Chapter 229: Sewing Machine, Soap

Zhang Zhimu said to Li Yunhe: "If you're okay, come with me to the glass production line to have a look." ”

Li Yunhe said: "Then let's go, what's the matter." It's a thing to be with you. Li Yunhe and Zhang Zhimu were very casual, that is, he dared to talk to Zhang Zhimu like this.

The director of the glass factory was here in the float glass production line, he and the workers were sweating profusely one by one, studying something, and when they saw Zhang Zhimu and Li Yunhe arriving, they took off their masks while welcoming them, and said: "Mr. Zhang is here, our glass production line has started to produce, but there are a few problems that we are still studying." One is that the tin in the tin trough is too easy to burn and is very wasteful; One is that when our glass pieces are large, they can easily break on their own. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Metal tin is easy to oxidize, and it is easier to react with oxygen in the air after heating, and the layer that peels is tin oxide. Li Yunhe also needs Li Yunhe's help to solve this problem, they also release nitrogen gas while producing oxygen, Li Yunhe finds a way to collect nitrogen, fill a layer of nitrogen on the tin bath, and isolate oxygen to reduce the loss of tin; As for the problem of broken glass, it is a process of slowly cooling down and eliminating the stress of the glass after the glass is out of the furnace, so your glass production line must have a glass insulation and cooling workshop at the end. You have to find out the cooling time of this glass slowly. When someone makes a large lens, the cooling time of the glass blank can take several months. ”

The factory director said: "Mr. Zhang, your few words have solved a big problem. If we solve these problems, then our glass can be mass-produced. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "This time I came to give you a task, don't stop the fire of your original small glass furnace, and use them for a lot of small batches of glass." This time, you have to add some lead ore to the glass raw materials, that is, lead oxide, to make a little lead glass, and compare it, what is the difference in performance. Also, try to make tempered glass. After this production line is ready to use, another production line should be built immediately. Li Yunhe is here, and you will work together to make a few samples of horse lanterns. As he spoke, Zhang Zhimu handed them a few horse lantern drawings.

Li Yunhe and the director of the glass factory took a look at the structure of the horse lantern together, and Li Yunhe said: "This is nothing difficult? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I didn't say anything difficult, but if this lamp comes out, it will be much more convenient to use than a lantern." Have you thought about how big this market is? ”

At this time, Li Yunhe suddenly realized and said: "Yes, just cast a few shells with iron, plus that one glass cover, you can sell a lot of silver." That's a lot of that. ”

Zhang Zhimu said to the director of the glass factory: "You can ask Li Yunhe to make a few steel pipes, and then use the steel pipes dipped in the glass solution to blow out various shapes with his mouth, if you add various colored raw materials to the glass solution, you can make a lot of unexpected things, you find some people with good brains, this is a very promising career, train them well." ”

The director of the factory repeatedly said yes.

The director of the glass factory asked again: "Mr. Zhang, what is the tempered glass you just said?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "You know, one of the weaknesses of our glass is that it is too brittle and too easy to break, and the broken glass is very sharp and easy to hurt people. This is due to the stress inside the glass. We can heat the glass again to a state where it is almost melting, and then suddenly blow in cold air to cool it down sharply, so that the stress of the glass is relieved, and the strength of the glass will be greatly improved. Even if such glass is broken again, it will not shatter into a sharp shape. And it's broken into small granules. This kind of glass also has a disadvantage, that is, after tempering, it can no longer be cut, so the glass should be processed well before tempering. ”

Li Yunhe said: "In the future, will the glass on the glass carriage be replaced with tempered glass? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It should be replaced." ”

The director of the glass factory said: "It seems that I will also build a glass cooling room and a glass tempering workshop." ”

When leaving the glass factory, Li Yunhe said to the factory director: "I'll make the horse lamp shell when I go back, and you can make a few glass covers according to the size first, let's try it, and if it's easy to use, it will be mass-produced immediately." ”

Out of the glass factory, Li Yunhe said: "I said that you are okay and will not let me accompany you here!" Tell me what else is going on? ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said, "Go and see Lu Qi's loom." ”

Lu Qi and they saw Zhang Zhimu and Li Yunhe coming, and they surrounded them one after another, Lu Qi couldn't suppress his excitement and said, "Mr. Zhang, our textile machine has succeeded." Ah! It's really not easy, now our loom can weave a width of cloth at the widest, and dozens of people on top of it can weave together. It's just that the thread used by our machine is too thin. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It is not possible to weave too thin thread by hand here, because the air here is too dry, and the strength of the thread is not good. If you want to weave very fine threads, you need to spray them with steam in the textile workshop. I heard your spinning machine was also built? ”

