Chapter 15 Telephones and Lights Vulcanized rubber

When Yan Xing went back, Li Wei followed. According to Li Wei, artillery needs to be well selected. Zhang Zhimu knew that Li Wei also wanted to go out for a walk, and Yan Xing and Li Kui also persuaded Li Wei to go to Niutou Mountain. Zhang Zhimu didn't break it.

After Yan Xing and Li Kui left, Zhang Zhimu called Li Yunhe, Li Di, and Yang Chang to his office.

Zhang Zhimu asked, "How about the large-scale alternating current power generation that I asked you to study?" ”

Li Yunhe said: "There is no problem how big the steam engine is, we have already demonstrated, that is, according to the efficiency of 30 percent of the output power, we have designed the steam engine drawings for the two megawatt generators to generate electricity. ”

Li Di said: "In fact, the alternator is much simpler than the DC generator, and we have designed the two-megawatt generator, and the output voltage we designed is 1,000 volts. If required, it can be produced immediately. It's just that the transformer needed for AC has not yet been designed, and the motors used in our current machine tools are DC, and if they are used, they also need to use DC motors to rotate the current. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Large generators must use alternating current, which can emit high-voltage current. High-voltage current transmission losses are minimal, and current can also be transmitted to distant distances. As for our use, we can use a transformer and then drop the voltage. In the future, it is necessary to develop more AC motors, which is also the direction of development in the future. Your big generator is going to have someone to do it now. The transformer should also be designed immediately, and you must find a way to solve the key refrigeration problem. If it doesn't work, you can use the running water in the water pipe to cool it. There is another constraint that must be solved in the development of electric power, that is, all kinds of connectors, switches, plugs, and sockets, which must also be marked with design. Our rubber has been shipped back, with 50% rubber and 50% sulfur vulcanization, pressure molding, the strength will be very high, that thing is called bakelite, is a good insulating material, you can use the pressed material mechanical processing, can also be a one-time mold high temperature press molding; Also, you can also use ceramics to directly fire some insulating devices. In short, these standard parts, someone must be responsible for it, and the safety of our electricity must be solved by these seemingly inconspicuous little things. ”

Zhang Zhimu's words resonated among them, and now they feel more and more that there are more places to use electricity, and it is really not too convenient to use. It would be nice to have these standard parts.

Li Yunhe said: "Okay, I'll arrange this matter." The key is to determine the location of the power plant first, my opinion is to choose in front of the cave in the north, in the current barracks, that location is close to the Xiaoling River to get water, if there is something, the defense is also good to defend, not far from the kiln gang side is not too close, the power transmission is convenient, and the noise impact is not large. ”

"Yunhe has considered the problem very comprehensively, do you two have any opinions?" Zhang Zhimu affirmed Li Yunhe's opinion and solicited the opinions of Li Dong and Yang Chang.

Li Dong and Yang Chang said almost at the same time: "No. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I also agree with Li Yunhe's opinion, our new power plant will be chosen there, but your power plant should occupy a larger place first, we will build a generator now, and we will build several grid-connected power generation units in the future, these must be considered first." ”

Li Di and Yang Chang became interested in grid-connected power generation, and just wanted to ask, Zhang Zhimu said: "I know that you don't know anything about grid-connected power generation, and I will tell you about it in the future." To tell the truth, the 1,000 volts you send out is not considered high, and in the future, we will increase the voltage to tens of thousands of volts, or even millions of volts. But at that time, our insulation materials and so on had to be matched. Now we are struggling to meet the current needs and are not capable of developing new things. You must pay attention to cultivating more people now, now there are talents who are idle and do not shoot at all, and we will need a large number of people who understand electricity later. It should also be noted that when the voltage is high, electricity safety is a big problem and should not be taken lightly. ”

After the power generation was decided, Zhang Zhimu asked about the telephone and electric lights, which Zhang Zhimu had been thinking about.

