Chapter 2 My Study Tour

Section 4 The establishment of the city in western Liaoning

After the initial consternation, the craftsmen finally understood that this was not a drill, and we really wanted to release the boat into the Bohai Sea and go straight to western Liaoning. Our soldiers and disciples distributed in each ship controlled the boatmen, and the results of many exercises were also presented, and the ships gradually threw the land far away under the command of the flag.

I'm happy in my heart, really happy.

As the sun sets, wisps of fiery clouds are piled up around the sunset, as if making a final effort to save the sun, and as if performing the last glory for the sun's curtain call. What a fiery red, as if all the reds in the world were here, rose, peach, vermilion...... Anywhere you can imagine red, it's all here. All the reds are gathered together, but they show the beauty of harmony, they change layer by layer according to the chromaticity, step by step, which is shocking and awe-inspiring.

The sunset dyes the sea with a little golden light, and it seems to make the sea covered with a layer of golden scales, and under the sea, from time to time, there is a touch of darkness flying by, it is a naughty big fish playing with us. In my mind, the poet Haizi, who committed suicide by lying on the rails in extreme destitude and poverty, suddenly came to mind: Facing the sea, the spring flowers are blooming-

From tomorrow onwards, be a happy person

Feed the horses, chop wood, and travel the world

From tomorrow, care about food and vegetables

I have a house facing the sea and spring is blooming

From tomorrow onwards, we will communicate with each and every one of our loved ones

Tell them about my happiness

The blissful lightning told me

I'm going to tell everybody

Give every river and every mountain a warm name

Stranger, I bless you too

May you have a bright future

May a lover eventually become a family

May you be blessed on earth

I just want to face the sea and bloom in spring."

Haizi left his blessing on every stranger and gave himself over to the icy rails.

"May you be happy in heaven," I silently blessed Haizi, "the beauty of the world has nothing to do with you, although in this world, I am as humble as you, but I am not willing to be an ordinary person, a wandering person, and a person with unpaid ambitions." Three Kingdoms, I will transform you with my rules. ”

Zheng Hun also walked out of the cabin at this time, found me contemplatively directly in the bow of the boat, and said persistently: "I have thought about it for a long time and tested many kinds of metals, but I can't meet the requirements. I don't know what kind of metal the spear head is made of, but with the power of a fast horse sprint, it can pierce three people in succession without breaking, are your requirements too high? ”

I said, "You will know right away what kind of metal you can make it from, and we are heading to Liaoxi." ”

"Liaoxi?" Zheng Hun shouted loudly and immediately rushed to the side of the boat.

Beside him, his disciples kept muttering: "I waited many times to report to Mr., and Mr. said that he was thinking about the problem and closed the door." ”

Zheng Hun looked at the side of the boat, and surprisingly, he turned his face to stare at me very calmly, and said: "If you come, you will be safe, and you must be with me every year for a period of one hundred taels of gold for five years." ”

Without waiting for me to answer, he turned around and went back to the cabin.

One hundred taels of gold, you rob it! But with such a good scenery, it's a pity to stand here alone, so I hurriedly grabbed Zheng Hun, "Come, enjoy the sea view with me at the same time." ”

In the days that followed, Zheng Hun seemed very calm, and from time to time he came up to the boat to talk to me.

Along the way, we kept docking to replenish fresh water, and soon, Zheng Hun became interested in the planetarium and sextant we were holding, and kept asking me the principle of this thing, and in the last resort, I told him that this is to use the angle of the sun in the sky at different times to determine our position, there is no reference in the vast sea, only the sun can be used to determine our position.

Zheng Hun was really a genius, he only fiddled with it for a while, and quickly imitated two branches. What a craftsman. My kidnapping was well worth the money.

We were overly surprised, and immediately asked him to copy a few more, and of course, I agreed to him the treatment of 100 taels of gold every year.

But then the question came again, and he asked us what was going on on the scale on the sextant, and why we were positioned at more than 110 degrees of longitude and more than 30 degrees of latitude. But we don't know how to explain it, how can we say that the Greenwich Observatory in London, England, is the starting position of the zero degree meridian, and how can there be London at that time.

