Two coordinated forces can be divided into the power of ten people.

- Hezhe proverb

There is a village of mixed ethnic groups on the banks of the Daxia River outside the east gate of Hezhou City. There are two large families in the village. One is to return to the Yang family. The other is the Salta people. Therefore, people called this village Yang Tuojia.

In 1788, the family gave birth to a baby boy. His parents named him Daoud Musa, and his Chinese name was Tuo Ming, and the Chinese name was Dexuan.

When he grew up, he joined the Muslim Hufeiye Eunuch. Around 1812, he came to the Western Regions from Gansu and founded the Hufei Yemen Turpan Dongdao Church, serving as the teaching agent of the Yarkand branch of the Lambani Order.

During the Qing Dynasty, the Western Regions was also called Huijiang.

In 1697, the Qing army defeated the Mongol Dzungar tribe entrenched in the Western Regions and took control of the eastern part of Huijiang. During the Yongzheng period, the Western Regions and Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other areas newly incorporated under the rule of the Qing Dynasty were collectively known as the Xinjiang Six Offices.

The Uyghurs there have "Taisdar" made of white cloth wrapped around their heads, so they are called "winding back" by the Han Chinese.

There are also many Hui people who speak Chinese in Huijiang. They are either the descendants of the Hui people who came to Huijiang to do business and preach, or they are the continuation of the bloodline of the Tuntian soldiers in the earlier Great Yuan period.

In 1592, Nur, a Hui from Xining, returned from studying in Mecca and led more than 800 followers to Hami to preach, where he ended up impermanent. In 1755, after quelling the Junggar rebellion, the Qing army built a castle in the Urumqi area, transferred troops from all over Shaanxi and Gansu, and encouraged families to enter Xinjiang for cultivation and farming. In Hezhou alone, 500 Hui families moved to Dihua with their families. Around 1765, the Haiyuan and Xiji areas of Ningxia Prefecture were flooded, and more than 250 Hui people from two villages moved to Dihua. The place where they lived was named Ningxia Bay.

Yongzheng and Qianlong pursued a policy of discrimination and oppression against the Hui people, and in the name of reclaiming the real border, they collectively relocated the Hui people from Shaanxi and Gansu provinces to the Hui Xinjiang. Many Hui people who came here to do business did not return for a long time and became residents of Xinjiang.

In the 60s of the 19th century, most of the residents of many counties in northern Xinjiang were Hui people. At that time, there were more Hui people in Dihua City than Han and Manchu in Dihua City. There are even more Hui people in the Ili Valley. Most of the inns and restaurants are in the hands of the Hui people.

In Huijiang, Qianlong implemented one district and three systems with the Burke system as the mainstay, supplemented by the Zazak system and the county system. Burke is the Turkic word for chief, and he is the theocracy of the regime. According to the ethnic characteristics of Huijiang, Qianlong appointed Aksu Aqimu Boke as the third-rank official and Ishagabak as the fourth-rank official, and successively promoted it to other regions; The hereditary system of Burke was abolished, and the court appointed the children of Uyghur religious nobles instead; The change of the five taxes from ten to one of the ten taxes in the Zungar Khanate reduced the burden on the Uyghur peasants; The Ili General's Mansion was responsible for the defense of Xinjiang; Leave the governance of the place in the hands of Burke, who is a local.

In May 1863+1, Uyghur, Hui, and Han Chinese peasants in Kuqa County in southern Xinjiang were sent to a water conservancy site by the Weigan River to serve in forced labor because they could not afford to pay their grain contributions. Many were starved, tired, and scourged.

Under the influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Shaanxi-Gansu Huihui Uprising, the peasants could not bear the hunger and cold, and under the leadership of Tohuti Niyazihari and others, an unprecedented anti-Qing uprising broke out, killing two officials and 15 Burkes, and then marched to the county seat of Kuqa.

Nearby Hui people Yang Chun, Ma Sanbao, Ma Long and others immediately responded to the incident. On June 6, he invaded the city of Kuqa, killed the ministers of the imperial court in Kuqa, Salinga, Aqimu Berk Kurban, etc., and supported the Dabayi (i.e., landlord) of Kuqa, Gallariddin Rexiddin as Hezhuo, and established an uprising regime.

Seeing that uprisings had broken out across the country, he contacted Suo Huanzhang, a general of the Hui Qing army in Dihua, to plot an uprising.

They took advantage of the opportunity when the Qing soldiers of Dihua went to southern Xinjiang to suppress the Kucha uprising, launched an armed uprising at Nanguan of Hancheng in Dihua, and then besieged Gongning City (i.e., Mancheng). He established himself as the king of Halal and built a royal city to the south of Dihua.