Lu Qi said: "Yes, the spinning machine has also been completed. Only in this way can we match the work. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I came to congratulate you this time, and your success today means that a new era has arrived. We will gather a large number of female textile workers here in the future, and the cloth we weave will be sold to the entire Ming Dynasty and overseas. I want to reward you heavily, let the "Kiln Gang Weekly" report your achievements well, and let the whole world know about your achievements. ”

Zhang Zhimu turned around again and said to Li Yunhe: "A batch of such machines will be produced soon, and a textile workshop will be set up, and the workshop must be able to be humidified with steam." Both hot and cold can be adjusted. ”

Li Yunhe asked: "It's easy to do cold, we will heat it, but if it's hot, it can't be cold?" ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said: "We are weird, as long as we need something, there is nothing we can't do." We immediately organized people to make a refrigerator, and at that time, it would be as cold as it could be. ”

Li Yunhe asked: "If that's really the case, we can also make ice cubes in the summer?" ”

Lu Qi and the others felt that Li Yunhe had asked a very ridiculous question, and they thought that it was impossible to freeze ice cubes in summer, so they all laughed.

Zhang Zhimu didn't laugh, but asked, "Do you think it's ridiculous?" Let me tell you, this is true, this time Li Yunhe is going to organize a few people for me, and we will start making refrigerators now. ”

When Lu Qi and the others saw Zhang Zhimu say this, they all believed it, and asked to participate in the work of making refrigerators.

Zhang Zhimu said: "None of you can participate in the work of refrigerators, you have more important work. First, it is necessary to further improve this loom, and in addition, it is necessary to start developing a sewing machine. That's the main purpose of my visit today. ”

As soon as Lu Qi and the others heard about the new task, they all came to their senses.

Zhang Zhimu asked Lu Qi to bring a piece of paper, and Zhang Zhimu drew a sketch with a pencil, saying: "We all use a needle and thread to sew clothes, but we can't use a machine." When we sew two layers of cloth, we can use the upper and lower threads, and when we sew a stitch, the upper and lower threads cross once, so that the sewing task is completed in a row. The key here is that when the upper thread is driven by the needle through the bottom of the fabric, the cam must drive the thread around the lower thread to complete the crossing. In addition, the fabric to be sewn at the time of each stitch should be moved by a stitch distance together with the upper pressing plate and the lower kinematic. As for how the equipment is driven, it can be driven by electric or manual pedaling on a balance wheel. ”

After reading the drawings drawn by Zhang Zhimu and listening to the explanation, Lu Qi said: "It is said that this machine is much simpler than the textile machine, the key is that the small wheel that completes the crossing should be done well, as well as the tightness of the upper and lower lines, and the position of the stitch movement should be well matched." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "After this kind of machine is finished, there are too many things that can be sewn, and the quality of sewing such as leather, silk, cloth, etc. with a machine is much better than that sewn by hand." I have a pair of pants at home that are sewn with a sewing machine, and you can refer to the stitches he sews. My wife said he couldn't even sew that stitch. ”

Lu Qi said: "It's like the cloth woven by our textile machine, which is impossible to weave manually. I guess the same goes for sewing machines. ”

Li Yunhe said: "If this is done, then sewing clothes will be much faster." We can specialize in selling ready-to-wear garments. ”

"Yunhe is right, it's not just that. The sewing machine can also sew things that could not be sewn before. Zhang Zhimu said.

When Zhang Zhimu and Li Yunhe returned to the office, as soon as they entered the door, Yang Yulin said, "Why did you come back, Qingfengzi and Li Shoutan have been waiting for you for a while." ”

Zhang Zhimu was overjoyed when he heard this, and said in his heart, "I was just about to ask Qingfengzi about whether he came back." Looking up and seeing that Xiao Hongyu was here, Zhang Zhimu just wanted to say hello, but Xiao Hong spoke: "Mr. Zhang, you came back from the south and didn't bring me some gifts?"

Zhang Zhimu was stunned and retorted: "Hmph! You didn't come out to pick me up yesterday, why should I bring you a gift? Zhang Zhimu felt that he had found an excuse.

Unexpectedly, Xiao Hongyu said: "Mr. Zhang is like a big husband, so careful." We went to the night show and came back today. ”

Zhang Zhimu was embarrassed, and the beauties in the office all covered their mouths and wanted to see how Zhang Zhimu answered. Zhang Zhimu really didn't bother to buy anything this time, even the gifts of Xiaoqin and Xiaohu were bought by Yang Yulin, thinking of this, he had an idea, thinking that Yang Yulin would definitely bring a gift back to Xiao Hongyu, and said, "Alas! I'm kidding you, Yang Yulin has already brought something, including mine. ”

Xiao Hongyu didn't dare to say: "Fang Cai, Yu Lin didn't say it, his gift includes yours?" ”

Zhang Zhimu glanced at Yang Yulin and said, "It's too late to say it now." ”

Yang Yulin had no choice but to say: "Okay, okay, it's all included, don't be satisfied." ”

Xiao Hongyu didn't do it at all and said, "Oh, I'm not married yet, that's it." ”

Zhang Zhimu took the opportunity to enter the back room.

