Europe is unstable, and Asia and Africa are not at peace!

First, there was turmoil in the Gulf of Aqaba region in Jordan; Then there was another riot in Shulia; And then there was another rebellion in the Malatya region!

In short, 1896 was a stormy year for the Ottoman Empire! This old empire, after entering the 19th century, became more and more powerless!

The successive uprisings exhausted the Sultan's government and finally suppressed it, but the Ottoman Empire also paid a heavy price!

In order to suppress the uprising, the Ottoman Empire lost more than 43,000 soldiers in 1896, and the pension alone was a lot of money!

The most important thing is the destruction of the place, the areas where the uprising has basically erupted, and in the next few years, the Ottoman Empire will not be able to reap the benefits, but will have to make financial allocations to fill the holes!

Moreover, the rebel army also destroyed the foundation of the Ottoman Empire's rule, and a large number of basic officials were swept away, and in order to stabilize the place, the Sultan government had to station heavy troops on the local area!

The combination of these expenses made the Ottoman Empire's already fragile finances even worse!

In 1896, the Ottoman Empire had a fiscal deficit of more than 1,650 lire (about 15 million pounds sterling, 1 lira = 6.651519 grams of gold), and it can be said that it was already teetering on the verge of bankruptcy.

Fortunately, the Ottoman Empire had a great cause and a great heritage, and finally survived and marched towards 1897.

The Government of the Sudan may have sensed that a crisis was looming around them, and the reformists were beginning to grow. In fact, the reform of the Ottoman Empire has a long history, which began a hundred years ago, and it is embodied in the military, establishing a modern army!

No matter how good the system is, it also needs people to implement it, in order to cultivate enough new talents. The Tanzimat era began with a secularized educational reform, and the Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) period began a real educational reform, during which the Sudanese government vigorously developed higher education and increased the size of higher education.

In 1900 Istanbul University was reorganized, the first modern university in the Middle East. Colleges and universities use Western-style education, and the curriculum includes history, mathematics, and foreign languages.

Secularization was characteristic of higher education during this period. This period was marked by the establishment of a modern system of education, including secular primary and secondary schools, teacher training and specialized schools.

The establishment of new types of schools has had a positive impact on education, updating traditional teaching content. In addition to the traditional curriculum, history, geography and health are introduced in these schools at the primary level, and mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, Turkish, French and Persian are introduced at the secondary level.

The modern teaching of the school has greatly promoted the development of secular education. During this period, the European powers not only set up businesses in Ottoman Turkey, but also established schools, and the establishment of European-style schooling promoted the spread of Western culture.

The education reform promoted the secularization of justice and education, eliminated the Supreme Law Inspector from the cabinet, initiated the secular control of the Shari'a courts by the Ministry of Justice, brought religious schools under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, and established the Ministry of Waqf.

The number of secular educated intellectuals has increased considerably, and the officers and cadets are to a large extent people from the petty bourgeoisie and lower-class officials in the urban and rural areas.

From among them, a large number of civil and military officials were trained, and a new generation of national democratic revolutionaries was born. The emerging secular elite challenged the traditional power structure of the ulema and weakened the traditional religious power.

The secularization reforms from Tanzimatt to the Young Turks are only one step away from the ultimate goal of this process, the separation of church and state, and the establishment of a secular state.

The reform of the Ottoman Empire, Ferdinand did not care, an empire from top to bottom, rotten to the roots, blind reform is undoubtedly the catalyst to hasten its demise!

It is clear that the Ottoman Empire now lacks not only reforms, but above all the ability to execute!! No matter how good the policy is, if the government's implementation is insufficient and cannot be implemented, it may achieve the opposite result!

The Ottoman Empire was no exception, and the educational reforms did not achieve the goals desired by the Sudanese government, but instead gave birth to the "Turkish Shabaab" or "United Progressive Party".

Founded in Istanbul in 1894. The original leader was Ahmad Lisa. In May 1889, four students from the medical school in the capital founded an anti-authoritarian group, named the Ottoman League, later renamed the League Progressive Committee, which Europeans called the "Young Turks".

Soon, many young students, officers, intellectuals and exiles abroad joined the party. It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and liberal landowners, advocated the preservation of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, opposed the autocracy, and demanded the restoration of the 1876 constitution.

In early 1897, the Turkish Al-Shabaab plotted a military coup d'état, which failed due to a leak. The organization of the Young Turks in the capital was destroyed, many were arrested, 13 were sentenced to death, and 68 were exiled. This incident was a setback to the strategy of relying on a coup d'état from the top to achieve its political claims.

The emergence of the Turkish Al-Shabaab undoubtedly shook the foundations of the Sudanese government, and a national anti-government group was established, which had a clear political program!

The emergence of the Turkish Al-Shabaab made Ferdinand slightly startled, and then relaxed again. The current Turkish Al-Shabaab is still just a toddler in Handan, and it cannot dominate the huge Ottoman empire!

As long as it doesn't affect Bulgaria's next strategy, Ferdinand is still happy to see the Sudanese government's jokes!

As for whether the catalyzed reforms of the Sudanese government can succeed, Ferdinand is not optimistic about them. Any reform that touches the interests of the ruling class becomes extremely difficult!

Even if the Sudanese government can open the hanging, there is nothing it can do! First of all, the military reform has been resisted by the military, and the Sudanese government has no strong implementation capacity.

"There are policies above, and there are countermeasures below!"

At the very moment when the Sultan government was carrying out reforms, another historical event happened - the Greeks of Crete launched another uprising!

This revolt was unlike any other, and in February 1897, with the support of the Greek government, an uprising broke out in Crete, and after the uprising was successful, the rebels declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire and joined Greece!

Well, fools know that this is made by the Greek government, the "rebel army"? If you look closely, you will find: why are so many Greek retired soldiers involved?

Oh no! There are all of them on active duty, the main thing is that they don't even cover their ears and steal the bell, and the Greek government is too lazy to do it! As soon as the rebels announced their secession from the Ottoman Empire and their accession to Greece, the Greek government immediately welcomed it, and from then on Crete was part of the sanctity of Greek territory!

After the Greek government swore an oath of sovereignty over Crete, the navy landed directly on Crete, accompanied by two regiments of the Greek army, with the aim of purging the remnants of the Ottoman Empire on Crete!