So we discussed and decided to move the starting position of the zero meridian to China, and after repeated measurements, we decided to take Qingdao as the starting position of the zero meridian, perhaps Shanghai is a good choice, there is a waterway to directly transport the goods from the mainland to the dock to load the sea ship, but considering that Shanghai may eventually fall into the hands of Sun Quan, and Qingdao, not far from the lower secret boundary where Liu Bei served after the Yellow Turban Rebellion, is easy to control, so the starting position of the zero meridian is located in Qingdao. In the future, we can set up an observatory on Qingdao Xiangshan, and all this will be explained for good reason.

We called Zheng Hun and told him according to the discussion: "This thing is a positioning method invented when the first master returned to the Han Dynasty from Daqin (Rome), and it is mainly used for positioning at sea, and later it was discovered that it can also be located on land." As for why the orientation was arranged in this way, the main reason was that the first division set the starting place at zero o'clock, and then the first division landed at a place called Qingdao in Qingzhou. Now we have decided to change this locator to Qingdao as the starting point, so we need to change the scale above. Subtract the longitude of Qingdao from each scale to make a new sextant. As for the latitude, it starts from the sea heart country that the ancestor has seen in the sea (this latitude is of course the equator) to commemorate the master. ”

Zheng Hun immediately suggested, "Hun restructured this instrument, since you have used the Haixin Country that your ancestors have seen as the starting point of zero latitude to commemorate your ancestors, why don't you modify the sextant in order to commemorate me, and use Hun's hometown as the starting position of the zero degree meridian, how about it?" ”

Faint. It's all messed up, I pondered for a long time, and made concessions, "Wen Gong (Zheng Hun's table), if you modify this instrument, the merit is in the future, you think, in the vast sea, there is nothing to refer to the positioning, so that the thing is made, the sea is no longer clueless, we can rely on this, sail to the other end of the sea, see what the end of the sea is, so let's do it, if you make this thing, you can "Zheng Hunyi" name this new instrument, for thousands of generations, people know your name, what do you think? ”

"Well, that's fine." Zheng Hun immediately replied in surprise.

The next task is Zhou Yi's, he is engaged in mechanical manufacturing, has learned cartography, and draws the map on the computer on a large sheepskin to convert the new latitude and longitude. Fortunately, in China, the method of drawing maps has always been generalized, and Zhou Yi's clumsy craftsmanship is passable.

Taking the sea route is really faster than the land route, and without waiting for Zhou Yi to draw a map, we arrived at the mouth of the Luanhe River in Liaoxi County, Youzhou, which is our destination.

At the end of June of the third year of Guanghe, we had a group of 31 boats, 600 boys, 500 soldiers, 120 ironworkers and apprentices, 400 farmers, 32 shipbuilders, 4 painters and 34 women with 55 horses and 21 oxen ashore.

This is today's Tangshan, Qinhuangdao boundary, there are extremely high reserves of coal mines, go north, close to the Three Kingdoms era to defend against foreign enemies of the famous Guanxia - Lulongsai place, is the current Chengde, there is China's top manganese iron ore, vanadium ironite, quartz sand production area. The abundant resources here will lay the foundation for us to reign in troubled times.

After landing on the shore, we immediately found the location of the coal mine according to the latitude and longitude marked on the GPS map in the computer. This is an open-pit coal mine, and its specific latitude and longitude were marked on the GPS at that time, in order to attract investment, but I didn't expect to attract our businessmen from the Three Kingdoms era.

However, the latest theory of space-time holds that when the axis of time moves, even if the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the three-dimensional coordinates do not change, we have entered another parallel space, which is completely parallel to normal space and does not intersect with each other. So, I don't think our actions will affect our future planes.

The first thing we did when we dug up the coal was to build a large brick kiln and burn bricks in large quantities using coal, and winter was coming, so we had to build the house as soon as possible. Otherwise, we won't survive the cold winter. We mobilized all the forces we could, even our primary school children stopped classes to help build houses.

The guards sent by Kong Yi wanted to return to Jinan at the end of January, and I immediately promised them that if they helped me through this winter, I would pay 5 taels for each additional month of service, and when they returned, I would write to inform Kong Xiangguo, explaining to Kong Xiangguo that their detention was due to my forced stay, and I hoped that the soldiers would not be punished for this. After receiving this promise, they quieted down. I believe that with a salary of 5 taels per month, even if Kong Xiangguo punishes them, they will not be afraid.

