World Mechanical Chronicle

This chronicle has recently been compiled so that authors of "Back to the Future" novels can be inspired by their own work after reading it.

BC ~ AD 1

In 7000 B.C., the Jewish people in Palestine founded the city of Jericho, and urban civilization appeared on earth for the first time, and the first wheel may have been born at this time. Jericho is the first city in the world and is also known as the cradle of world civilization.

In 4700 B.C., the Badari culture of Egypt entered the Bronze Age, and the tools used to carry heavy objects were rollers, crowbars, and skids, such as those used in the construction of pyramids in Egypt.

In 3500 B.C., Sumerer of ancient Babylon gave birth to wheeled chariots, which were made by attaching wheels under skids.

By 3000 BC, the Mesopotamians and Egyptians began to popularize bronze tools, and bronze agricultural tools and bronze tools used to build pyramids (such as chisels) were widely used by this time.

In 2800 B.C., primitive farming tools appeared in the Central Plains of China, the plowing (wooden).

In 2800 B.C., bronze making technology was introduced to the periphery of China, and the nomads of the Western Regions (now Majiayao Cultural Site in Dongxiang, Gansu, China) appeared copper knives made of tin bronze.

In 2686 BC (3rd-6th Egyptian dynasties), primitive wooden ploughs and metal sickles drawn by oxen began to appear. Copper tools are often manufactured using the forging method.

In 2500 B.C., two- and four-wheeled wooden carriages were used in the region between Europe and Asia. Two-wheeled chariots have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs around 1500 BC.

In 2500 B.C., Iraq and Egypt used the lost-wax method to cast bronze metal ornaments.

In 2400 B.C., mechanical devices such as wrist rulers, bronze scalpels, and pulleys appeared in Egypt.

In 2070 B.C., the Chinese nation began to appear, and the legend said that Dayu ruled the water during this period.

In 2000 B.C., the Qijia cultural site of Wuwei Emperor Niangniangtai in Gansu Province, China retained the cold-forged red copper knife and chisel.

Lathes that cut trees appeared in places like Egypt.

In the Central Plains of China, the manufacture of vehicles (wheels) with round wooden planks as walking parts began.

In 1700 B.C., near Baghdad in Western Asia, the Obaid civilization entered the Iron Age.

In 1600 BC, bronze was officially introduced to the Central Plains, and China began to polish bronze and jade with natural abrasives.

In 1400 B.C., Gaocheng in Hebei Province and Pinggu County in Beijing retained hot-forged iron-edged copper Yue.

From 1400 to 1300 B.C., the Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions, supported by archaeology, appeared, and China entered the era of writing.

In 1400 B.C., the Yinxu of Anyang, Henan Province, China, preserved the heaviest bronze Simu Wufangding in the late Shang Dynasty.

Gold leaf retained after recrystallization and annealing in Yinxu in Anyang, Henan, China.

There is a dental ruler in China.

In 1400 BC, the ancient kingdom of the Hittite kingdom in Asia Minor began to use iron tools.

In 1300 B.C., copper ploughs were first used in China.

China uses the grinding method to process copper mirrors.

In 1200 B.C., hand mills for grinding millet appeared in Syria.

The civilizations of the Two Rivers basin used simple tools such as levers, rope rollers, and horizontal grooves in the construction and transportation of materials.

The pulley technique spread to Assyria, where the Assyrians used it as an archery release mechanism on castles.

Winches appeared in Egypt, which were originally used to extract mineral sands from mines and to lift water from wells.

Fluid machinery such as water clocks, siphons, bellows, and piston pumps initially appeared in Egypt.

In 1000 B.C., iron-making techniques were introduced from India to the neighboring ethnic minorities of the Central Plains, and plows with iron ploughshares appeared in the western countries of China (Nanyue, Chu).

In 1000 B.C., China invented a blower for smelting bronze.

In 770 BC, China began casting bronzes using the lost-wax casting method.

