is not allowed to be divided into Protestant and Old Christianity. I instruct the return of the general contract to audit at any time.

The Hui and Salur people of Xining Province, especially the Protestant eunuchs, harbored a deep hatred for the cruel oppression of the government and the bullying of the landlords.

In 1862, the landlords of Xining Province heard that the Hui people in Shaanxi Province had rebelled, and immediately strengthened the control measures against the local Hui and Salur people, which led to a rebellion led by the famous Ahong Ma Wenyi, a eunuch of Huasi.

Ma Wenyi led the rebel army of Huasi Gate Eunuch to attack Tangar (present-day Huangyuan, Qinghai Province), Bayan Rongge (present-day Hualong, Qinghai Province), and Xining.

The Hui people in Nianbo County and Datong County responded after hearing the news.

This uprising was fully supported by the fourth grandson of Ma Laichi, the founder of the Huasi Gate Eunuch, Bayan Rongge Fufan Hall and Xunhua Hall General Township Yoma Guiyuan. Ma Guiyuan soon became the main leader of this rebel army.

Yang Yuebin, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, quickly sent troops to suppress the uprising in Xining, but suffered a major defeat and was dismissed from his post by the enraged imperial court.

Gong Huaizhou's descendant, Gong Zhixian's family, lives outside the east gate of Nianbo County. He has always been cautious and cautious, and he has no quarrel with the world. Now seeing the chaos in the world, his heart is even more trembling, he repeatedly told his family not to go out, and tied the courtyard gate from the inside, so as not to break in and rob the property and harm his life.

Shen Zhaolin, the new governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, rushed to Nian Bo and Bayan Rongge twice and personally commanded his troops to suppress the rebels.

Most of the soldiers in Wang's unit were children of local families. They couldn't bear to use knives and guns against the villagers at all, and they retreated more than half of the battle before the battle began.

The outcome of such a battle can be imagined. Shen Zhaolin returned with a feather.

Ma Guiyuan, knowing that he was weak, took the initiative to liaise with the rebel armies in Shaanxi and other parts of Gansu, and turned the struggle he led into an integral part of the Shaanxi-Gansu Huihui uprising.

In October 1863, Yutong, the minister of Xining, encircled and suppressed the rebel army many times in vain, so he had to sit down and negotiate with Ma Wenyi and Ma Guiyuan, and reached an agreement on Zhao'an, agreeing to disband their respective landlord regiments and rebel armies, and promote Ma Guiyuan as the governor of the Xunhua Department, and recommend his elder brother Ma Benyuan as a guerrilla in the middle battalion to protect Xining.

Two years later, Fu Liang, a court official in the Dangar Hall, under the pretext that the Mufti eunuch was about to make trouble, mobilized soldiers and regiments to kill the Hui Hui and other people in the city who were hostile to the government.

Ma Guiyuan and Ma Wenyi were very dissatisfied with Fu Liang's barbaric methods, and immediately organized the parishioners of the Huasi Gate Eunuch and the Mufti Gate Eunuch and captured various villages and forts near the city of Tangar. The rebel army soon gained momentum and took control of most of Tay Ninh.

Yutong, the minister of Xining, was forced to make concessions again, and reported to and obtained the approval of the imperial court to appoint Ma Guiyuan and Ma Benyuan, the brothers of Xining and Xining, respectively.

From then on, the rebel army actually held the military and political power of Tay Ninh Province.

The Ma brothers built an earthen city in Dongguan in Xining, proposed to repair the Confucian temples of the Han people, repaired the channels in various places, and set up institutions to maintain social order together with the Han gentry.

Many Han people in Xining converted to Islam in order to be protected by the Ma brothers, which further strengthened the strength of the Hui people.

In the following year, the rebel army attacked Weiyuanbao (now Weiyuan Town, Huzhu County, Qinghai Province), Nianbo, and Pingfan (now Yongdeng County, Gansu Province), occupied Pingrongyi (now Ping'an Town, Haidong City, Qinghai Province), and sent thousands of cavalry to support the Ma Hualong rebel army in Jinjibao, supporting each other with the rebel army in Suzhou, and also exchanging voices with the Huijiang uprising led by Tuo Dexuan.

After Ma Wenyi's unfortunate death, the rebel army continued to carry out the struggle against the Qing Dynasty under the leadership of Ma Guiyuan and Ma Benyuan.

In 1872, Ma Guiyuan received a messenger sent by Ma Zhanao, the leader of the Hezhou rebel army, to discuss mutual assistance between the rebel armies of the two places.

Unexpectedly, the next day, Ma Guiyuan received the news that Ma Zhanao had surrendered to Zuo Zongtang.

He immediately summoned Mu Hemai, looked him in the eye, and asked loudly, "Ma Zhanao surrendered to the imperial court, why did he send you to contact us to fight together?" ”

Mu and Mai were speechless and embarrassed.

Although Ma Guiyuan later went to settle Zuo Zongtang's camp as the prefect of Xining. However, he soon got the information that Zuo Zongtang had decided to attack Xining, and immediately returned to Xining Mansion from Anding, actively deployed defenses and prepared for war, and also eliminated the misunderstanding of Mu Hemai.

