When brothers break up, neighbors take advantage of the loopholes.

- Gaoshan proverb

Like all feudal dynasties, the history of the Mongol Empire was, without exception, a bloody history of power struggles.

The Great Mongolia established in 1206 began with Genghis Khan Temujin, followed by his third son Ögedai, the eldest son of Ögedei Guiyou, the eldest son of Tuolei, Möngke, the youngest son of Tuolei, Kublai Khan, after 65 years and 5 emperors.

In 1271, Kublai Khan established the Great Yuan Dynasty.

The first emperor of the Great Yuan was Kublai Khan, and due to the premature death of his eldest son Zhenjin, Kublai Khan made Zhenjin's third son, Temur, the emperor Yuan Chengzong.

It is a pity that Temur has no children. After his death, the second son of Zhenjin's second son, the nephew of Temur, Aiyuli Bali Bada, and his mother returned to Dadu to mourn, and killed Ananda, the son of Zhenjin's younger brother, who was plotting to stand on his own, and put his brother, Haishan, the eldest son of Zhenjin's second son, on the throne. The imperial power was transferred from the first line of the third son of Zhenjin to the first line of the second son.

Yuan Wuzong Haishan reciprocated Li with peach, and set up his younger brother Aiyu Li Bali Bada as the crown prince.

In 1311, after the death of Yuanwuzong Haishan, Aiyuli Bali Bada succeeded to the throne as the crown prince.

According to the agreement between Yuanrenzong Aiyu Li Bali Bada and his elder brother Yuanwuzong Haishan gentleman, the successor to his throne should be his nephew, Yuanwuzong Haishan's eldest son and Shiyong (la). However, he violated the agreement with his elder brother, appointed his son Shuodeba as the crown prince, only named his brother's eldest son and Shiyong as the king of Zhou, sent him out of Yunnan, and sent his brother's second son Tu Temur to Hainan Island.

At the same time, Yuan Renzong sent Dorji, a descendant of Badr, to Yunnan with him, in order to monitor He Shiling's words and deeds, but he did not expect that Dorji would become He Shiling's confidant.

In December 1316, when Daoerji and He Shiyong and his party went to Yan'an, Daoerji and the former ministers of He Shiling's father, Yuanwuzong Haishan, were reluctant to continue south.

Dorji advised He Shiyun and said: "According to the agreement between the previous emperor and the current emperor, you should have been appointed as the crown prince. Now the current emperor not only does not appoint you as the crown prince, but also sends you to remote Yunnan, is it really unreasonable? We should find a way to restore your crown princeship. ”

The 16-year-old He Shiyong was fledgling at the time and was hesitant to oppose his uncle Yuan Wenzong. Unexpectedly, the secret agents in the entourage sent the news of the rebellion of the old ministers and Shiling back to Dadu.

Yuan Renzong was terrified and immediately sent an army to hunt down and kill Heshiyong.

Seeing that the situation was critical, Dorji fled with He Shiyong to the Chagatai Khanate in the northwest. While they were passing through the tribe of Grolu, the young and handsome met the beautiful Mairadi, a descendant of Seju and Muhammad.

He married Shiju and Mailaidi, and then took her on a journey to the Altai Mountains.

In 1320, on the banks of the Irtysh River under the Altai Mountains, Mailedi gave birth to a son, Tuhuan Temur. Unfortunately, Mai Lai Di died of postpartum blood collapse and did not wait for the day when her husband and son would later become Emperor Dayuan.

Just when Dorji and Shiju were rejoicing at the birth of their son and grieving for the death of Mailaidi, the news of the death of the 36-year-old Yuan Renzong came.

Dorji excitedly told Heshijung: "It seems that you have hope for ascending the throne!" ”

He Shijun has not yet come out of the grief of losing his beloved wife, and he can't lift his spirits all day long. He said helplessly: "The emperor's 18-year-old son Shuode Bara has ascended the throne. ”

Dorji said: "Shuo De Ba Ra acted recklessly, and he would not have much ability. We'll see. ”

At that time, there were one after another turmoil in the clan, palace coups, concubines interfering in politics, and powerful ministers, which made the government very chaotic.

After his accession to the throne, Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba Ra decided to reform the government, but it was difficult to implement it because the power minister Temudier and his henchmen controlled the government.

In 1322, Temudiel died, and Yuan Yingzong boldly used his own people and began to implement a new policy. He executed Temudiel's son, Basgith, and tracked down his henchmen.

The remnants of Temudiel's party were terrified and plotted a coup d'état.

In September 1323, Yuan Yingzong returned to Dadu from the summer vacation in Shangdu and stopped at Nanpodian, which was 30 miles away from Shangdu.