Light and in the middle of August of the third year, our house was built. At this time, the brick kiln began to switch to firing refractory bricks. Part of the refractory bricks, we built the city wall along the inland direction, the other part we used to build the furnace, the first to build the glass furnace, although the ancient Chinese porcelain technology is superb, but because the furnace temperature has not been able to increase, never a large number of glass fired, the type of glass in the Eastern Han Dynasty is mainly lead barium glass, using the casting method to manufacture, mostly imitation jade, imitation bronze, lacquerware, the main product is decorative glass beads. Until the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, glass factories were set up, mainly producing utensils and snuff bottles. However, glass art is still not taken seriously and has not been civilized, mainly because of the high cost. And glass, even in the medieval period of Western Europe, was an expensive luxury.

In the Middle Ages, because bubbles in glass could not be eliminated, a pure glassware without bubbles was even more expensive. This pure glass is also a material for telescope lenses, and has high military value. I happened to be in the business of artificial crystal utensils before, and I learned that the so-called artificial crystal is nothing more than leaded glass, which is made by adding ground lead powder when firing glass, and it is crystal clear and transparent, and it seems to be similar to real crystal. Since I know the principle of chemistry and imitate the process of burning glass, it is not easy to make it.

At the end of July of the third year of Guanghe, our first batch of glass was made, and I took four crystal cups and 50 soldiers to escort them, and set off to find Gongsun Zhan. Although this area is sparsely populated, there have been people snooping around the neighborhood from time to time these days, and I must get in touch with Gongsun Chan as soon as possible and get his support.

I was uneasy about meeting Gongsun Zhan, and it was my first appearance in front of an acquaintance (Liu Bei) during the Three Kingdoms era, and its outcome would have a direct impact on our future plans. But the result was gratifying to me, as soon as we met, Gongsun Chan gave me a bear hug: "Brother Xian, you really came to see me, I will leave today, I thought I would see you in Zhuoxian, but I didn't expect you to come." Did you receive my letter? ”

The letter is the blood-soaked letter. Thinking about this, I not only have wet eyes, but I want to cry. The young man who received the letter had been lying on Mount Tai forever, perhaps with no bones left. And I, but I have to survive in this troubled world, troubled times!

Gongsun Zhan hurriedly grabbed me, "Brother Xian, you are going to cry again, a manly husband was born in this world, he should be strong and courageous, crying and crying all day long, how can he govern the country and level the world." I just said in the letter that I asked to serve in Zhuo County to take care of my brother's family, which is what I should do as a brother, so why should you shed tears. ”

It seems that my tears have made Gongsun Zhan more identified my identity as Liu Bei, Liu Bei in the Three Kingdoms is famous for his love of crying, although my ears are not big, and my hands are not more than my knees, but I love to cry, and I should be the same as Liu Bei.

However, it is recorded that Chen Shou, the author of "Three Kingdoms", openly asked for bribes when writing history books, and asked others to pay before writing biographies for his ancestors. Thinking about it, what he wrote is the same as the anti-corruption report written by the famous corrupt official Cheng Weigao, and it is not very credible. So whether Liu Bei really has big ears and hands over his knees is debatable.

I then said, "Brother, I took in thousands of refugees during my study tour. After thinking about it, only my brother's western Liaoxi territory could be settled, so I brought the displaced people here and begged my brother to give him a piece of land for them to reclaim for a living. Without informing my brother in advance, I brought them in the hope that he would forgive me."

Gongsun Zhan waved his hand and said to me, "Brother Xian, if you don't come to me for such a thing, who else can you find?" Liaodong and Liaoxi are vast and sparsely populated, and some people come here to reclaim, and it is too late for me to welcome them, and they can blame you. ”

Although Gongsun Zhan, who was born out of the concubine, did not have a good time in the Gongsun family, with his generous promise, the 500 soldiers, 2,000 horses, and 500 stone of grain that supported us were smoothly allocated to us. I was very moved to learn later that at the Gongsun Family Meeting, he insisted on allocating land near the mouth of the Luan River to me to settle homeless people. Of course, the head of the Gongsun family also readily agreed to my request after I presented two crystal cups. When I went out, I gave the other two crystal cups to Gongsun Chan to thank him for his promise to take care of my (Liu Bei's) mother.