Yang Chang said: "Mr. Zhang, let's not talk about these two things here, let's go to the laboratory together." ”

"Well, I'm just going to see your stuff." After speaking, Zhang Zhimu followed Li Di and Yang Chang to their laboratory.

Picking up the microphones and headphones made by Yang Chang and them, Zhang Zhimu couldn't admire these skilled craftsmen. Not to mention how the current thing works, it seems that Zhang Zhimu likes it, if this thing is taken back to the previous life, it can be worth a little silver with exquisite handwork.

Yang Chang asked people to connect the headphones and microphones together, Zhang Zhimu took them, leaned the earphones on his ears, and said to the microphone with his mouth: "Hey, hey!" A few words.

Not to mention, my own voice really came out of the headphones.

Yang Chang said: "It's okay to get closer, but it's okay to connect a longer line." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "This is already a great progress. You guys take the long line and try it. ”

Yang Chang and the others connected a few more bundles of long cords, and Zhang Zhimu tried again, but there was no sound in the headphones except for a little noise.

Zhang Zhimu said: "I think your microphone can be improved. Because when you connect the short wire, the sound in the headset is not very big, a good carbon crystal transmitter should have a gain of 20db, and you can't hear it from the headphones, I think it's because the diaphragm sensitivity of your transmitter is not strong enough, it's too hard. Soften it a little more. In addition, your microphone should be made strictly according to what I said about 100 ohms for static time resistance and 300 ohms for headphones. ”

Yang Chang said: "We thought it was almost too much, but the resistance of the transmitter was not very easy to get, and it was big for a while and small for a while." We didn't take it too seriously. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "The resistance of that headset is too small. You see this circuit, it is a series circuit formed by the microphone and the earphone through two wires, one in and one out, connected to the power supply. If the resistance of the headset is too small, the current is divided by the wire, which means that the energy consumption of the change is on the line. That's why there's no sound as soon as you connect the long line. Also, within a certain range, the louder I speak into the transmitter, the louder the headphones. But when it's there, it's not clear, and it's clipping distortion. ”

Zhang Zhimu was depressed that there was not even the simplest oscilloscope here, otherwise they would have seen it very clearly when they looked at the waveform.

There was no way, Zhang Zhimu had to draw a waveform with a pencil, and then draw a waveform with the upper part cut off, and said: "The sound of our speech compresses the carbon crystal in the microphone to produce a change in resistance, and when the sound is large enough to the limit of resistance change, the resistance does not change, so that the sound that is greater than the limit is cut off, which is clipping distortion." ”

Zhang Zhimu's words made Yang Chang and them nod their heads.

"Okay, you can try again as I say, you've made a lot of progress, and with a little more effort, our call will be successful." Zhang Zhimu said to Yang Chang again: "Now look at your electric lights." ”

Yang Chang asked people to take out a few light bulbs at once. Several have blackened, and it is evident that the tungsten filaments have evaporated and deposited on the glass. Yang Chang said: "The light bulbs here can be lit for a day and a night for the longest time. ”

Zhang Zhimu picked up an unlit light bulb, looked at it, and asked, "Didn't I tell you to put a little red phosphorus in the light bulb?" Why didn't you put it on? ”

Yang Chang said: "We let it go a little bit, and we didn't think there was any difference. I didn't put it again. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "You see these two copper wires through the glass into the bulb, when the bulb is energized, it will be very hot, when the power is out, it will soon cool down, so that the glass and copper wire of the bulb will undergo thermal expansion and contraction, and the thermal expansion and contraction rate of the two is not the same, then there will be a small gap between the two, there will be oxygen into the bulb, the oxygen will react with the heated tungsten wire, and the bulb will soon burn out." If you put a little red phosphorus in it, the red phosphorus will quickly synthesize a little bit of oxygen, and the light bulb will last longer. ”

Yang Chang said: "Okay, let's try to make a few red phosphorus ones." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Also, this copper wire through the glass, can you think about it, the copper wire can also be made of several layers of structure, so that the dislocation between the copper wire and the glass will be a little smaller, don't you say?" However, you have been lighting the electric light for a day, which is already a major breakthrough, I want to congratulate you, everyone work hard, we will soon enter the era of electric light. When you are old, you will tell your children and grandchildren that this electric light was invented by Lao Tzu. ”

Zhang Zhimu's words drew a burst of laughter from everyone.