On the night of the same day, 16 of Temudiel's henchmen staged a coup d'état and killed the 20-year-old Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba Ra on behalf of the Asu people in the guard.

The news of the assassination of Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba Ra reached the Altai Mountains. Dorjitong and Shiju were so excited that they didn't fall asleep for days. They're gearing up and ready to make a big deal.

However, this time the good fortune still did not fall on the top of He Shiling's head.

Since Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba Ra had no heirs, Temu Die'er's henchmen Yingli Zhenjin's eldest son's son also Sun Temur ascended the throne as Emperor Taiding.

The imperial power was transferred from the second son of Zhenjin to the eldest son.

Emperor Taiding was charitable and took Tu Timur back from Hainan Island.

In 1328, at the age of 36, Emperor Taiding's grandson Temur died. His son, Asujiba, succeeded to the throne and became Emperor Yuanshun.

Yan Temur, a high-ranking official born in the Haishan guard of Yuan Wuzong, staged a coup d'état, forcing Emperor Yuan Shun to flee to Shangdu. Yan Tiemur began to prepare to push and Shiling as emperor, and later changed to Tu Temur, the younger brother of Tu Tiemur, as Yuan Wenzong. Yuan Wenzong began his first reign.

The Yuan Shun Emperor of Shangdu, Asu Jiba, and the Yuan Wen Zongtu Temur of Dadu launched a battle for orthodoxy. Emperor Yuan Shun was defeated and killed. As a result, the throne returned to the hands of Yuan Wenzong, the second son of Zhenjin.

Yuanwen Zongtu Temur declared that he would cede the throne to his brother and Shi Ling.

When the news reached the distant Altai Mountains, Dorji was particularly happy and hurried to congratulate He Shiju.

In 1329, He Shiyong was enthroned as Yuan Mingzong in Shangdu of Mobei under the management of Daoerji and others.

Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling, escorted by Daoerji and others, went to the capital to take up their posts. When he walked to Wang Huchadu (today's Zhangbei, Hebei Province), he met his younger brother Yuan Wenzong, who had come to greet him. The brothers toasted each other at the feast and congratulated each other.

Not long after the banquet ended, Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling vomited blood and died.

Dorgi was furious and led people to kill the local officials in charge of the reception. He couldn't help but lament: "Your Majesty, your career has been difficult and tortuous, you finally got the throne, and died in a conspiracy. Doesn't God open his eyes and look? ”

Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling, on their deathbeds, asked Dorji to protect the queen and his son Tuhuan Temur.

Yuan Wenzong saw that his brother Yuan Mingzong had died, and pretended to grieve for many days, and then sat on the throne of the emperor for the second time.

The status of the orphans and widows left behind by Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling was in jeopardy.

In 1330, the Yuan Wen sect sent people to kill his sister-in-law, the empress of the Yuan Ming sect, Ba Busha, and exiled his nephew Tuhuan Temur to the great Qingdao of Goryeo and imprisoned him, not allowing him to have contact with the outside world. Dorji continued to accompany the emperor's widow Tuhuan Timur in Goryeo.

In the following year, someone secretly told Yuan Wenzong that Liaoyang and Goryeo were going to rebel and try to push Huan Temur as emperor.

Yuan Wenzong was shocked, so he announced to the world that Tuhuan Temur was not the biological son of his elder brother Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling, and took him back from Goryeo in the east, and exiled him to Jingjiang (now Guilin, Guangxi) in the south, where he was not familiar with the place where he was born.

After a long journey of several months, Tuhuan Temur and Dorji arrived in Jingjiang. They lived in the Dayuan Temple, where they were taught by Elder Akie and learned some Han Chinese classics.

After all, Tuhuan Temur is still a teenager with a lively and active personality. He used to dig a small pit in it, spill urine in it, and then make various toys out of the mud. He also likes to keep some birds. Sometimes, the birds flew to the dead branches of the pond, and Temur did not bother to take off his boots and went down into the water to catch them. He also often acts as the king of children, leading 2 or 30 children to make paper flagpoles and plant them in the city. Life was very pleasant.

Elder Qiujiang paid attention to cultivating the words and deeds of Tuhuan Temur, and taught him earnestly: "The crown prince is the golden branch and jade leaf of the country, and he cannot be equated with ordinary people. ”

Therefore, whenever an official came to inspect the temple, Tuhuan Temur sat upright. Once the officials had left, he began to frolic again. After Tuhuan Temur later became emperor, in order to repay the kindness of Elder Qiujiang, he not only rewarded him greatly, but also changed the Dayuan Temple into the Hall of Longevity.