When I returned to our camp, it was the middle of August, and the mountains in search of iron ore were brought back shortly after I left, and after a month's work, a small converter had been built, and when I returned, the fourth batch of steel had just been baked.

"This place belongs to us," I declared, "the Gongsun family has agreed to let us establish a city here, and we are about to give a name to our city, and you are the first inhabitants to have the right to name your city." Everyone can come up with a name, and the final name of the city will be discussed by everyone, and the name that gets the most votes is the name of our city, and the person who comes up with the final name of the city will be exempt from tax for life in this city. ”

I and my three companions immediately divided the people into groups, with our students as the leaders, and with this naming effort, the first city-state republican system was established, I was the lifelong city lord, Zhou Yi Gaoshan Yin Dong became a lifelong elder, and then under Zheng Hun's insistent request, he also became a lifelong elder. Among the commoners, four senators are elected, and together with the lifelong senators, the senate is elected every two years to elect representatives of soldiers (guanhai), craftsmen, farmers, and merchants (temporarily absent). The lord of the castle had full powers only in diplomacy and military affairs, and had no right to make any internal decisions alone, and all internal affairs were decided by the senate and carried out by the lord of the castle.

Although this city-state republic is rudimentary, I think that the real republic has the ability to repair itself and will be slowly improved in the process of development.

After arranging these matters, the four of us returned to the conference room in the city, and the specific matters were under the command of the zealous Zheng Hun, who was keen on officialdom and would find a government that was suitable for the present situation. Of course, the status of the patriarch does not allow him to deviate too far from our system. This is in line with our desire to establish a republic without being too shocking. As for a few of us, it is necessary to discuss future plans behind closed doors at this time.

"Rubber, I need rubber, without the sealing effect of rubber, pipes, boilers, and steam engines are all jokes, even if the steam engine is built, it is not very powerful if the sealing is not good. I need to quickly communicate with the trade routes of the Bo mud countries (the Philippines and Indonesia) and purchase a large amount of rubber. Takayama shouted as soon as he sat down.

The three of us quickly looked out the door, and there was Guan Hai guarding it. Although this honest man is not good at brains, he can't understand these new words, but he never asks or spreads them.

In retrospect, we continued to discuss that with the glass we had now produced, we could form caravans to sell them, purchase large quantities of food, and then recruit shipbuilders to build large ships. The first step is to sail to South Korea, which is the closest distance to us, South Korea's rice cultivation industry is developed, we are now running out of grain reserves, we must buy grain as soon as possible to survive this winter.

As for the next step, we plan to sail to Japan to purchase food and gain seafaring experience. In the spring of next year, the big ship will set off to buy rubber from Bo Ni, so that we can have a steam engine next winter.

Also, we need a lot of farmers, and we need to plant seeds at the beginning of spring next year, and we don't have enough farmers. At the same time, after the production process was improved, the output came up, and our craftsmen were greatly insufficient, so we had to recruit a large number of displaced people before the beginning of spring, and this recruitment work had not attracted the attention of the imperial court.

The fertile but sparsely populated land meant that the winters here must be difficult and the harassment of the aliens must be frequent, so we decided to stop all work immediately and strengthen our defenses against the alien attacks before winter sets in.

We need to send all our soldiers and build our walls quickly. As for the 400 farmers, they are building our houses. The fire kang used by the Northeast people has reference significance. We decided to build a number of row-type brick houses, with 12 rooms in each row (just two non-commissioned officers), five people (just one team) on the kang in each room, and two ministers in the head room (later the minister was renamed the platoon commander, the department composed of five soldiers was renamed the platoon, and the song composed of five rows of soldiers was renamed the battalion, which is the source). At the end of the row is the duty room, and the soldiers are on duty to burn the kang for everyone.

At the same time, we also need to store a large amount of coal, which is inconvenient for outdoor work in winter, so we need to store coal. And a large number of our activities must be changed indoors, so Yin Dong is responsible for continuing to teach students, and Zhou Yi is responsible for manufacturing defensive equipment. Gao Shan took Wang Zhi and 300 soldiers to Korea to do business and exchange our goods for grain and grass, and I needed to go to Jinan quickly to find Kong Xiangguo. On the one hand, I thanked him for his friendship in sending troops to escort me, and hoped that he would agree to transfer these soldiers to my disciples, and on the other hand, with his support, I could recruit a large number of displaced people. In this way, by the beginning of next spring, we will have a large number of farmers to cultivate. If we continue to sow the excellent specimens we collected from Shennongjia, it will be difficult for us to think about the harvest after many years.