Malleable cast iron and cast steel appeared in the Central Plains.

Leaky pot timing has been widely adopted in China

The Western Era (Gregorian calendar) was born (Caesar 48 BC, after Caesar's revision, this calendar was called the Caesar calendar), and the Roman civilization established the solar calendar and the 24 solar terms.

In 770 B.C., the ancient copper mine site of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Tonglu Mountain, Hubei, China, preserved wooden roller shafts.

Factories for the manufacture of warships appeared in China.

In 700 BC, pulleys appeared in China.

In 600 BC, ancient Greece and Rome entered the period of classical culture, and this period gave birth to some famous philosophers and scientists in ancient Greece, who made outstanding contributions to the development of ancient machinery. For example, the scholar Hiro wrote a book that expounded the theory of five simple machines (levers, sharp splits, pulleys, wheels and axles, and threads) to push heavy objects, which is the earliest known book on mechanical theory.

In 513 B.C., China's "Zuo Chuan" recorded that China's earliest iron casting, the Jin Dynasty's casting of the Ding.

Woodworking tools in the Greco-Roman region were greatly improved, and in addition to the common sets of tools used in woodworking, such as axes, bow saws, bow drills, shovels and chisels, ball drills, claw hammers that could pull iron nails, and double saws for logging were also developed. By this time, long-axis lathes and foot lathes were already widely used to make furniture and wheel spokes. Pedal lathes were used until the Middle Ages, laying the foundation for the development of modern lathes.

In 500 B.C., the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Suixian, Hubei Province, China preserved the most complex and exquisite bronzes of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period - Zeng Hou Yi Zun Pan and Zeng Hou Yi Chime, the bell is composed of 8 groups of 65 pieces, cast by the mud casting method.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the Qi State compiled a handicraft monograph "Examination of the Gongji".

The creation of the world's first stamping coin in Rome was a major achievement in metalworking and the germ of modern mass production technology.

In 476 B.C., a compass made of natural magnets appeared in China, Sinan.

China began to mint bronze knife coins by stacking the method.

There are quenching tissues in steel swords and normalizing tissues in spears and arrow collars in the ruins of Yanxiadu in Yixian County, Hebei Province, China.

Luoyang, Henan Province, China, retains decarburized and annealed white-mouthed adzes, and the surface has been decarburized into steel.

Amalgam gilt artifacts retained in Xinyang, Henan, China.

In 476 B.C., a bronze ratchet gear (25 mm in diameter, 40 teeth) was preserved in the Jiaya Cliff in Yongji County, Shanxi Province, China

The ruins of the ancient city of Wu'an, Hebei Province, China, have preserved iron ratchet gears.

In 400 B.C., the Chinese Gongban invented the stone mill.

In 220 B.C., Archimedes of Greece created a spiral water lifting tool.

Archimedes of Greece proposed the theory of object floating, the Archimedes' principle.

The ancient Greeks made wheel mills on the basis of hand mills.

The bronze Qin sword unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Xi'an, China, was born around this period.

In 206 BC, bronze casting translucent mirrors appeared in the Western Han Dynasty of China.

In 206 BC, gears appeared in Europe, and the earliest application was on the odometer used by chariots to record mileage.

Chengdu Station, Sichuan, China, Dongxiang preserved pulley.

Rome invented the compound block on the basis of the single-wheeled block. Its earliest application was to lift heavy objects on construction.

In 113 B.C., the tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty, Mancheng, Hebei, China, preserved a carburized sword.

Around 110 B.C., the use of Roman orange water lifting tools and bucket waterwheels expanded, and new fluid machinery such as turbine wheels and Norse water mills appeared, the former by rotating a threaded rod to lift water from low to high, mainly used for water supply in Roman cities. The latter is used to grind grain, which is rotated by a square impeller driven by a stream of water, and its power is less than half a horsepower.