After Yuan Wenzong expelled his nephew Tuhuan Temur, he made his son the crown prince. However, the prince died a month later.

The death of their son was undoubtedly a heavy blow to the Yuan Wenzong couple, who believed in Tibetan Buddhism and believed in karma.

In September 1332, Yuanwen Zongtu Temur died. Before he died, he left his last words: "Back then, it was a big mistake for me to kill my brother in Wang Kuchadu, and I really regret it." Now, although I have a beloved son, Yan Tigusi, I am now supposed to pass the throne to my eldest son, my eldest son, Temur. In this way, after I passed away, I also had an explanation for my brother. ”

At that time, the powerful minister who controlled the government was Yan Temur. He did not establish Yuan Mingzong and Shi Ling's eldest son Tuhuan Temur, but established Tuhuan Temur's half-brother Yixuan Zhiban to succeed him as Yuanningzong.

In December of that year, the short-lived Yuanning Zongyi class died.

Yan Timur planned to set up Yuan Wenzong's son Yan Tigusi to succeed him, but Yuan Wenzong's empress Bu Ta Shuli insisted on establishing Tuhuan Temur as emperor and sent people to Jingjiang to welcome Tuhuan Temur back to Beijing.

Tuhuan Temur was reluctant to return to Dadu, but he couldn't withstand the bitter persuasion of Dorji and Elder Qiujiang, and finally embarked on the journey home.

They walked to Liangxiang (today's Fangshan, Beijing) in the south of Dadu, and unexpectedly met Yan Tiemur, who came to greet them.

In order to spy on Tuhuan Temur's inner plans, Yan Tiemur deliberately went hand in hand with him, explaining his intention to support him as the emperor.

Tuhuan Temur was still a thirteen-year-old child, and he was very shocked for a while at the idea of making himself emperor, and did not dare to answer immediately.

Yan Tiemur therefore suspected that he did not trust him, and did not appoint him emperor after returning to Dadu, and secretly instigated the divination officials to say: "If Timur, the eldest son of Shiling, waits for six months in the Year of the Rooster before ascending to the throne, then the emperor's fortune will last as long as Kublai Khan."

A number of ministers asked, "Who is responsible for the state when the throne is vacant like this?"

Yan Timur said: "All of you should carefully calculate the foreshadowing of the gods. If this is the case, it would be great if it could make the emperor's holy life last a long time. When the throne is vacant, the country will be shouldered by me. ”

Under the pretext of promoting Dorji to become an officer, Yan Timur transferred him from Tuhuan Temur's side and cut off one of Tohuan Temur's right-hand men.

In half a year, Tuhuan Temur's aunt Bu Ta lost the dynasty to weigh the system. Yan Temur'er's power has also reached the pinnacle.

In June 1333, Yan Temur died of overindulgence.

Yuan Wenzong's empress and aunt Bu Ta Lili and Tuhuan Temur privately agreed that their son Yan Tigusi would be the heir to the throne in the future, and openly supported Tuhuan Temur's accession to the throne.

Yuan Huizong officially ascended the throne in Shangdu, changed the name of the year to Yuantong, and named Yan Temur's daughter Dana Shuli as the queen, his aunt Bu Da Shuli as the empress dowager, and his cousin Yan Tigusi as the crown prince.

He then ordered Dorji to be transferred back to Dadu and guarded by his side.

At the beginning of his tenure, Yuan Huizong was obscure, living in the palace all day long, doing nothing on the surface, and looking like a puppet emperor.

The powerful minister Boyan couldn't hold back his loneliness and began to imitate Yan Tiemur to be good at government affairs.

At that time, the power of the Yan Tiemur family was still very large. His younger brother Satun and son Tang Qishi were both high-ranking officials in the court, and his daughter Dana lost Li had the dignity of the queen.

In 1335, Satun died. Tang Qishi was promoted to the prime minister of Zuo, plotted a coup d'état, killed Boyan, abolished Yuan Huizong, and appointed his younger brother and Yuan Wenzong's righteous son Ta Lahai as emperor.

Boyan immediately united with Dorji and other royalist generals in the army to crush Tang Qishi's coup d'état, wiped out the remnants of Yan Tiemur's party in one fell swoop, and expelled Yan Tiemur's daughter, Yuan Huizong's empress, from the palace and poisoned her with poisoned wine in Kaiping's house.

Yuan Huizong made Boyan the king of Qin and promoted Daoerji to the commander of the garrison of Dadu.

Boyan thought that he had a merit in eliminating Yan Tiemur's family power, and his selfishness began to swell, covering the sky with one hand, wantonly rejecting dissidents, and even killing his old master, Tan Wang Cheche's bald family, and degrading and degrading Wang Temur to make Wang Temur not spend and Weishun Wang Kuanche Puhua. He also canceled the imperial examinations, amassed wealth on a large scale, was extremely poor and luxurious, and had an affair with the empress dowager.