Just as we were having fun, an argument rang out outside the door. Guan Hai Weng said angrily: "The lord ordered that no one should enter, and no one should enter." ”

Zheng Hun's uninteresting voice immediately sounded: "I'm the elder of this city, am I not allowed to enter?" ”

Guan Hai still said angrily: "The lord ordered that no one should enter, and no one should enter." ”

We looked at each other and smiled bitterly, this Zheng Hun, who do you think you are?

As the lord of the city, I had to pretend, and I coughed and shouted, "Why is there any noise outside? ”

Guan Hai turned around and came in to report: "Zheng Hun asks to see."

"Let him in".

We straightened our bodies, and when he came in, the etiquette of the nobles was really annoying, and we had to kneel on the seat, which made us very unaccustomed. During the discussion, we were all lying on our stomachs and reclining down. At this point, we all have a hard time.

Zheng Hun came in, his face flushed with excitement, "Lord, everything has been decided, report to the court quickly to ask for a reward."

This guy begged the official until his brain came out of the water, and before he became a fart official, he asked the court to confirm that I would hand over my career to the management of those dog officials in the court, and the heavy tax would not crush my development ability, and I would also be taken to property by the dog officials.

I said coldly: "Do you think the officials sent by the imperial court will be better than the officials we choose ourselves?" Besides, this place was lent to us by the Gongsun family to settle the displaced people, and we declared the imperial court, where did the Gongsun family go? Thieves are rampant here, I keep a low profile, and I am afraid of attracting the attention of thieves, you declare the court, when the court decree comes down, there will be no tiles here. ”

Zheng Hun immediately sobered up a lot, this year, the court appointed officials, all recommended by the county Taishou, this is called the filial piety system, if the court has a will, I may be able to share a piece of the official distribution, he is a craftsman, he will definitely lose his current status.

"Yes, yes, I must not inform the court at this moment."

I asked him again about the arrangements of the Senate, and then pretended to be contemplative: "When the senators meet, they can let the people sit in attendance, so as to show that the decisions made by the senators are for the sake of the public, but there are too many people to show the authority of the senators, and a seat must be set up to show the dignity of the senators, but among the senators, there are people elected from the public, and if they are allowed to stand on the stage and are not in line with their status elected from the public, what should be done?" ”

Zheng Hun immediately fell into the craftsman's occupational disease, people kept turning in circles on the ground, his fingers were empty strokes, and his mouth kept muttering: "Yes, what should I do?" ”。

Gao Shan they couldn't hold back their secret laughter, and I glared at them viciously: "It's better to let them sit on a higher point, let's increase the height of a few cases for dinner, let them sit on a few cases, what do you think?" ”

"Isn't it a joke to sit on a few cases?" Zheng Hun looked at me angrily.

"It doesn't matter, as long as we don't do a few cases, who can laugh at me. Oh, you can put a few cases on one end and add a screen to demonstrate the solemnity. Of course, we can't do the same as the screen behind the emperor, so we can fix the screen and several cases together, and also, the two legs of the several cases can no longer be supported by two planks, so we can use four legs to support it (chairs), so that who can recognize these cases. ”

Zheng Hun came to his senses, and immediately said to me with excitement on his face: "My lord, in order to distinguish between the lifelong patriarch and the elected patriarch, do we make the seat of the lifelong patriarch into six legs?" ”。

, Zheng Hun, you want to be angry with me. However, for the sake of you calling the lord twice, I forgive you.

"Four legs are enough, these four legs imply being an elder, and you must be a cow and a horse for the people, which has far-reaching meanings?"

"I'm going to find someone to do it", Zheng Hun was about to go out immediately.

I stopped him, "What did you call me?" "I asked, it's called striking while the iron is hot.

Zheng Hun immediately saluted me respectfully: "The lord is a great talent, and I am willing to die for the lord." ”

It seems that I have completely subdued Zheng Hun, if I hadn't been willing to take refuge in these years, the world would not call the other party the lord. Could it be that I also saved his salary of 100 taels of gold a year, I thought so badly that I didn't give it. Ha, earned again.