In 100 B.C., the Roman power of the Vitruvia water mill appeared, the water wheel was driven by the downward rushing water, by the appropriate selection of the number of teeth of the large and small gears, the speed of the water mill can be adjusted, its power is about three horsepower, and later increased to fifty horsepower, becoming the most powerful prime mover at that time.

A.D. to 1700

In the 1st century AD, Ciro of Alexandria wrote "Aerodynamics", in which he described a rotary ball (the prototype of a reactionary steam turbine) that rotated by the action of steam. At the same time, the steam spinning ball (also known as the wind god wheel) invented by Ciro appeared. As the first device to convert steam pressure into mechanical power, the steam rotary ball is also the first device to apply the principle of jet reaction.

In 9 A.D., China produced a new mang caliper.

In 25~221, China's Bi Lan invented the overturned car (keel waterwheel).

China's Du Shi invented the smelting and casting blast water drain.

Hydro wheels (prototypes of water turbines) appeared in China.

In 78~139, China's Zhang Heng invented the armillary sphere (water transport armillary image), which is driven by water leakage and can indicate the time of the stars.

In the 2nd century, China used patterned steel to make swords and swords – similar to Damascus Gang.

In 105, China's Cai Tuojian produced good paper.

In 220~230 years, the Jili drum car appeared in China.

In 235, China's Ma Jun invented a guide car driven by gears.

From 265 to 420 years, China's Du pre-invented the continuous mill and water rotary mill driven by a water wheel.

In the 4th century, the countries bordering the Mediterranean used screws and nuts on winemaking presses.

The development of mechanical technology in the West came to a long standstill due to the depression of the classical culture of ancient Greece and Rome. The spread of plagues such as the Black Death plunged the Western world into darkness for 400 years.

In the 5th ~ 6th century, China invented the grinding car.

In 420~589, vehicles and ships appeared in China.

From 550 to 580, China's Qimu Huaiwen invented steel filling technology.

From 618 to 907, a silver incense burner was preserved in Shapo Village, Xi'an, China, with a strange structure.

In 700, Persia began to use windmills.

In 953, China cast a large iron casting, the Cangzhou Iron Lion (weighing more than 5,000 kilograms).

In 1041~1048, China's Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.

In 1088, China's Su Song and Han Gonglian made a water transport instrument with an escapement.

In 1097, China cast four great iron men in the Jin Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province - the Song Dynasty Iron Man.

In 1127~1279, China invented the water-to-large spinning wheel.

In 1131~1162, China recorded the marquee lamp (the prototype of the gas turbine).

In 1263, China's Xue Jingshi completed a monograph on wooden machinery and tools, "The Legacy of the Ziren People".

In 1330, Chen Chun of China recorded the iron furnace (rolling furnace) in the "Ao Botu".

In 1332, China made cannons from copper.

At the beginning of the Renaissance era, Italy, France, Britain and other countries successively established universities to develop natural sciences and humanities, cultivate talents, and Western mechanical technology began to recover and develop.

In 1350, Dandi of Italy made a mechanical clock, powered by the falling of a hammer and geared.

In 1395, rod lathes appeared in Germany

In 1439, Gutenberg invented the metal movable type letterpress printing press.

In 1608, Lipsch of the Netherlands invented the telescope.

In 1629, Blanca of Italy designed a runner (the prototype of the impulse steam turbine) that rotated by steam shock.

In 1637, Song Yingxing's scientific and technical work "Heavenly Works" was published in China, which recorded in detail the ancient Chinese production tools and technologies.

In 1643, Torricelli of Italy laid the foundation for hydrostatic and liquid-column pressure measuring instruments by experimentally measuring the standard atmospheric pressure value of 760 mm Hg.

In 1660, Pascal of France proposed the basic law of pressure transfer in stationary liquids, laying the foundation for hydrostatics and hydraulic transmission.

In 1650~1654, Gelik of Germany invented the vacuum pump, and in 1664 he demonstrated the famous Magdeburg hemispheric experiment in Magdeburg, showing the power of atmospheric pressure for the first time.