Seeing that it was almost over, Li Yunhe said: "Okay, let's go and get busy according to Mr. Zhang's suggestion." Then he said to Zhang Zhimu: "Let's go and have a look at the people who make rubber." They're making a lot of progress, and I'm going to ask you how you get rubber tires. ”

Zhang Zhimu was very surprised by these people who were engaged in rubber, they were just those who helped to engage in graphite, and now they have been pulled out to specialize in rubber. They have made a lot of samples according to different formulas, some have very good elasticity, and some have high hardness.

Zhang Zhimu said to them: "We need a kind of rubber, which must have a certain hardness, to make the outer tire of the tire, and to have some soft rubber to make the inner tube." The soft ones are a little harder than the ones that make the soccer balls. This kind of soft rubber is very useful, you make some long rubber belts that are five millimeters wide and one millimeter thick, this thing is very convenient to use in clothing, such as on the waist of shorts, you don't need to tie shorts with rope, and it is also convenient to wear. You can heat and extrude this kind of rubber belt with a mold. ”

Zhang Zhimu chose a rubber sample made of graphite additives as the outer tire material, and a slightly softer rubber as the inner tube raw material, and said to Li Yunhe: "Let's go, I will draw the tire structure to you, and you can start making rubber tires now." ”

Li Yunhe followed Zhang Zhimu back to the office, Zhang Zhimu first drew the general structure of the tire, and told Li Yunhe: The tire is usually composed of three parts: the outer tire, the inner tube, and the cushion belt.

The outer tire is made up of a carcass, a cushion, a tread, a sidewall and a bead.

Carcass: The stress structure of pneumatic tires, which usually consists of one or more layers of ply and beads. For the cord layer, we can use twill canvas.

Cushioning layer: the rubber cord layer or rubber layer between the tread and the carcass, which does not extend to the intermediate material layer of the bead. It is used to cushion external impact forces, protect the carcass, and improve the adhesion between the tread and the cord layer. This layer can also be fitted with a layer of wire mesh for added strength.

Tread: The outer layer of the outer tire in contact with the road surface. The tread is used to protect the carcass from mechanical damage and early wear, to transmit the traction and braking force of the car to the road, to increase the grip between the tire and the road, and to absorb the oscillation of the tire during operation.

Sidewall: It is the adhesive layer on the outer layer of the ply layer on the side of the tire, which is used to protect the carcass and is elastic.

Bead: It is the part of the tire installed on the rim, which is composed of the bead core and the bead wrapping cloth, which plays the role of fixing the tire.

Li Yunhe finished reading the sketch drawn by Zhang Zhimu, listened to Zhang Zhimu's explanation, and said: "I didn't expect this rubber tire to be so complicated. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Tire, I can also give you a simple introduction, in fact, if the tire is complicated, there are many things." In the future, when the conditions are ripe, there will be a group of people who specialize in studying this thing. In addition, the inner tube is made according to the internal size of the outer tire, and the principle of the air valve is similar to that of a basketball, but it must be sealed with a copper nozzle. In the future, if all your buses use rubber tires, it will be more comfortable. Some small pebbles and small pits have no reaction to the bus. And both the load and impact resistance are much better than the steel wheel. ”

Li Yunhe asked puzzledly: "How can this soft rubber be more load-bearing than a steel wheel?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I think your physics is in vain. This wheel is filled with gas, and the pressure of any part of the gas will be evenly transmitted in the entire gas space, that is, the whole wheel bears all the power together, and the whole force is much greater than your steel wheel, especially the rubber tires also have elastic cushioning capacity, which is also incomparable with the steel wheel. You'll know when you use it later. ”

