Be open to change, but don't abandon your philosophy.

—Hindustani proverb

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a massacre of the inhabitants of the northern region lasted 14 years. Both Zhu Yuanzhang himself and Zhu Di, the king of Yan, adhered to a large-scale policy of killing Tartars.

First of all, the Mongols who ruled and oppressed the Han Chinese were undoubtedly killed.

Secondly, everyone in the relatively concentrated areas of the Mongols in the Huanghuai Valley was killed. Because the Mongols imposed an 80-year first night on the Han Chinese, the Han bride had to sleep with the Mongolian officials on the first night, forcing some Han people to ruthlessly fall to death with their firstborn children, but some children were retained. In order to ensure the purity of the Han Chinese blood, the suspected Mongols had to be killed. At that time, southern Jin, central Shandong, northern Shandong, and southern Hebei almost became no man's land.

Again, the soldiers and civilians in the northern part of the country were all killed. Like Jining, 100,000 people were killed, and only about half of them were real Mongols.

Overnight, the Semu people, including the Hui people, went from being the ruling class of the Great Yuan Dynasty to heinous sinners, belonging to the remnants of the previous dynasty abandoned throughout the country, and becoming the remnants of the empire that the Mongols did not care about and the Han people did not want to see.

One day, a minister reported to Zhu Yuanzhang and said: "The Hui people used to be the lackeys of the Tartars, and now they are the relics of the Ming Dynasty. They live in our country, but they do not follow our customs, but stick to their own customs and do not integrate into the mainstream society. Even if they are not related to each other, they are very close, better than the kinship feelings of our Han people. Even strangers who don't know each other, as long as they meet and talk about Seran, they will be intimate, better than old friends. They are such an independent faction, which will do more harm than good to the governance of the country. ”

Zhu Yuanzhang originally hated the privileged people in the past, but he didn't do it when they needed to charge into battle in the early days of the founding of the country. Now that the situation in the country has been decided, it is indeed necessary to arm the minds of the people with a unified mind, otherwise the country will be in disarray.

As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang promulgated some decrees contrary to Dayuan, with the purpose of speeding up the pace of national assimilation. For example, the "Da Ming Law" stipulates that the Mongols and Semu can only intermarry with the Han Chinese, and they are not allowed to marry each other within their own clan, otherwise they will be fined 80 rods and then sent to the official family as slaves.

Zhu Yuanzhang also issued an edict ordering that the Mongols and Semu people who held public offices must change their surnames to Han names, and pass them on to their descendants, so that they would forget their origins and naturalize the Han people.

Immediately afterwards, the imperial court stipulated that all residents of the country should wear clothes and hats in accordance with the style of Tang costumes, and it was forbidden to wear Hu people's clothes, speak Hu people's language, and use Hu people's names. At the same time, the imperial court also stipulated that the Hui people of Semu must wear shoes made of pigskin, and they were not allowed to travel on horseback, but could only walk on both sides of the road. If anyone dares to walk in the middle of the street, the common people can be killed on the spot. A Han Chinese who killed someone was not considered a crime, and a case was not filed.

The vast majority of the Mongols and Semu Hui in the diaspora were forced to change their names, wear Han costumes, and use Chinese in public. Judging by their names alone, it is already difficult to tell whether they are Han Chinese, Mongols, or Semu.

Only in the remote areas of poor mountains and sparsely populated Han Chinese, the Semu Hui still use their own tribal language and names, and wear their own ethnic costumes.

In the eastern part of Hezhou City, there is a large Loess Plateau with high middle and low all around. The ravines on the plateau are deep and rugged, and the traffic is very closed. There are few mountains and highlands, resources are poor, the land is barren, the climate is capricious, sometimes arid and rainless, sometimes torrential rain, and the living environment is very bad.

Hiding in the ravine are many descendants of the Khorezmian people, the Sartas. Except for the days when the Sarta people walked out of the mountains and came to Hezhou City, the rest of the time lived on the slopes of the plateau, working the palm-sized land in the ravine, and eating with God's face. Due to the remoteness and isolation of the region, the Sarta people here have maintained their own characteristics, still speaking the Salta language mixed with Mongolian, wearing long tunics and white headbands and five-brimmed hats.