In 1656~1657, Huygens of the Netherlands created a single-pendulum mechanical clock.

In 1665, Leeuwenhoek of the Netherlands and Hooke of England invented the microscope.

In 1698, the English Havery built the first practical steam engine for pumping water from mines, the "Miners' Friend". It pioneered the use of steam for work.

A.D. 1700~1800

In 1701, Newton of England proposed Newton's cooling law of convective heat transfer.

In 1705, Newcomen of England invented the atmospheric piston steam engine, which replaced the Saffrey steam engine. Power up to six horsepower.

In 1709~1714, the German Huatuoheite successively invented the alcohol thermometer and the mercury thermometer, and created the Fahrenheit temperature scale with the freezing point of water being 32 degrees, the boiling point being 212 degrees, and the middle being divided into 180 degrees.

In 1713~1735, Darby of England invented the method of making iron with coke. In 1735, Darby's son put coke ironmaking technology into production.

In 1733, Cami of France proposed the fundamental law of gear meshing.

In 1738, Daniel the First Bernoulli of Switzerland established the energy equation of non-viscous fluids - the Bernoulli equation.

In 1742~1745, Swedish Cesius established a temperature scale with the freezing point of water being 100 degrees Celsius and the boiling point being 0 degrees. In 1745, Linnaeus of Sweden reversed the two fixed points to become the Celsius temperature scale.

In the middle of the 18th century, Lavoisier of France and Lomonosov of Russia proposed the theory that combustion is the oxidation of matter.

In 1755, Euler of Switzerland established the equation of motion of viscous fluids, the Euler equation.

In 1764, Hargreaves of England invented the vertical, multi-spindle, hand-operated Jenny spinning machine.

In 1769, Watt of England obtained a patent with an independent utility condenser, thus completing the invention of the steam engine. This steam engine was put into operation in 1776 with a thermal efficiency of 2~4%.

France's Güno made a three-wheeled steam car, the first car that could actually drive.

In 1772~1794, Wallow and Vaughan of England successively invented ball bearings.

In 1774, Wilkinson of England invented a more precise barrel boring machine, which was the first real machine tool - a machine for processing machines. It was successfully used to process the cylinder block, which put the Watt steam engine into operation.

In 1785, Coulomb of France used the concept of mechanical meshing to explain dry friction and put forward the theory of friction for the first time.

Cartwright in England invented the power loom, completing the transition from handicraft and workshop handicraft to machine industry.

In 1786, the British Seas invented the ear cutting machine.

In 1787, the first iron ship was built in England's Wilkinson.

In 1789, the concept of "metric" was first proposed in France. In 1799, it was made into the Ashyf meter ruler (archival meter ruler)

In 1790, St. Thomas of England invented the chain-type single-stitch hand-cranked sewing machine for sewing boots and shoes, which was the world's first sewing machine.

In the 90s of the 18th century, Bentham of England successively invented the planer, the single-axis woodworking milling machine, the router milling machine and the woodworking drilling machine.

In 1792, Maudsley of England invented taps and dies for processing threads.

In 1794, Wilkinson in England built a cupola.

In 1795, Brammer in England invented the hydraulic press.

In 1797, Maudsley of England invented a lathe with a lead screw, a smooth bar, a feed turret and a guide rail, which could turn threads of different pitches.

In 1799, Monges of France published the book "Drawing Geometry", which made drawing geometry the basis of projection theory in mechanical drawing.

A.D. 1800~1900

At the beginning of the 19th century, Young of England proposed the concept of elastic modulus, revealing the relationship between strain and stress.

In 1803, the British Don King made a long net paper machine.

Trevigreck of England built the first steam locomotive to utilize tracks.

In 1804, the French Biao proposed the law of heat conduction, which was first applied by the French Fourier, so it is called Fourier's law.

In 1807, Brinnel of England invented the woodworking circular sawing machine.

In 1807, Fulton built the first paddlewheel-propelled steam engine ship, the Clermont.