After entering the house and chatting with Qingfengzi for a while, Zhang Zhimu said, "I was about to ask Master Qingfengzi if he had returned." ”

Qingfengzi said: "Oh, I can't stay in the mountain at all, and I will come back after giving a lecture to the people on the mountain." I'm coming back this time to set up a special laboratory to do some basic research, like you said, to find out the properties of all kinds of substances. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I was about to tell you about this, I see that your laboratory is built in the school." Our school is going to establish a chemistry department, and you will be the director, and Li Shoutan will be the deputy director. It is necessary not only to engage in teaching, but also to engage in scientific research and guide production. Kill a few birds with one stone, and save resources. ”

Qingfengzi said: "Mr. Zhang's idea is good, so I will do what Mr. Zhang said." ”

Then, Qingfengzi introduced the production situation of the chemical plant over there. In the end, Qingfengzi said: "Mr. Zhang, our problem is that many things use nitric acid, and we use saltpeter to make nitric acid and sulfuric acid, not to mention, even we have no stable source of saltpeter, so we have to find a way to solve this matter." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "This time I will give you two tasks, one is a small task and the other is a big task. The small task is to make soap, and the big task is to produce synthetic ammonia, and with synthetic ammonia, nitric acid is made. ”

Li Shoutan didn't speak, he asked, "Aren't we already producing soap?" What other soap do you want to make? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It's just simple soil soap, not real soap. The real soap ingredient should be mainly sodium of high-grade fatty acids. ”

Zhang Zhimu designed a chemical experiment for them to make soap and asked them to go back and do it.

The experiment was:

1. Principle

Fat and sodium hydroxide are boiled together and hydrolyzed into sodium and glycerol, which are processed and molded into soap.

2. Supplies

150 and 1 300mL beaker, glass stick, alcohol lamp, asbestos net, tripod, lard (or other animal or vegetable fat or oil), NaOH, 95% alcohol, saturated salt water.

3. Operation

(1) In a 150mL beaker, fill 6g of lard and 5mL of 95% alcohol, and then add 10mL of 40% NaOH solution. Stir with a glass rod to dissolve it (heat over a slight heat if necessary).

(2) Place the beaker on an asbestos net (or in a water bath), heat it over low heat, and stir constantly with a glass holder. During the heating process, if the alcohol and water are evaporated and reduced, they should be replenished at any time to maintain the original volume. For this purpose, a mixture of alcohol and water (1:1) can be pre-prepared for 20 mL to be added.

(3) After heating for a period of time, the saponification reaction is basically complete. If you need to test, you can take out a few drops of sample with a glass rod and put it into a test tube, add 5~6mL of distilled water to the test tube, heat and shake. When standing, there is oil separation, indicating that the saponification is incomplete, and the lye can be added dropwise to continue the saponification.

(4) Slowly add 20mL of hot distilled water to the saponified viscous liquid, stir to make them miscousible. The viscous liquid is then slowly poured into a 150mL hot saturated salt solution, stirring as you go. After standing, the soap is salted out and floats, and after all the soap is precipitated and solidified, it can be taken out with a glass rod, and the soap is made.

4. Description

(1) Oils and fats are not easily soluble in alkaline water, and alcohol is added to increase the solubility of oils and fats in alkaline solution and accelerate the saponification reaction speed.

(2) If the heating does not take a water bath, it must be heated with low heat.

(3) During the saponification reaction, the original volume of the mixture should be maintained, and the mixture in the beaker should not be boiled dry or splashed outside the beaker.

Note: Saponification reaction: The hydrolysis reaction of oils and fats under alkaline conditions.

