sacrificed his life and did not give up his teaching, cut off his head and wind his hat.

—Salar proverb

The contradictions between the two camps of the Salurians have finally intensified.

In 1762, when Ma Mingxin was doing Juma (Juli) in the worship temple of Zhang Hagong in Xunhua, he met Ma Guobao unexpectedly with his teachings.

Ma Mingxin's exposition of the teachings of Zhehe Renye in his lectures and missionaries was warmly welcomed by some of the parishioners.

Ma Guobao then tried his best to promote Hu Feiye's teachings, which was supported by another part of the people.

Ma Mingxin had a heated argument with Ma Guobao. They exchanged words and witty words, turning a gathering into a religious debate of right and wrong.

In the end, Ma Mingxin's idea of being close to the poor and eliminating religious corruption seems to have won the approval of the majority of the parishioners.

Ma Guobao, who used to sit firmly on the throne of the sect leader, was angry and sued Ma Mingxin for the crime of preaching a cult and demagogizing the people, and sued him to the official office of the Xunhua Department.

The government should have upheld the principle of fairness to mediate the conflict between the two factions, and should not have intervened in sectarian disputes. However, the local Tusi and Er most deliberately favored Ma Guobao, who also belonged to Hu Feiye as himself, expelled Ma Mingxin from the territory of Xunhua, and at the same time, sent Ma Guobao back to his hometown of Hezhou.

Although the leaders of the two factions, the Protestant Church and the Old Church, have left Xunhua, the problem has not been fundamentally resolved, and the contradictions between the two factions remain the same.

Ma Mingxin was forced to leave Xunhua and Hezhou and went to Dingxi, Lanzhou, Pingliang and Jinjibao in Ningxia to spread Zhehe Renye, and developed many followers among the poor peasants.

In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rulers and the Salur Tusi and Zhangjiao brutally oppressed the lower-class working people. The land was largely concentrated in the hands of the Tusi, Har and the heads of the monasteries. Land and property can be passed down from generation to generation and hereditary succession, forming a small number of upper-class feudal exploiting strata who are in charge of the religion and landlords.

The vast number of poor peasants in Salur were exploited by high rents and heavy profits, and their lives were very difficult, and they had no choice but to flee in large numbers, resulting in barren countryside, stagnation of production, poor livelihood of the people, and general intensification of social contradictions. At the same time, the struggle for power between different eunuchs and sects also brought untold disasters to the people of Salur.

The slogans put forward by Ma Mingxin's Zhehe Renye, such as the elimination of eunuchs and the elimination of Tusi, were in line with the aspirations of the vast number of Muslim peasants to resist feudal oppression at that time, so they were widely welcomed by the people.

However, the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty ignored the demands of the people, and instead falsely accused Zhehe Renye of being a cult of false reasoning and adopted the township covenant and civil defense to prohibit its spread among the people, but they were unable to stop its secret development.

The policy of "supporting the old religion" and "washing the Protestant religion as much as possible" is in essence supporting the old forces with vested interests such as Tusi. Improper ethnic and religious policies led to repeated rebellions against the Qing rule, which in turn threatened the fundamental interests of the rulers.

As a result, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty changed their strategy and adopted the strategy of suppressing the Hui with the Hui people, suppressing the Hui with the Han people, uniting the Hui people against the Han people if the Han people were stronger, and uniting the Han people against the Hui people if the Hui people were stronger, and using all measures and means to achieve the goal of maintaining their rule.

Although Ma Mingxin left the Xunhua area, Zhehe Renye blew all over the 12th work of Salur like a spring breeze, and continued to spread secretly among the local people.

In 1769, the Qing government closed the three Zhehe Renye monasteries in Xunhua with high-pressure and tough measures, arrested Ma Mingxin's student and the leader of Xunhua Zhehe Renye, He Ma Luhu, implemented the punishment rod not counted, and then put on a flail and sent to Dihua (today's Urumqi, Xinjiang) in the Western Regions as a slave of the official family.

These measures and practices of the government deepened the contradictions between the Protestant and Old Sects, widened the gap between the Protestant masses and the rulers, and accelerated the secret anti-Qing struggle of the Zhehenin Ye sect.

In the spring of 1781, a large-scale fighting broke out between the two sects.

Su Forty-three and Second Brother Han issued a call to battle to the Zhehe Ninya people in Salur. The people of Zhehe Renye in the Xunhua area responded to the call. All the Agnai, the various Kongmusan, and the various Agler Zhehe Ninya were all mobilized.