In 1809, Dickinson in England made a rotary screen paper machine.

In 1812, Koenig of Germany invented the circular flattening letterhead printing press.

In 1814, Stephenson of England made the railway steam locomotive "Leather Boot". In 1829, the Stephenson & Sons' "Rocket" steam locomotive won a locomotive race with a speed of 58 km/h, a load of 3,137 tons, and a safe operation of 112.6 km.

In 1816, Stirling of Scotland invented the heat engine.

In 1817, Roberts of England created the gantry planer.

In 1818, Whitney in the United States created a horizontal milling machine.

Germany's Dries invented a wooden, two-wheeled bicycle with handlebars and pedals.

Around 1820, White in England made the first machine tool capable of machining both cylindrical and bevel gears.

In 1822, Niepps of France experimented with photoengraving and produced the world's first photograph. In 1826, he took another photograph in a camera obscura.

In 1827~1845, Navier-Stokes of France and Stokes of England established the equation of motion of viscous incompressible fluids - Navier-Stokes equation.

In 1830, fire-tube boilers appeared in France.

In 1833~1836, Otis in the United States designed and manufactured single-bucket excavation machinery.

In 1834, Page and Fay of the United States invented the tenon and groove machine and the tenoning machine respectively.

In 1834~1844, Perkins and Gorey in the United States made refrigerators with **** as the working medium and air as the working medium respectively.

In 1835, Whitworth of England invented the gear hobbing machine.

In 1836, McCormick of the United States created the horse-drawn combine harvester (Combein).

In 1837, Jacobi of Russia invented the electroforming method.

In 1838, Jacobi in Russia used a battery to power a DC electric motor to drive a speedboat, which was the first time an electric transmission was used.

Bruce in the United States was the first to produce lead characters using the pressure casting method.

In 1839, Daguerre da Guerre of France made the first practical daguerreotype camera, which could be used to take clear pictures.

Ponton of Scotland sheds light on modern photoplatemaking methods in his report.

Smith in England built the propeller-propelled steam engine ship "Archimedes".

Babbitt of the United States invented tin-based bearing alloys (babbitts).

In 1840~1850, Joule in England discovered the electric heat equivalent and measured the heat work equivalent in various ways. The results of his experiments led the scientific community to abandon the "thermomass theory" and accept the first law of thermodynamics.

In 1841, Whitworth in England designed the imperial standard threading system.

France's Timonier designs and manufactures practical two-thread chain stitch sewing machines.

In 1842, Neysmith of England invented the steam hammer.

In 1848, China's Ding Gongchen wrote the "Illustrated Compendium of Artillery Performances", in which the Western steamer car and steamship illustrated was the first Chinese treatise on steam engines, trains and steamships.

In 1845, Fitch of the United States invented the turret lathe (hexagonal lathe).

Thomson of the United Kingdom obtains a patent for an pneumatic tire. After 1888, it was used for bicycle and automobile tires by Dunlop in England and the Misyland Rubber Company in France.

The British Cobay set up the Cobay shipyard in Guangzhou Huangpu, which is the earliest foreign-funded machinery factory in China.

In 1846~1851, Howe of the United States obtained a patent for a curved lock stitch sewing machine; Singer in the United States designed and manufactured this sewing machine, and since then the sewing machine has been mass-produced.

In 1847, the Institution of Engineers, the world's first academic society for mechanical engineering, was founded.

Bourdain of France made Bourdon tube pressure gauges.

Hoy in the United States invented the rotary (circular pressing, circular letterpress) printing press.

In 1848, Kelvin (i.e., Thomson) of England created the thermodynamic temperature scale.

Palmer of France invented the outer micrometer.

Germany invents the universal rolling mill.

In 1849, Francis of the United States invented the Francis turbine.

In 1850~1851, Clausius of Germany and Kelvin of England respectively proposed the second law of thermodynamics.

In 1850~1880, Britain invented various gas shielded non-oxidation heating methods.