The Hasim family lives in Dongguan, the city of Hezhou.

They had no chance to escape before the arrival of the Ming army, so they had to hide their true identities, take out a part of the treasured gold and silver, and start a business in Hezhou City, and soon became a large businessman.

After the imperial court issued an order to prohibit the Hui people from returning to the surname Hu, Hasim gathered the family together to discuss what kind of Han surname it would be better to choose.

The eldest son, Duosi, said: "I think everyone in the Han people takes the first character of their father's name as their surname. Let's just follow Ada's surname, right? ”

The second son, Narang, said: "Our ancestors lived in Niujie in Dadu. When we passed through Longxi, we saw that there were many Han people with the surname Niu, and we usually ate beef and mutton. In order for future generations to remember this history, I think it is better to have the surname Niu. ”

Hashim felt that Najan's words made sense, so he said: "I think the surname is Niu." My name is Ox Sim. Duosi's name is Niu Duosi. Narang is called Niu Narang. If the name is changed to a Chinese name in the future, then after the child is born, ask the priest to choose the name of a saint and put it on him. The name can be used in one's own home and among relatives. Externally, the name of the Han Chinese is used to avoid a lot of trouble. ”

The third son, Doro, said: "Ada, we Sarta people speak Chinese, have Han surnames, and wear Hanfu, will this cause us to forget our roots?" Will it automatically perish in the future? ”

"Clothes, language, and names are all external things, and they have been changing since ancient times, and they do not remain eternal," Hasim said. The key is that we keep the family strong and bloody, and always pursue truth, goodness, and beauty. ”

The Salur people, who live at the foot of the Ridge Mountains and at the bottom of the River Valley, have also ushered in a major turning point. In 1370, the descendants of the head of Salur in Jishi Prefecture, the descendant of Gale Mang, faced the devastating trend of the Ming Dynasty, just as his ancestors knew the times when the Mongol army conquered the kingdom of Gale Mang in the west, activated the flexible cells of heredity in the brain, and resolutely announced that he would break away from the former suzerain, the Great Yuan Dynasty, and the whole clan voluntarily belonged to the Ming Dynasty, once again avoiding the disaster of national extinction and saving the lives of tens of thousands of Salul people.

Three years later, the Ming Dynasty awarded Shenbao the hereditary hundred households of the Thousand Households of Jishi Prefecture, and the title was Zhaoxin Captain Guanjun Hundred Households, and officially established the Tusi system here. Han Bao was the first Tusi in the history of the Salur people. Since then, this official position has been hereditary among Han Bao's descendants.

At that time, Xunhua and other Salur settlements belonged to the Jishi Thousand Households of Hezhou Wei.

In accordance with the imperial court's decree on changing the surname Hu to the Han surname, Shenbao accepted the Han surname given by the imperial court and named him Han Bao.

Hassan's descendant Hussein also changed his surname to Han with the head Han Bao and took the name Han Husai.

Jishizhou has high mountains and long roads, inconvenient transportation, few Han people enter, and the government has no time to govern, so the social form and lifestyle have not changed much.

The Salur people still speak their own language and wear their own national clothes, but due to their close contacts with the neighboring Tibetan people, some Tibetan vocabulary has been added to the language, and some Tibetan living habits have also been adopted.

Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the four major cases in the early Ming Dynasty, including the Lanyu case, the empty seal case, and the Hu Weiyong case, to clean up many colored eyes and return to the generals and Mongolian generals, and removed a pain and great trouble in his heart.

Zhu Yuanzhang's concerns are not unreasonable. From his own experience, it can be concluded that no people can willingly accept the oppression and exploitation of foreign races.

In that year, after Xu Da led the Ming army to break through the capital, he escorted the captured civil and military bureaucrats and other brigades to Yingtian.