Su Forty-three and Han Erge led more than 1,000 believers to attack the village of the old sect residents where Han Saide was located. Hu Feiye's imam Han Thirty-eight was also killed in the fight. In order to survive, many of the Hutfiye parishioners fled to other places with their families and mouths.

Han Said took his eldest son to Xunhua City to run errands and escaped. The rest of his family was killed.

Han Thirty-eight's son went to the Yamen, the provincial capital of Lanzhou, and complained that Su Forty-three and Han's second brother had gathered a crowd to make trouble and kill good people, and asked the Yamen to uphold justice and eradicate the evil forces.

The governor of Gansu, Leer, specially appointed Yang Shiji, the prefect of Lanzhou, together with Xinzhu and Gao Sifuxiang, deputy generals of the Hezhou Association, to Xunhua with more than 40 officers and soldiers to deal with the sectarian dispute.

When Yang Shiji and Xinzhu arrived at the boundary of Xunhua, they couldn't tell who was a Protestant and who was an old Christian, so they casually said to a group of Protestants who went out of the city to greet them: "The government must be the master of your old religion." If Protestants dare to disobey their laws, we will destroy them all. ”

Su Forty-three and Han Erge were greatly indignant when they heard these words of the officials, and from then on they decided to lead the Protestant people to launch an armed rebellion against the collusion between the government and the old religious forces.

That night, they secretly killed Xinzhu and other officials.

At that time, it was a time of continuous famine in the northwest, coupled with the continuous wars of the Qing Dynasty to conquer ethnic minorities, the taxes were heavy, and the people complained of hardship, which made many people hate the government very much, and the social shield was extremely sharp.

In this situation, what was originally a sectarian struggle between the Protestant Zheherenya and the old religion soon turned into an armed rebellion against the Qing rule, which was mainly composed of Zheherenya, but also a few other sects, including the Salur, Hui, Han, Tibetan, and Sarta peoples.

The next morning, the rebels rushed to Qitai Fort, beheaded Yang Shiji, seized a large number of ordnance and horses, and took advantage of the victory to capture the city of Hezhou (present-day Linxia, Gansu Province), killing officials such as Zhizhou and Dusi, and releasing the prisoners held in prison.

With the support of the local population, they were provided with abundant food and soldiers. As a result, more than 2,000 rebel troops passed through the Tangwangchuan River by the trail, continued to advance eastward overnight, and successfully crossed the Tao River.

Governor Leer was taken aback when he heard the news, and on the one hand, he dispatched Gongchu Kelier, the deputy general of Xining Town, to intercept the return of the rebel army in Xunhua, and sent Xunhua civil and military officials to Hezhou to suppress it; On the one hand, Ma Mingxin, the spiritual leader of Zhehe Renye, was arrested and released from Guanchuan to Lanzhou.

When Su Forty-three and Ma Mingxin's righteous daughter Salur Sailimai heard that the ancestor Ma Mingxin had been arrested, they were so anxious that they went day and night to the outside of Lanzhou City, and strongly demanded that the government release Ma Mingxin. They threatened that if Ma Mingxin was not released, they could attack Lanzhou City.

At that time, the military strength in Lanzhou City was empty, and there were only 800 Qing pacesetters, but they refused to release Ma Mingxin.

Su 43 led the rebel army to attack the city gate of Lanzhou from Xiguan.

Wang Tingzan, the political envoy, was greatly frightened in the face of the brave rebel army, and in desperation, he adopted a strategy of delaying the army, ordered Ma Mingxin to be put on the city wall, and forced him to persuade Su 43 to withdraw his troops.

When Su Forty-three and the others saw Ma Mingxin on the city wall, they knelt on the ground in unison, they were so emotional that they couldn't cry, and they shouted again and again: "Saint." ”

Ma Mingxin saw that although the scale of the rebel army was very large, it was powerless and unable to confront the powerful Qing Dynasty. So, he gestured and persuaded Su 43 to withdraw his troops.

Su 43 and other leaders of the rebel army did not understand what Ma Mingxin meant, and continued to surround Lanzhou City, never taking a step back.

Ma Ming was so anxious that his heart was on fire, so he asked people to throw the cane he brought back from heaven down the city wall.

Su Forty-three rushed to the bottom of the city wall, picked up the cane, and confirmed that it was the master's holy relic. The generals passed their canes to each other, and the soldiers rushed to caress them, so excited that they burst into tears, and their emotions reached the point of excitement.

Wang Tingzan saw that the people admired Ma Mingxin so much, and feared that if he was let go back, it would cause greater turmoil, so he ordered someone to quietly kill Ma Mingxin, but at the same time deliberately said that Ma Mingxin would be released after ten days, and also released Ma Mingxin's entourage to paralyze the rebel army, while he patiently waited for reinforcements from the Qing Dynasty.