In 1856, the Association of German Engineers was founded.

Béssemer of England invented converter steelmaking.

In 1856~1864, Siemens of Britain and Martin of France invented open-hearth steelmaking.

In 1857, Bessemer of England invented the continuous casting method.

In 1858, Blake in the United States invented the jaw crusher.

In 1860, Lenoir in France built the first practical gas engine (and the first internal combustion engine).

Kirchhoff of Germany established Kirchhoff's law by simulating absolute blackbodies in artificial space.

In 1861, China's Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Ordnance Institute, the first machinery factory run by the Chinese.

In 1862 and 1865, China's first steam engine and the first wooden steam engine ship "Huang Que" were built successively.

In 1862, Girard of Germany invented the hydrostatic bearing.

In 1863, Sobi in England observed the metallographic structure of steel with a microscope, and in 1864 exhibited a metallographic photomicrograph of steel.

In 1864, Jossell of France was the first to study the influence of tool geometric parameters on cutting forces.

In 1865, China's Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and others founded the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, which was the beginning of China's modern machinery industry (renamed Jiangnan Shipyard in 1953).

In 1867, Waller of Germany exhibited the fatigue test results of axles at the Paris Exposition, put forward the concept of fatigue limit, and laid the foundation for fatigue strength design.

In 1868, Sirus of the United States invented the typewriter.

Mushet in the United Kingdom makes tungsten-containing alloy tool steel.

In 1868~1887, belt conveyors and screw conveyors appeared in Britain and the United States.

In 1870, the Russian Timme was the first to explain the process of chip formation.

In 1872~1874, Bell and Linde of Germany made ammonia vapor compression refrigerators respectively.

In 1873, Spencer in the United States made a single-shaft automatic lathe, and soon a multi-shaft automatic lathe.

In 1874, Rayleigh in England discovered the phenomenon of moiré streaks.

Lawson of England makes modern bikes with chain drive, rear-wheel drive.

In 1875, Lelow of Germany established the concepts of components, motion pairs, motion chains and mechanism motion diagrams, laying the foundation of mechanism.

In 1876, Otto of Germany created a reciprocating piston, single-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine.

For the first time, a universal cylindrical grinding machine was made in the USA and had the basic characteristics of a modern grinding machine.

In 1877, Cathay in France and Pickett in Switzerland were the first to obtain liquid oxygen in the form of a mist. In 1892, the British Dewar was made into a liquefied gas container.

In 1878~1884, Austria's Stefan and Boltzmann established the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation heat exchange.

In 1879, an electric locomotive manufactured by Siemens in Germany was successfully commissioned.

The world's first steel ship is introduced.

Laval of Sweden invents the centrifugal separator.

In 1880, the American Society of Engineers was founded.

In 1881, battery-electric cars appeared in France.

China's Xugezhuang Garage produced China's first steam locomotive "China Rocket".

In 1882, Laval of Sweden built the first single-stage impulse steam turbine.

In 1883, Daimler in Germany made the first vertical gasoline engine, which was patented in 1885.

Reynolds of England discovered two flow states of fluids, laminar flow and turbulent flow, and established the basic equation of turbulence, Reynolds equation.

In 1884, Parsons in England built a multi-stage reactionary steam turbine.

In 1885, Germany's Benz created a three-wheeled gasoline engine car, and in 1886 obtained the world's first automobile patent.

Germany's Daimler created a gasoline-powered motorcycle.

In 1885~1887, Benardos of Russia and Thompson of the United States invented arc welding and resistance welding respectively.

In 1886, Daimler of Germany created a four-wheeled gasoline engine car.

Herschel in the United States used a venturi tube to measure the flow of water, which was the earliest flow measuring instrument.

Renault of England established the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication.

In 1888, Osmond of Germany proposed the metallographic transition theory of steel, iron and pig iron, and later made an iron-carbon phase diagram by Austin of England.