Immediately after the meeting, Takayama and I set off. Gao Shan had never done business, and on the way I told him that the current Pyongyang is under the jurisdiction of Liaodong, and North Korea now belongs to Lelang County of the Han Dynasty, so there must be people in South Korea who can understand Chinese. Contact them, wholesale goods to them, just like an agency system, engage several general agents, and purchase goods through them. While doing so may not be as lucrative as a distribution system, there is no risk. Don't be too harsh on the general agent at the beginning, wait until the business goes up and the reputation comes out, and then screen the general agent through bidding. I told him repeatedly - the first time to explore the way, safety first.

I carried 4 crystal cups ashore at the mouth of the Yellow River, and a group of 12 of us were holding Zheng Hun's newly made gun, strictly speaking, this is not a gun, and the gun head has a small fangs that bend downward, similar to a hook sickle, but smaller than the hook of a hook sickle, I named it "tiger teeth". I think this weapon will definitely become famous in this era. We all wore shark-proof suits with heads under our leather armor, which I named "Kirin Armor".

Although we encountered a small group of bandits on the way, our strong fighting ability made these bandits return one after another. Even if two or three bandits occasionally shot or slashed us, the unicorn armor inside the leather armor kept the damage out of our bodies. Even the victorious guards were happy, but I was increasingly worried that the troubled times were already beginning to show signs.

Although I asked the guards to wear the unicorn armor in leather armor to prevent the strength from being exposed, our distinct armament still could not deter the outlaws, who came one after another to rob us of a group of travelers who did not seem to carry anything, which showed that the life of the common people was becoming more and more unbearable, and I could only watch the suffering of the common people, the slow decay of the regime, and powerless.

I have a broken liver and intestines, and I want to cry without tears.

My heavy heart infected the soldiers, and they silently followed me all the way, and just like that, we arrived at Jinan Mansion.

Kong Yi is about to be promoted, and it is said that the next Jinan Xiangguo will be Cao Cao.

Cao Cao, he should be the prime minister of Jinan after the Yellow Turban Rebellion, how can he be the prime minister of Jinan now? It seems that Kong Yiguan has done a good job, and it seems that we have come to this world and have made a slight change in history.

"Well, let's make it more violent," I thought to myself.

Kong Yi's promotion may be beneficial to us, as we can move a large number of displaced people without letting the court know about it when the old and new officials are handed over. Especially under the cover of Kong Yi, he will not let Cao Cao know.

We traveled all the way by sea, and only a few people knew the specific location of the new city, and the rest of the people could not distinguish between the southeast and the northwest, which was beneficial to our secrecy. But Kong Yi's promotion is also harmful to us, and we will have to deal directly with Cao Cao, the first person in the Three Kingdoms, in Jinan in the future, and he is not easy to buy.

For the sake of the two crystal cups I sent, Kong Yi readily agreed to me, and with a stroke of the pen, the 200 guards he sent me were removed from the roster, and 200 lives were lost, and they will be mine.

As for the other two crystal cups, I auctioned them in Jinan, and the two crystal cups bought 100,000 taels of gold.

Kong Yi was so happy to see that the crystal cup was sold at such a good price. What I gave him was a crystal cup in the shape of two toads, the toad had a big mouth just the mouth of the wine glass, eyes made of red glass, and the emerald green spots on the body were very cute, and the craftsmanship was no less complicated than the two rabbit-shaped wine glasses at auction. Those two cups sold for 100,000 taels! The excited Kong Yi immediately searched for the ships in Jinan for me. After that, we sailed into the sea on a boat carrying more than 4,000 displaced people and more than 300 craftsmen.

It is worth mentioning that when I set sail, my hands were itchy for a while, and I did another case without paying attention. This time, I kidnapped the Takashi family. Now that I have my own city, I urgently need this master with experience in internal affairs to manage it. Zheng Hun is too enthusiastic about officialdom, and if he is not pulled out of internal affairs in time to make inventions, it is estimated that it will not be long before he will be regarded as a typical example of corruption.

Looking at the Jinan wharf, I thought, this time I kidnapped a scholar, unlike Zheng Hun, a craftsman, Kong Yi will probably be busy for a while.

Note: I would like to commemorate Haizi, a 25-year-old young poet from Peking University who committed suicide on March 2, 1989 in Shanhaiguan.