Li Yunhe said: "The mold of this tire is also very complicated, and it is enough to make it for a while. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Yes, not only to increase pressure, but also to increase temperature. By the way, I will also give you a task, which is to produce sponges from rubber. ”

Li Yunhe didn't know what a sponge was, and just about to ask, Zhang Zhimu said: "You don't need too much pressure when making rubber, add some soda ash to the raw materials, so that the rubber will be made in the container full of uniform bubbles." This kind of rubber is also called sponge. You can make sponges with bubbles of different pore sizes according to different formulas, and you can also use rubber with different sulfur content to make sponges with different hardness. You're putting a sponge on your coach chair, and that makes the seat much more comfortable. ”

Li Yunhe said: "It's like making steamed buns? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Yes, it kind of that means. ”

Li Yunhe put away the drawings drawn by Zhang Zhimu and said, "As soon as you come back, give me a bunch of things, I'll go back first." That Sun Liang and their binoculars are also ready, you go and see for yourself, I won't accompany you. After speaking, Li Yunhe left.

After taking a break at noon, Zhang Zhimu asked Yang Yulin to call Sun Liang and Zhang Bingchen over. Zhang Zhimu wanted to arrange everything in his hands as soon as possible, because the matter of building the army was a big deal.

When Sun Liang came over, he was holding a binocular.

When handing it to Zhang Zhimumu, Sun Liang said smugly: "Mr. Zhang, this is a telescope made by us according to your requirements, but the magnification is smaller, otherwise there is no way to compare with a monocular." It's much easier to see things, you don't need a shelf. ”

Zhang Zhimu took the telescope, looked out the window, and felt that it was really good, basically catching up with the kind of Russian telescopes sold all over the street in his previous life.

Zhang Zhimu gave Sun Liang a suggestion: "Your Wangyuan must be sealed inside, and nitrogen must be filled inside." This prevents water from entering the telescope, and it can also prevent the telescope from fogging up when it is cold, which affects our use. Sealed rubber, you can go to those rubber guys, and they'll figure it out for you. ”

Sun Liang said: "This is a good method, can our monoculars also use this method, in that case, it will be much more convenient to use in winter." ”

Zhang Zhimu smiled and said: "Of course, now our nitrogen is not difficult to handle, you can ask Li Yunhe to get some for you with a gas cylinder." ”

Sun Liang is a steady person, he said: "Mr. Zhang, don't worry, the rangefinder will have to wait for some time." It took us a little more time to make the binoculars, but through the production of these binoculars, we have mastered the method of using prisms for total reflection. This telescope uses a total of two complex prisms, and the results are very good. We're also going to use a prism for that rangefinder, and we've got a few of them, and we're going to compare them. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I believe you will hurry up, but one of your tasks now is to do it at the same time, don't forget to bring more apprentices, we need a group of optical talents." ”

Sun Liang said: "Don't worry, Mr. Zhang." The people we started to follow you don't have to grind the glass ourselves anymore, and our apprentices have begun to take apprentices. ”

At this time, Zhang Bingchen came over. After Zhang Zhimu asked him to sit down, Zhang Bingchen said: "Mr. Zhang, thanks to Sun Liang's microscope, this thing is so good, we didn't believe what bacteria you told us before, but this time I saw the bacteria that were constantly moving from the microscope, but it was really eye-opening." ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Even if you study bacteria, it is enough for people to study for several lifetimes." Bacteria are divided into useful bacteria and harmful bacteria, and the medicine we will invent in the future is to kill the bacteria that cure diseases, and many of our diseases are caused by bacteria, and some are caused by viruses that are much smaller than bacteria. ”

Zhang Bingchen asked: "Is there anything smaller than bacteria?" Can we see with a microscope? ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Some viruses smaller than bacteria, some are very deadly, and if a common cold is found, most of them are caused by viruses, the most obvious is smallpox, which is caused by viruses. At the moment, our microscopes can't see anything as small as a virus. ”