In 1889, the First International Conference on Weights and Measures officially defined the "meter" for the first time as: "the distance between the two intermediate lines of the platinum-iridium meter ruler of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at zero degrees".

Pelton of the United States invented the bucket water turbine.

In 1890, Ames in the United States made dial gauges and dial indicators.

In 1891, Acheson of the United States made the earliest artificial abrasive, silicon carbide.

In 1892, Frohslich of the United States created a farm tractor.

In 1895, Röntgen in Germany discovered X-rays.

In 1896, Johansen of Sweden invented a set of fast sets.

In 1897, Diesel was created in Germany.

Fellowes of the United States creates a gear shaping machine.

Parsons in England built the first steam-turbine ship, the Turbonia.

The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers was established.

In 1898, Lapuente in the United States created a horizontal pull-out bed.

Taylor and White in the United States invented high-speed steel.

In 1899, Elow of France invented the electric arc furnace steelmaking method.

A.D. 1900 ~ present

At the beginning of the 20th century, Curtis in the United States created a speed-class steam turbine.

Cocker in the UK and Messner in France were the first to perform experimental stress analysis on wheels, gears, bearings, etc.

In 1901, gas welding was invented in France.

In 1903, the Wright brothers of the United States made the world's first real airplane and successfully flew it.

Ford in the United States established the Ford Motor Company and began mass production of automobiles. In 1908, Ford developed the Model T and put it on the market.

The first diesel-powered ship "Vandal" was launched.

In 1904, Plante of Germany established the boundary layer theory.

Rubell of the United States invents the offset printing press.

In 1906, Le Maire and Amengo of France built the first gas turbine with output power (but the efficiency was only 3~4% and was not practical).

In 1906~1914, Bich in Switzerland trial-produced a composite engine.

In 1906, the German Nengsto discovered the "thermal theorem", and in 1912, it was modified into the third law of thermodynamics by Planck and Simon in Germany.

In 1907, Taylor in the United States studied the effect of cutting speed on tool life and proposed the famous Taylor formula.

In 1908, China's Guangzhou Junhean Machinery Factory produced China's first internal combustion engine (single-cylinder horizontal 8-horsepower diesel engine).

In 1911, Taylor in the United States published the book "Principles of Scientific Management", which put forward the concept of "scientific management" for the first time.

Carmen, a Hungarian-American, illustrates Carmen vortex with an aerodynamic point of view.

Greenlee Company of the United States creates a combination machine tool.

Duysburg, Germany.

In 1912, Brierley in Britain and Strauss in Germany made chrome stainless steel and chromium-nickel stainless steel respectively.

Zhan Tianyou of China initiated the establishment of the Chinese Engineering Society, which later became the Chinese Society of Engineers.

In 1913, Sweden made the first diesel locomotive with an electric drive.

The Ford Motor Company of the United States built the earliest automobile assembly line.

In 1915, China's first clock factory, Zhongbao Clock Factory, was founded in Yantai.

Shanghai Rongchangtai Machinery Factory built China's first machine tool (4-foot lathe).

In 1919, China's earliest sewing machine factory, Xiechang and Runchang sewing machine stores, was founded in Shanghai.

In 1920, Holzwart in Germany produced the first practical gas turbine (working in an isochoric heating cycle).

Kaplan of Austria invents the axial flow paddle turbine.

Czechoslovakia's Čapek first used the word "robot" in his science fiction play Russum the Omnipotent Robot.

Griffiths in the UK conducts fracture mechanics analysis.

In 1923, Schlertel of Germany invented cemented carbide.

In 1923~1927, Kostel in Germany designed and manufactured the offset interferometer.

In 1926, the first automatic production line (processing automobile chassis) was built in the United States.

In 1927, Wood and Loomis in the United States conducted ultrasonic fabrication tests. In 1951, Cohen in the United States built the first ultrasonic machine.

In 1934, Knorr-Bremse and Ruska of Germany made a transmission electron microscope.