Due to Suo Huanzhang's unfirm position, he was soon demoted to Turpan, and Ma was promoted to marshal in addition, Ma Tai, Ma Zhong, Ma Ming, and Ma Guan were all generalissimos.

When the Dihua rebel army was at its strongest, it developed eastward to Hami, westward to Wusu, southward to Turpan, and northward to fight with the Qing army for Tarbahatai (present-day Tacheng in Xinjiang).

The flames of the uprising quickly spread throughout the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. In just a few months, uprisings were held in Korla, Dihua, Changji, Kashgar, Khotan, Hami, Tacheng, Ili and other places, dealing a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Huijiang.

While waging an anti-Qing struggle, the insurrectionary masses in Ili and Tacheng also waged a resolute struggle against the aggression of Tsarist Russia, contributing to the defense of the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity.

In addition to Huiyuan City (today's Huocheng County), Huining City (today's Yining County), Kashgar Hancheng, Yingjisha Hancheng, etc., there were also Qing troops trapped in Xinjiang, and the rest fell into the hands of the rebel military regime.

The feudal aristocracy and church leaders soon usurped the leadership of the uprising. They successively established local separatist regimes in Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, Turpan and other places, and began to fight among themselves and slaughter other ethnic groups, providing excellent opportunities and conditions for foreign invasions.

Muhammad Yakhov stood out.

Muhammad Yakhov was born in 1820 in Piskanti, near Tashkent, the homeland of the Khorezm Empire. His father was a clergyman in the village who recited scriptures and healed the sick, and he divorced Yakhov's mother at an early age. Mother took the young Yahov to remarry a butcher. A few years later, my mother died. At the age of 10, Muhammad Yakhov was kicked out of his home by a butcher and orphaned on the streets of Tashkent. He was very handsome, and was trained by profiteers to be a show boy like Zheng He, and gave it to Kashika, the Khan's attendant.

In 1842, the Bukhara Khanate occupied the Kokand Khanate. The whole country was in chaos. At that time, Kajika, the archim bok (the highest official in charge of religious affairs) in the city of Kokand, lost his life in the struggle for the throne of Khan.

Muhammad Yakhov, who had grown up, was forced to return to his homeland and defect to Kush, an official in Tashkent, to whom he dedicated his beautiful sister. He thus earned the post of commander of five hundreds, responsible for suppressing the Kazakhs who revolted near Tashkent.

Muhammad Yakhov was brave and good at fighting, and he made many achievements.

Around 1860, Muhammad Yakhov was promoted to the rank of official in the city of Akmegit (present-day Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan) and became a vassal of one side. People respectfully called him Jahov Burke (i.e., Lord Jahov). The officials of the Qing Dynasty mistakenly translated it into the Chinese word Agu Bai according to the ear sound.

Sidil, a Kyrgyz who occupied the old city of Kashgar, established himself as a pasha (i.e., governor). In order to establish his prestige, he decided to send his Huihui Jin Xiangyin to the Kokand Khanate, and welcomed Busuruk, the fourth-generation grandson of Yamato Zhuo Polonidu, who was killed by Qianlong, and Zhang Ge's son, who was known as a saint, back to Xinjiang as Hezhuo, and planned to use him as a puppet.

The Kokand Khanate was a small feudal state founded by the Uzbeks and Tajiks in the Ferghana Basin in 1710. In 1760, the Kokand Khanate became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. From 1822 to 1842, the Khanate entered its heyday, and repeatedly supported the rebellion of Zhang Ge, the grandson of Yamato Zhuo, into Xinjiang.

The Kokand Khanate had been coveting Huijiang for a long time, and finally looked forward to the opportunity to intervene in Huijiang.

In the spring of 1865, at the behest of the Khan of the Kokand Khanate, General Agub led 50 cavalry to escort Busuluk to the city of Kashgar.

As soon as Busuluk and Agub arrived in Kashgar, they staged a mutiny and drove Sidil out of the city.

Annoyed and angry, Sidil led more than 7,000 Kirghiz soldiers to attack Kashgar.

Aguba led only 100 cavalry to attack the enemy at night, and easily defeated Steele, showing superior military command ability.

Aguba took over the army of Steele and formed an army of several thousand men. He led his army to conquer Ingisha County and drove the remnants of Sidil out of Huijiang completely.

In April, with the strong support of Aguba, Busuluk established the Zhedeshar Khanate (i.e., the Seven-City Khanate), indicating his ambition to rule the seven cities of Kashgar, Ingishha, Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, Kucha, and Ushi.