When they walked to Tongzhou, the Uyghurs in the team wanted to make trouble and escape.

Xu Da immediately ordered the more than 5,000 Uyghurs to be beheaded, and their wives and children were distributed among the officers and soldiers.

This incident left a deep impression on the Mongols and Semu people who surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Many people later expressed remorse for the surrender of the Ming Dynasty.

Nahachu, a descendant of Mu Huali, the founder of the Great Yuan Dynasty, led 100,000 troops to defend Liaodong, and later surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang and was named the Marquis of Haixi. After his death, his son Chahan was named the Marquis of Shenyang. Nominally a high-ranking official and nobleman, in fact, he lives a life of fear.

Out of political needs, Zhu Yuanzhang sometimes had to use some people with special skills to return to people. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Huihui Si Tianjian and used the Semu Huihui Renhei, Abdula and Dieli Yueshi. In the second year, he used 11 people, including Zheng Ali, an official of the Tiantai of the Dayuan Hui Division. He also sent the Hui scholars Ma Sha Yihei and Ma Hama to edit for Hanlin, and asked them to translate the dozens of hundreds of books of the ancestors of the Qianfang Dynasty that they had obtained from Dadu, and personally wrote the edict as a sign of solemnity.

Later, Zhu Yuanzhang's "Praise of the Most Holy Hundred Characters of the Imperial System" and the edict of the Ming Dynasty on the construction of worship temples and the protection of religious professionals affirmed the religious life of the Hui people to a certain extent.

With the recovery and development of the national social economy in the early Ming Dynasty, the distribution and economic situation of the Hui people also developed and changed to a certain extent.

The original military reclamation of the color eyes Hui soldiers have been fixed in all parts of the country for a long time, through the cultivation of wasteland, multiplication, the formation of a stable residential area. The Hui people, who had been in business for a long time, also began to turn to stable temples to live. These stable settlements formed a common culture with the worship monastery as the core, and multiplied together with the surrounding Han people, Mongols, and Tibetan people, establishing a social production based on agriculture, as well as handicrafts and animal husbandry, the most of which were good at business.

With the exchange of commerce and trade, the Tuntian town of the Semu Hui soldiers, and the eunuch tours of the officials and scholars, the distribution of the Semu Hui people became more and more scattered. They often form their own villages in rural areas, and in towns they often live in guanxiang or a number of streets and alleys.

In the Shaanxi and Gansu regions, the Semu Hui continued to cultivate the land, and there were constantly Semu Hui people who belonged to the Ming Dynasty to migrate here to live, and the population gradually increased. At that time, there were many Semu Hui people in Guanzhong in Shaanxi, Hezhou in Gansu, Lingzhou to Pingliang in Ningxia, and Guyuan prefectures and counties, forming the main settlement of Semu Hui people.

Because the Ming Dynasty forbade the Hui people to speak Iranian and other ethnic languages, forbidden to wear their own national clothing, and forbidden to take exotic names, the various Hui people living among the Han began to speak Chinese, wear Hanfu, take Han names, and have names and surnames. In some areas, apart from their belief in Islam and their appearance that is different from that of the Han Chinese, there is almost no difference between the Hui people and the Han people.

Unlike the earlier Taoism of the Han Chinese, Buddhism and Christianity from the West, the Islam of the Semu Hui worships only the one God, Allah (Arabic, Allah) or Huda (Iranian, Allah), does not worship visible gods and objects, does not eat pork, and does not eat livestock and poultry that have not been slaughtered and killed without chanting.

They built a mosque with a domed tower in the middle of the residential area, and often met to chant sutras.

Weddings and funerals are also different from the surrounding ethnic groups. They only celebrate festivals such as the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, but only Erde Festival (Eid al-Fitr) and Eid al-Adha (Eid al-Adha). There is also a month of time every year when there is no food or drink during the day, and only eat and drink in the dark night when there is no sun.

These customs and habits of the Semu Hui people made the surrounding Han Chinese, Mongols and Tibetans feel strange and incredible.