In 1934, the Sino-US joint venture Hangzhou Central Aircraft Factory was established. An all-metal bomber was created.

In 1935~1936, China's Liu Xianzhou and others initiated the establishment of the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society.

In 1938, Carlson pioneered electrostatic photocopying technology in the United States.

The German company Dergusa invents the ceramic cutter.

In 1938~1940, Ernst and McChanter in the United States used high-speed cameras to photograph the chip formation process and explain the chip formation mechanism.

In 1939, a gas turbine for power generation was built in Switzerland (operating in an isobaric heating cycle).

In 1941, the first gas turbine locomotive was built in Switzerland.

In 1942, Fermi and others in the United States built the first controllable chain nuclear fission atomic reactor.

In 1943, the Lazarenkos of the Soviet Union invented EDM.

In the 40s of the 20th century, the Soviet Union invented mechanical cutting of anodes.

In 1947, the first gas turbine ship "Gatlik" was introduced.

Moreau and Williams of England made ductile iron.

In the 40s of the 20th century, the British Taylerson designed a multi-faceted prism.

In 1950, Steiger's ****** of the Federal Republic of Germany invented electron beam processing.

In 1952, Parsons made the first digitally controlled machine tool in the United States.

The American Lip Company made electronic watches.

In 1954, the United States built its first nuclear-powered ship, the USS Nautilus.

In 1955, the United States successfully researched the plasma arc processing (cutting) method.

In 1956, China's first automobile factory (Changchun) was completed and put into operation.

China established a machine tool research institute.

China established the Institute of Tool Science, which was reorganized into the Institute of Tool Science in 1957.

In 1957, Wankel of the Federal Republic of Germany developed a rotary piston engine.

In 1958, the first machining center was developed by the Carney-Terek company of the United States.

The United States developed industrial robots.

Schoroyer of the United States invented solid casting.

The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) was founded.

Townes and Shawlo in the United States published a paper on the formation of lasers. In 1960, Mayman in the United States developed a ruby laser.

China's largest bearing factory, Luoyang Bearing Factory, was completed and put into operation.

China's largest watch factory, Shanghai Watch Factory, was completed and put into operation.

In 1959, China's No. 1 Tractor Factory (Luoyang) was completed and put into operation.

Mather of the United States obtained a patent for harmonic transmission.

In the 50s of the 20th century, the United States invented the electrolytic grinding method.

The USSR and the USA applied electrochemical machining methods in production.

The liquid jet processing method began to be applied in production.

Stress analysis is performed using the finite element method in the United States.

In 1960, the 11th International Conference on Weights and Measures defined "meter" for the second time as: 1650763.73 times the wavelength of the radiated light in a vacuum when the Kr atom transitions between the 2P10 and 5d5 energy levels".

China's largest heavy machinery factory, the first heavy machinery factory (Qiqihar), was completed and put into operation.

In 1962, Bendix Corporation of the United States achieved the first Optimal Adaptive Control (ACO) on a CNC milling machine.

In 1964, Grover in the United States invented heat pipes.

In 1967, Fox of the United States first proposed the concept of mechanism optimization.

Based on the basic concept of a flexible manufacturing system proposed by Williamson, the British company Molins developed "System 24".

In 1969, China's Second Automobile Factory (Hubei) began large-scale construction. In 1975, a 2.5-ton off-road vehicle production base was built.

In 1972, the United States General Electric Company produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic nitride blades.

In 1976, Japan's Fanuc Corporation exhibited for the first time a flexible manufacturing cell consisting of 4 machining centers and 1 industrial robot.

In 1979, Xu Nanpu and others of the United States pointed out that the friction coefficient is equal to the sum of the mechanical meshing friction coefficient, the adhesive friction coefficient and the ploughing friction coefficient.

In 1983, the 17th International Conference on Weights and Measures defined "meter" for the third time as: "the length of the distance traveled by light in a time interval of 1/299792458 second in a vacuum".

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