Aguba adjusted the focus of his strategy in time and attacked Kashgar Hancheng (today's Shule County), which had been besieged for 13 months.

On September 1, the Qing army garrisoned He Buyun and surrendered. Kashgar Minister Kui Ying and Co-Minister Fu Zhu Ling'a led the whole family to commit suicide and martyrdom.

Agubo burned, killed, and plundered in Seoul, slaughtering tens of thousands of Manchus and Han Chinese.

The Kokand Khanate was again defeated by the Russian-backed Bukhara Khanate. The Khan's close attendant, Yunusjiang, led more than 7,000 remnants of Kokand to Kashgar to join the same tribe of Aguba.

After Aguba obtained this army, his strength increased greatly.

In December 1866, Aquba conquered Khotan and massacred the rebellious citizens.

Since then, the people who have returned to Xinjiang have hated the Kokand people and shouted the slogan of "killing all the people of Andijan". Andijan was a trading city on the border of the Kokand Khanate. The common people who returned to Xinjiang referred to the Kokand people as the Andijan people.

Yamato Zhuobu Suluk was unwilling to be Aguba's puppet and launched a mutiny in Kashgar.

Aguba quickly ousted the disobedient Busuluk from his throne and sent him on a pilgrimage to the distant Arabian Peninsula to elect Busuruk's cousin Maimaitimin to the throne.

Unexpectedly, Maimaitimin was not willing to be Aguba's puppet.

With the continuous victories, Aguba decided that there was no need to use puppets as a fig leaf, and secretly poisoned Maimaitimin, so he simply went to the forefront of politics.

In May 1867, Aguba announced the abolition of the Zhedeshar Khanate and the establishment of the Hongfu Khanate, proclaiming himself king of the Hongfu Khanate.

In July, Aguba conquered Kucha's last and strongest rival in southern Xinjiang, Kucha and Zhuorexidin. In less than two years, after unremitting efforts and repeated struggles, Agubo finally unified the vast area of southern Xinjiang.

In May 1870, Aguba obtained a large number of advanced equipment from Britain and Russia, and further invaded the eastern frontier, but was dealt a powerful blow by the Hui rebel army.

Agubai led the army to counterattack again, defeated the rebel army in Turpan, and defeated the rebel army again in the south of Dihua City, cut off the connection between the northern Xinjiang and the Hexi Corridor, and surrendered Bai Yanhu's Shaanxi and Gansu rebel army, and further strengthened its strength.

Aguba led a fierce army to the city of Dihua and demanded that Todelin promise to revoke the title of King of Halal and accept his moderation. If the above conditions are met, he can consider retiring from the army.

Trapped in Dihua City, the leader of the uprising, Tuo Dexuan, had to temporarily agree to Aguba's request, and when Aguba's main force withdrew, he took the opportunity to get out of his control again.

In 1871, Aguba attacked Dihua again, occupied the imperial city of Todelin, and became the governor of the whole of Huijiang. Externally, he declared that he would temporarily take care of the land on behalf of the Qing Empire.

Tu Dexuan led the rebel army to retreat to Manas, and joined forces with Xu Xuegong, the leader of the local Han People's League, to counterattack Dihua, but was unsuccessful.

The Qing army was guarding a few strongholds such as Tacheng and Wusu, and did not dare to come out to meet them.

Britain, Russia, and Ottoman Turkey had long harbored ulterior motives for returning to Xinjiang, so they vied with each other to win over Aguba in an attempt to gain benefits and rights in Huijiang.

Russia recognized the Zhedeshar Khanate as early as 1865 in exchange for trade benefits in southern Xinjiang.

Aguba, who was haunted by the destruction of the Kokand Khanate by Russia, drew closer to the British.

Russia feared that Aguba and Britain would swallow up their forbidden territory. In July 1871, in order to stop his expansion, the Russians sent troops to occupy Ili in the Qing Dynasty as a deterrent to Aguba.

Aguba was indeed panicked and had to sign the Russo-Argentine Treaty with Russia. In order to contain Russia, he signed the "Anglo-Argentine Treaty" with Britain, which completely lost Russia's trade privileges in southern Xinjiang.

In 1873, Todkel died of illness in Manas. The Dihua rebel army disappeared in an instant like raindrops falling on the Gobi Desert in summer.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, led by Liu Jintang and Jin Shun, went west to return to Xinjiang to fight back against Agubai's invading forces, and started the battle to recover Xinjiang.

Dong Fuxiang's Dong Zi 3rd Battalion was a native of the Northwest Army, which was not afraid of wind and sand, charged ahead, and broke the Mulei River (today's Mulei County) and Gumudi (today's Miquan City) in the Tianshan Mountains.