Listening to Zhang Zhimu talk about smallpox, Zhang Bingchen said: "Our kiln gang is basically planted with cowpox now, and some of them were not planted once, and we have planted them a second time." Some of them have a little reaction, that is, some fever, and they will be fine in two days. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "This is great, but I have been worried about this matter." ”

Zhang Bingchen said: "This matter is still thanks to the help of Uncle Chen and Uncle Yan. is that some people resolutely do not plant cowpox, and it is Uncle Chen and Uncle Yan who force Zhong. The army and students are collectively belled. Some of them were sent by Uncle Chen to escort them. Uncle Yan made it clear that this is for the benefit of everyone, and if you don't appreciate it, get out of the kiln. In this way, the cowpox is planted. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "We can only ensure that people who have finished planting cowpox in the kiln will not have smallpox. It would be nice if all the Ming Dynasty planted it, and no source of infection was the fundamental solution to the problem. Otherwise, our children will be given cowpox as soon as they are born. ”

Sun Liang saw that he had nothing to do, got up and was about to leave, Zhang Zhimu said: "You still have a task after you return, that is, to make a few scopes for Li Yunhe's rifle, without too much magnification, but to be shockproof, there must be a cross scale on the lens." You can ask Li Yunhe for the specific size. You guys study it together. ”

Sun Liang promised and left.

Zhang Bingchen saw Zhang Zhimu sitting down and asked, "Mr. Zhang, when you come back this time, shouldn't we study penicillin?" This is bigger than smallpox. ”

Zhang Zhimu knows too little about penicillin, and he is also trying to recall some memories about penicillin during this period of time, but this knowledge is impossible for the development of penicillin, but someone must work hard in this direction.

Zhang Zhimu said: "From the microscope, you can see bacteria, and you know that the small life of bacteria has a cell wall, while the cells on our human body do not have a cell wall. The role of penicillin is to affect the synthesis of the cell wall of organisms, so it can inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall of bacteria, which also inhibits the reproduction of cells. ”

"We just want to cultivate and purify penicillin and inject it into people, so that we can destroy the bacteria that harm people, and we can cure people's diseases."

Zhang Bingchen said: "The main thing is that we have to find the penicillin bacteria first, right? Then train them, and then talk about that later. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Yes, in fact, in the ancient Tang Dynasty, tailors at that time would use a paste with green hair and apply it to the hand cut by scissors to help the wound heal. I think you have to do things step by step, you have to find the substance produced by this green hair first, and then cultivate them, and then use them to put them in other bacteria you find, and see their bactericidal effect, so that if you succeed, you can cultivate a large number of them, and you can talk about purification. ”

Zhang Zhimu knew that Zhang Bingchen's knowledge of biology was almost blank, and they still needed to give them a little biology lesson.

Zhang Zhimu said: "First of all, you have to make some glassware for cultivating bacteria. I also need to be able to make culture media. Generally, we use the stone cauliflower in the sea, boiled into a gelatinous condensation in water and condensed into agar as a culture medium. ”

Zhang Bingchen sighed and said, "Then when will we have the stone cauliflower you said, and then boil it into agar?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "I suggest that you go to the beach with our steamer and get some agar back yourself, and those things can also be made into powder and brought back." It's useless to be in a hurry. Even if you get things back, it takes a long time for penicillin to reach the level of use. But by then, I'll have Qingfengzi and them come over to help you. ”

Zhang Bingchen thought for a while and said, "I will arrange for the glass factory to make glassware tomorrow." When I was done, I asked when the boat would leave, and I took a few people to the beach and got the agar back first. I'm going to spend my whole life trying to get penicillin out. ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "With your words, this matter will definitely succeed." ”

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Calculus formulas, tables of chemical elements; Conquer Japan in the east and attack Mayi in the south; Penicillin, syringe. --Progress of "Memories of the Southern Song Dynasty".