Li Shoutan asked: "Real soap is as simple as that?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It should be said that the principle is so simple, and some shavings alkali and rosin, pigments and spices should be added to the actual production of soap. ”

Li Shoutan asked: "What is shavings?" What's the use of adding it? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Shavings alkali is also called water glass, which can be heated with soda ash and quartz sand to produce sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) after melting, and then cooled and dissolved in water to form water glass. When added to soap, it can increase hardness and washing power, prevent soap rancidity, buffer the alkalinity in soap, and reduce the loss of soap in hard water. Water glass is a water-soluble silicate. Adding water glass to laundry products can reduce the amount of dirt that comes from the laundry to the water and back again. In short, bubble alkali (sodium silicate) is a buffering washing alkali, which has a strong washing effect and a very low cost. In fact, you can also use a pressure cooker to pressurize quartz sand and soda ash to three atmospheres, and heat it to directly generate water glass. This water glass is very useful, Li Yunhe, you can produce more water glass, this thing is a good mineral glue, can be used as a binder, fire retardant and waterproof agent. ”

Qingfengzi didn't quite understand the usefulness of this kind of thing, so he asked: "Mr. Zhang, what is the use of soap, and how much can it be sold?" ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said: "I'm not exaggerating to say that in the future, this one thing, if it is mass-produced, it can feed all the kiln workers." You've got to mass-produce this thing. When producing, we should also pay attention to the shape of the soap, and the logo of the kiln should be engraved on it. It's much more convenient to have this thing to do laundry. You'll know when the time comes. ”

Li Shoutan said: "We have all the raw materials, and we can test them when we go back." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "There is also the need to extract glycerin. The liquid left after taking sodium higher fatty acids is a solution of glycerin and table salt and a small amount of sodium hydroxide. Because the vaporization temperature of glycerin is 180 degrees, but by distillation, the water is evaporated, and the salt and sodium hydroxide are precipitated, and the rest is glycerin. If the glycerin color is not good, the wood can be removed with activated carbon. ”

Li Yunhe asked: "What is glycerin used for?" ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said: "Glycerin is a good thing, the easiest thing is to make lubricant for your machine." You can also live cosmetics and so on, and the usefulness of this thing is endless at once. ”

Qingfengzi said: "Anyway, this thing is still a trivial matter, and it won't be too difficult." Let's talk about the big thing about ammonia synthesis! ”

In fact, Zhang Zhimu knows only a little about synthetic ammonia, and he knows that this thing is a comprehensive test of the industrial technical ability of the entire kiln. But if this thing is solved, then chemical production has really reached a new era. Fortunately, Zhang Zhimu has visited the synthetic ammonia factory, and he was also obsessed with chemical things before, but he still remembered some things. However, it is impossible to build a synthetic ammonia plant completely by relying on a little thing you visit, but the synthetic ammonia in the previous life was also made by the first explorer who ate crabs, they explored a little bit, and they still visited the synthetic ammonia factory after all, and they still know a little about the general process of the process, and the idea is correct, but it takes some effort to re-implement it little by little. But with a little time, you can definitely get it done.

Zhang Zhimu said: "To be honest, I have long wanted to engage in synthetic ammonia, but the conditions have not been ripe. This time to engage in the production of synthetic ammonia is a comprehensive test of the entire industrial base of our kiln. Not to mention those high-temperature and high-pressure equipment, even the testing equipment and testing technology are very complex. The products produced, the preservation and transportation are all great tests. I also tell you that if the production process itself is not well controlled, it is also very dangerous. But I want to tell you, if we make ammonia, then we will really enter a new era, and at that time, our dealers will be able to use chemical fertilizers, and the yield of food crops will be greatly increased. It will also bring new opportunities to many other chemical industries. This is the real chemical industry. ”

Zhang Zhimu didn't say how to produce synthetic ammonia according to the body, but just mobilized everyone's appetite.

Li Yunhe said: "Mr. Zhang, just say what to do, we are desperate to get synthetic ammonia out." ”

Li Shoutan also said: "It's a big deal, let's fight together!" Gotta get it out. Mr. Zhang, let's talk about what synthetic ammonia is. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "In fact, everyone is very familiar with ammonia and ammonia. We are going to synthesize ammonia artificially from nitrogen and hydrogen. To put it simply, this process is divided into two processes, one is to produce hydrogen and nitrogen, and the second is to use iron as a catalyst to synthesize hydrogen and ammonia into ammonia at high temperature and high pressure. ”

Li Yunhe asked: "It doesn't sound complicated, when we produce oxygen, we can produce nitrogen." It's just that hydrogen can't be produced by electrolysis, right, is that too expensive? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "According to the specific situation in Shanxi, because we have a lot of coal here, we use coal and water vapor to react at high temperatures to produce hydrogen and nitrogen, and then purify to produce hydrogen and nitrogen." ”

Li Shoutan said: "This doesn't sound like it will be too difficult, right? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Yes. The difficulty lies in purifying these steps. ”

Li Yunhe said anxiously: "Mr. Zhang, don't worry about your appetite, let's talk about how to purify this nitrogen and hydrogen?" ”

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Calculus formulas, tables of chemical elements; Conquer Japan in the east and attack Mayi in the south; Penicillin, syringe. --Progress of "Memories of the Southern Song Dynasty".