On August 17, 1876, the Qing army recaptured Dihua in one fell swoop.

The guard Bai Yanhu fled all the way to Turpan, the gateway to southern Xinjiang.

Zuo Zongtang ordered Liu Jintang to garrison Dihua, and Jin Shun pursued the rebels.

Kim Soon fought for three months in the southern city of Manas. Liu Jintang and Ili General Rongquan successively reinforced and used new breech-loading flowering cannons to attack the rebels. Heavy casualties were inflicted on both sides.

The generals of the rebel army were killed, committed suicide, or were captured. The remaining more than 1,000 soldiers who surrendered were all killed by Jin Shun.

The Qing soldiers dug up his body from the Gongbei (i.e., the grave) of Todelin, and brandished his sword to vent their anger and hatred.

Aguba lost all of his territory in the northern frontier.

In April 1877, Zuo Zongtang commanded the Qing army to advance on three routes.

On the first road, Liu Jintang went south from Dihua to attack Dabancheng; The second way, Zhang Yao, marched west from Hami; On the third route, Xu Zhanbiao set out from Balikun and went to Yanchi east of Dihua to join Zhang Yao's division and jointly attack Turpan.

Liu Jintang Lianke Dabancheng and Tuoxun. Aquba's second son, Haigula, abandoned the city and fled.

The second road Zhang Yao and the third road Xu Zhanbiao joined forces to encircle Turpan. Bai Yanhu, the defender of Turpan, was forced to flee south.

In May, Agubai gathered his Kokand soldiers and horses in Karasar and prepared to fight Zuo Zongtang to the death. As a result, Zuo Zongtang had not yet arrived, but Agu Bai died suddenly and mysteriously on the 29th.

Haigula asked Bai Yanhu to defend Karasar and retreated west with his father's corpse himself.

Bai Yanhu was cornered by Zuo Zongtang and fled in the direction of Kashgar.

Haigula's nephew, Berke al-Huri, killed him in Kucha and succeeded his grandfather Aguba in Kashgar.

At this time, the British responded to Aguba's request for help, asking Zuo Zongtang to stop the attack and let Burke Huli continue to reign in Kashgar.

Zuo Zongtang responded angrily: "Britain wants the Kokand people to be kings, and they can carve out a piece of their own land, why should they use the land of the Qing Dynasty?" ”

He immediately ordered Liu Jintang to march into southern Xinjiang.

In October, Liu Jintang traveled 2,000 miles and regained the four cities of Karasar, Kucha, Aksu and Wushi in eastern southern Xinjiang.

In mid-to-late December, Liu Jintang conquered Kashgar. Bai Yanhu fled into Russian territory.

In January of the following year, Liu Jintang recovered Khotan.

At this point, the Hongfu Khanate established by Aguba was completely destroyed. With the exception of Ili, which was occupied by the Russians, the Qing army regained vast areas of Huijiang that had been occupied by Aguba for 12 years.

Ili, occupied by Russia, was a thorn in Zuo Zongtang's back.

The Ili River Valley, located in northern Xinjiang, is an important gateway to Xinjiang and Central Asia. As long as Tsarist Russia occupies Ili, it will be easy to invade and return to Xinjiang.

The Qing court sent Zeng Guofan's son, Zeng Jize, to negotiate with Russia.

Russia was in the midst of the 10th Russo-Turkish War with Turkey and had no time to look eastward, so it was forced to make some concessions.

In February 1881, the Qing Dynasty finally reclaimed Ili.

In 1884, the Qing Dynasty officially established Xinjiang Province. Liu Jintang, the secretary of the military department, served as the first governor of Xinjiang Province and accepted the moderation of the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.

Liu Jintang immediately implemented the reform of the land and returned to the stream. He abolished the Burke system and divided Xinjiang into three provinces, which were governed by liuguan sent by the imperial court; Burke's title was still retained, but the rights and rank were greatly reduced; The Ili General's Mansion was placed under the jurisdiction of the Xinjiang Governor, and he was only in charge of the border defense of Ili and Tacheng, and was no longer the president of the entire military affairs of Xinjiang. Through the practice of immigration, the practice of resettlement has attracted displaced people from the interior to Xinjiang to reclaim land by reducing land rents and issuing loans.

In order to solve the logistical problems in the war, Zuo Zongtang invited a large number of merchants from Tianjin to trade with the army, commonly known as the big camp.

Gandaying not only brought thousands of Tianjin traders to Xinjiang, changed the social form in which the Hui people controlled Xinjiang's commerce in the past, but also enriched the population composition of the Han people in Xinjiang.