At that time, the streets and alleys of most of the capital were singing songs that satirized Boyan: "The king is bullied, the people are abused, and the empress dowager is relied on." ”

Boyan has also been criticized for his policy of national oppression. Under his leadership, the Han and Nan people were beaten by the Mongols and Semu and could not fight back, the Han and Nan people were forbidden to learn the Mongolian and Semu script, the Han and the Nan people were reaffirmed that they were not allowed to hold weapons, and the boundaries of Han officials were strictly controlled.

There are only 3 Han Chinese in Zhongshu Province under Boyan's rule who have done Zuo Cheng and Shen Governor's affairs. Locally, iron farming tools were confiscated from the Han Chinese, and cultural activities were forbidden. In the face of Han resistance, Boyan put forward the idea of killing the five Han people surnamed Zhang, Wang, Liu, Li, and Zhao.

Fortunately, Yuan Huizong did not listen to his advice.

Boyan's perverse behavior made the Great Yuan Dynasty, which had already had very acute social contradictions, even more turbulent. Peasant uprisings broke out in Guangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hebei, Henan, and other places.

In 1338, the Sultan of Delhi, Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, sent the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta as an emissary to visit the Great Yuan with gifts including 200 Hindu slaves. They were attacked by Hindu believers. All 4,000 cavalrymen were killed, and 78 were missing.

Ibn Battuta was fortunate enough to arrive in Dayuan, and accompanied by Dorji, he crossed the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to Dadu and met with Yuan Huizong.

The chaos caused by Boyan's dictatorship was seen by Yuan Huizong. He conspired with Dorji and Boyan's nephew Tokhoff to get rid of Boyan.

Boyan was not idle, but was ready to move, conspiring with the Empress Dowager to replace Yuan Huizong with her and Yuan Wenzong's son Yan Tigusi.

In March 1340, Yuan Huizong, together with Daoerji and Toto, took advantage of Boyan's hunting trip to stage a coup d'état, deposed Boyan, and exiled him to Yangchun County (today's Yangjiang, Guangdong Province) in Nanenzhou, a remote Guangnan East Road.

The era of Boyan's dictatorship has finally come to an end. At this point, Yuan Huizong was truly able to govern himself.

In order to avenge the murder of his father, Yuan Huizong ordered Daoerji to lead people to destroy the Yuanwen clan in the Taimiao, gave his aunt the Empress Dowager to death, exiled Yuan Wenzong's son Yan Tigusi, and destroyed Yuan Wenzong's edict that declared that he was not the son of Yuan Mingzong and Shiling.

In the second year, Yuan Huizong was full of spirit and made great efforts, with Dorji and Totok as the two right-hand men of the military land, and announced that he would start with the world, and prepare to develop his ambitions and rejuvenate Dayuan.

In order to save the ruling crisis of the Great Yuan Dynasty, Tokhtar implemented a series of reforms, which is known as Tokhtar and Change. He restored the imperial examination system, promulgated the "Agricultural and Mulberry Compendium", rectified the rule of officials, recruited hermits, exempted taxes, opened the horse ban, reduced the amount of salt, compiled the three histories of Liao, Song and Jin, and implemented Confucian governance, including the opening of the scripture feast and the four seasons of the Taimiao festival, the suburbs to worship the sky, and the pro-cultivation ceremony.

With the close cooperation of the monarch and the ministers, the Great Yuan Dynasty once showed a situation of returning to the light. The Confucian scholars of the Han people, who had been suppressed in the past, were also excited. Ouyang Xuan wrote: "To the national sage of Binxing County, the majesty is before seeing Jiayin again. The apricot orchard flowers are in March, and the Guiyuan incense is sold for another seven years. Leopard Hidden Mountain Chinese fog, Pengbo sea wings hanging sky. In the Ming Dynasty, the etiquette must be Qijun, and Mo Dao Confucianism was born from the Holy Place. ”

In 1344, Toto, who was constantly being attacked by the old forces, asked to retire under the pretext of being ill, and asked for his resignation 17 times in a row.

Yuan Huizong reluctantly agreed.

In the following 5 years, Yuan Huizong successively appointed Arutu, Bei'er Timid, Duo'er, He Weiyi and other people as ministers. Although these people are not traitors, their abilities cannot be compared with Tokhtar.

Yuan Huizong saw that the government had not improved greatly, and he was sullen all day long.

One day, he couldn't help but sigh to Dorji: "The family is poor and thinks of a good wife, and the country is in trouble." ”