In order to suppress the rebellion of Zhehe Renye, the imperial court dispatched troops from all over the country. He Zhu, a university scholar, brought more than 2,000 Jianrui battalions and firearms battalions of the Beijing division to help, and successively sent Ah Gui, He Kun, Ma Biao, Wu Mitai and others to lead more than 10,000 troops to suppress it. Qing troops from all walks of life gathered near Lanzhou.

The soldiers of the rebel army bravely killed the enemy. Selimai led female soldiers against the Qing army, and killed 9 Qing generals in one battle. She and her husband cut off the heads of the Qing army and put them on bamboo poles to warn the public.

When the officers and soldiers of the Qing Dynasty saw Sailima's actions, they were immediately frightened.

With the arrival of a large number of Qing reinforcements, the rebel army gradually lost its strength in front of the battle due to the disparity in numbers.

Selima and her husband died in battle.

Su 43 was forced to retreat to Hualin Mountain outside Xiguan in Lanzhou and insisted on fighting the Qing army.

The Qing army besieged Hualin Mountain many times, but could not capture it for a long time.

The rebel army took advantage of the favorable mountainous terrain to defeat the Qing army, killing 990 Qing soldiers and a number of generals.

The court was dismissed because Leer had been out of the army for a long time and was in vain, and he was transferred to Harmony Kun to replace him.

Later, the Qing Dynasty sent more than 20,000 soldiers to surround Hualin Mountain in three layers and three layers outside. They thought of a way to "defeat razing with razing", and ordered Salur Tusi Han Yu to lead the Salur people who believed in the old religion to act as the vanguard, and attacked the Salur people who believed in Zhehe Ninye on Hualin Mountain in front. Han Said and his eldest son are also in this vanguard team.

Han Said was transferred by Han Yu to the team to suppress Su Forty-three in a daze. He later learned that the reason for attacking the rebels was to defend the legitimacy of the old religion. Han Said didn't understand why the Salurians were killing each other? Is it for the old religion or for the Qing Dynasty?

The imperial court also transferred 1,000 fierce Tubo soldiers and 700 brave Alxa Banner Mongolian soldiers from Jinchuantun in Sichuan Province to serve as the vanguard of the Qing army.

Su Forty-three led the fighters to try to break through several times, but without success. There were a number of casualties.

At this time, the treacherous and cunning Ah Gui ordered the blockade of Hualin Mountain, cutting off the water source up the mountain, and attempted to starve and thirst the rebel army.

On the morning of the 15th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar, the Qing army began to attack the rebel army again. It coincided with heavy rain, which caused the artillery fire of the Qing army to fail.

The rebel army took the opportunity to counterattack, launched hand-to-hand combat with the Qing army, and defeated the Qing army.

In the afternoon, the rain passed and the sky cleared. The Qing army seized the favorable opportunity and intensified the fire attack, burning down the tents of the rebel army.

Thick smoke billowed from Hualin Mountain, and it became a mess.

The Qing army ordered the Salurs, Tibetans, and Mongols to charge.

Han Said rushed to the front with a bright broadsword. He was surprised to see that Su Forty-three and the famous priests Ma Mingde and Hai Chaozong were armed with broadswords and commanded the soldiers to counterattack.

At the moment when Han Said was stunned, the officers and soldiers of both sides launched a fierce and brutal hand-to-hand combat.

A cold light suddenly flashed in front of him, and Han Saide squatted down smartly. The broadknife slashed through his arm, leaving a bleeding wound. He quickly lay on the ground and clutched the wound tightly with his hands.

Su 43 died tragically and heroically in the encirclement of the Qing soldiers.

The rest of the rebels retreated up the hill.

Han Said was rescued from the mountain by the old Sarul soldiers and stayed in the barracks to recuperate from his wounds.

On the afternoon of the 6th, the Qing army used artillery to collapse the courtyard wall of the worship temple occupied by the rebels. A group of ethnic minority daredevils stormed the temple.

The two sides fought hand-to-hand combat. The hillside was littered with bloodied, flesh-bled corpses.

In the end, all the officers and men of the rebel were killed in battle, and none of them surrendered.

At this point, the anti-Qing uprising led by Su 43 was declared a failure.

Beginning with the uprising on 18 March, Su 43 led the rebel army to attack Hezhou, besiege Lanzhou, and fight a fierce battle against Hualin Mountain, and after April, May, leap May, and June, until all sacrifices on the 6th day of July, after more than four months and about 140 days of bloody fighting, a great chapter of the struggle against oppression was written.