In early September, Mu Hemai heard that Liu Jintang led the 18th Battalion to Nianbo County in the eastern part of Xining Province, and used the troops of Dong Fuxiang and Ma Zhanao to repeatedly defeat the Shaanxi rebel army that had retreated to the Nanchuan area of Xining.

Liu Jintang took the opportunity to discuss the situation with the leaders of the Shaanxi rebel army, but the result was unhappy.

Mu and Mai began to worry about their future. He was ashamed to defect to Ma Zhanao, who had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and was determined to continue the fight with the rebel army in Xining Province.

Ma Guiyuan secretly met with Bai Yanhu, Yu Deyan and other leaders of the Shaanxi rebel army to discuss countermeasures to jointly retreat from the enemy.

Mu and Mai also attended the meeting. He found that Bai Yanhu and Yu Deyan were not like Ma Guiyuan and other leaders of Xining Mansion who only thought about their own eunuchs. Their thinking is quick, their minds are more open-minded, and they are more responsible and effective.

Everyone unanimously elected the general, Ma Benyuan, as the generalissimo of Hehuang - Shaanxi Soldiers and Horses, and unified the command of the Shaanxi-Gansu rebel army in Xining Prefecture to continue to resist the Qing army.

The joint rebel army built forts on the hills on both sides of the small gorge east of Xining, held on to them in spite of danger, fought bloody battles, and used mobile forces to go around the rear of the Qing army and wait for an opportunity to attack, blocking the enemy's grain routes, making the Qing army overwhelmed and in a dilemma.

The two sides fought more than 50 times in two months. The Qing army suffered heavy losses.

Zuo Zongtang was extremely shocked when he learned the news of the defeat of the Qing army in Xining Prefecture, and on the one hand, he continued to increase troops to Xining from all over the country, and on the other hand, he stepped up the activities of luring and recruiting peace.

There will be brave men under the great reward. Ma Yongfu, the rebel general who remained in Xining, could not resist the temptation of money and official position and surrendered to the Qing army. He ordered his officers and men to close the gates of the city and turn against the rebels who were fighting out of the city.

Ma Guiyuan saw a fire in his backyard on the front line, and immediately transferred troops to besiege Xining City, causing the defense of the eastern pass to be empty.

Liu Jintang and Dong Fuxiang took the opportunity to lead the Qing army to capture the pass between the big gorge and the small gorge of Xining City, and then advanced with victory and occupied the whole city of Xining.

The Hehuang-Shaanxi joint rebel army eventually collapsed due to the disparity in numbers, and most of them collapsed.

Ma Guiyuan led more than 3,000 people to retreat to his old base Bayan Rongge Fufan Hall.

Bai Yanhu led more than 2,000 people who advocated persisting in the struggle to flee in the direction of Datong County. Mu and Mai also retreated north with Bai Yanhu.

Yu Deyan led some of the rebel officers and soldiers to surrender to Zuo Zongtang and was sent to Longdong to garrison.

The defeated Ma Guiyuan calmed down and thought about it in Bayan Rongge: I am Ma Zhanao's teacher who studied scriptures back then, and I belong to the same eunuch of the Flower Temple with him. He is very well treated by Zuo Zongtang now, so it is better to send his henchmen to him for help.

Ma Zhanao saw that Ma Guiyuan's henchmen promised to help, and informed Ma Guiyuan to lead the rebel army to Dongshan in Bayan Rongge to accept the appeasement of the imperial court, but secretly ambushed the heavy troops of the Hunan army in advance, and wiped out Ma Guiyuan and other rebel officers and soldiers who had deceived into the encirclement.

Ma Guiyuan didn't expect his students to be so vicious and treacherous, and while struggling hard, he scolded Ma Zhanao that sooner or later he would go to hell and be tortured at the stake.

Ma Zhanao was worried that Ma Guiyuan and others would reveal the secret of his conspiration against the Qing Dynasty with them, so he brutally used drugs to dumben their throats before escorting them to Lanzhou.

Zuo Zongtang originally planned to use Ma Guiyuan and others to "return to the back", but now seeing that they had become a group of useless mutes, he ordered Ling Chi to execute them.

Ma Guiyuan's young only son, Ma Junge, did not escape the clutches of the devil. Like the boy named Ma He in Yunnan hundreds of years ago, he was brutally castrated by the Qing army and then sent to the soldiers as slaves.

Wang Youde's Qing army captured Bayan City, and continued to move forward, occupying the last stronghold of the rebel army, Xunhua Hall City.

The Qing army broke into the city of Xunhua and searched for the rebels from house to house.

Wang Youde and a few soldiers broke open the door of the house of Han Suleiman, a descendant of Hassan, a native of Salur, and saw him sitting on a kang as a teenager, holding a thick book in both hands, and reading intently.

Wang Youde said contemptuously: "What a nerd! The knives are all up to the neck, and they are still reading. A nerd can't become a martial champion. Let's go, don't delay our business. ”

Wang Youde and other Qing officers and soldiers regarded all suspicious people as rebel soldiers, and dragged them to the tidal flats of the Yellow River in the north of the city with hemp ropes, and cut off their heads one by one.

The tidal flats littered with the heads of the rebels. The blood of the rebel officers and soldiers stained the boiling waters of the Yellow River red.

The uprising of the various ethnic groups in Tay Ninh Province was declared a complete failure.