After the failure of the uprising, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty adopted a policy of "cutting off the roots", wantonly killing the families of the rebels in Anding, Hezhou, Guanchuan, Tangwangchuan, Hongjiqiao and other places, as well as the religious people of Zhehe Renye, and also sent many religious people to Ili in the Western Regions and the distant Yunnan frontier.

These parishioners have left their homes, traveled long distances, endured hardships, and suffered many casualties along the way. As a result, they brought Shinoya to all parts of the country, thus expanding the area covered by Shinobiya.

The imperial court carried out a large-scale recovery and inventory work, forcing the Protestant Salur people from Xunhuating Jiezi, Yaman, Xigou, Baizhuang, Qingshui, Mengda, Caotanba, Tashapo and other places to flee or marry and move to Dahejia on the east bank of the Yellow River. The area inhabited by the Salur people was further expanded.

Due to the massacre of the people and the sharp decline in the population, the imperial court merged the 12 gongs of Salur into 8 gongs. The upper four works are Jiezi, Chaga, Su, Chahan Temple (now changed to Chahan Dusi); The next four jobs are Qingshui, Zhang Ga, Yaman, and Mengda. There are 46 villages in the upper fourth work and 36 villages in the lower fourth work, a total of 82 natural villages.

Subsequently, the imperial court issued a ban restricting religious activities, prohibiting people from interacting with each other, and prohibiting foreign Hui people from studying, teaching, and living. The local Hui people are also not allowed to gather in the monastery to chant sutras. Returnees are no longer allowed to be called head priests, priests, etc.

In order to prevent the recurrence of the rebellion, the imperial court redeployed the military forces in Shaanxi and Gansu, changed the number of staff officers stationed in the Xunhua Hall to strengthen the deterrence of force, moved the governor's palace from Xi'an to Guyuan, and moved the general army from Guyuan to Hezhou.

The imperial court did not truly recognize the deep-seated causes of the uprising, and did not draw and draw lessons from it, so it was unable to completely change its erroneous ethnic and religious policies. If it is suppressed for a while, it cannot be suppressed for a lifetime.

Qianlong went to the south of the Yangtze River six times with great fanfare, imitating and repairing the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, which cost the people and money, and caused the treasury to be empty. The rapid increase in population and the annexation of rural land have caused many peasants to lose the land on which they depend, and their lives have become more and more difficult. Politics is becoming increasingly corrupt, and the big corrupt officials and Shen and others are corrupt and corrupt, and they are committing crimes. People's riots broke out one after another throughout the country from the late Qianlong period to the Jiaqing period.

In April of the lunar calendar in 1784, Fuqiang County (today's Gangu, Gansu Province) returned to the Hui people, Tian Wu and others, in order to avenge Ma Mingxin, raised the banner of rebellion in the hill of Pingliang Salt Hall.

The flames of the uprising soon spread to all parts of Gansu.

Later, Tian Wu was unfortunately killed in battle. The rebel army retreated to Shifeng Fort in Tongwei County and held on to the danger.

The imperial court still used the means of suppressing Su 43, and ordered the old religion of Salur and Hui soldiers, the Hui militia of Ganzhou and Liangzhou, and the Manchurian soldiers of Ningxia to help suppress and besiege Shifeng Fort.

The rebel army held on to Shifeng Fort for more than 3 months. In the end, more than 1,000 rebel soldiers were killed.

In 1786, Taiwanese Han immigrants and indigenous peoples rebelled against the oppression and exploitation of the Qing rulers under the leadership of Lin Shuangwen, the leader of the Tiandihui.

In 1796, peasants in Hubei, Sichuan, and Shaanxi provinces, organized in the form of the White Lotus Sect, broke out against feudal oppression. In the battle that lasted more than 9 years, the rebel army occupied or broke through 204 prefectures and counties, resisted a large number of troops requisitioned and transferred from 16 provinces by the Qing court, annihilated a large number of Qing troops, and spent 200 million taels of military expenses of the imperial court, which was equivalent to the financial revenue of the Qing Dynasty for four years, and greatly damaged the vitality of the Qing Dynasty.

Han Said returned to his hometown of Xunhua after the Battle of Hualin Mountain. While recuperating from his wounds at home, he began to read books on Islam in earnest, hoping to find out the basis and reasons for the cannibalism of the Salurs.

But there were simply no answers in those books that he needed.

Therefore, Hansayed decided to devote himself to studying the scriptures, to be a scholar of Islam, and to answer his own doubts.