Section 417 Outstanding cases of land cession by Russia
In view of this rogue tactics of Russia, although the Chinese army was being demobilized, it still marched into Russia in the spring.
The first to be demobilized were a large number of township soldiers, who were only put into the battlefield as a form in the middle and late stages, and were always stationed in the rear as reserve soldiers in the early and middle periods.
The southern soldiers were demobilized first, because of the long distance, so when it was discovered that Russia was playing tricks, the northern township soldiers had basically not begun to demobilize, and immediately suspended the demobilization work of the northern soldiers, so that nearly forty percent of the township soldiers were retained.
China has mobilized 9 million troops, and among the 8 million township soldiers in addition to the main force, there are more than 3 million soldiers in the north, plus the main force of soldiers and auxiliaries, there are still 4 million troops enough to deter the chaotic Russia.
Of course, it is very troublesome now, even the grassroots order has lost its guarantee, it is very dangerous for the army to enter, one is not careful, the Russians rise up, and then evolve into a people's war, and finally in the vast sea of this people's war, the Russian serfdom society collapsed, the Russian nation is highly united, forming a modern Russian nation, after the baptism of blood and fire, the Russian population has been reduced by half, the Chinese army has suffered heavy casualties, hundreds of millions of gold have turned into flowing water, the two nations have declined at the same time, and the Western European powers have taken advantage of the rise ... …
In short, no matter how you look at it, this rogue trick played by the tsar has made China feel a little troublesome.
At this time, it was Speransky who was in power in Russia, Zhou Lang felt that Speransky either took the initiative to conspire with the Tsar, or he himself was calculated by the Tsar, and the Tsar asked him to come to power, the purpose was to make him responsible, and now the situation is unclear, Zhou Lang can only put pressure on the Speransky government first, asking them to respect the sanctity of the treaty, fulfill their obligations as soon as possible, and complete the exchange of the treaty.
Speransky sent an envoy to communicate with Zhou Lang, saying that the current state of affairs was because of the Tsar's sense of honor, and the Tsar was unwilling to sign the treaty of land cession and reparation. The envoy hoped that China would exercise restraint for the time being, and that the current Russian government had no intention of continuing the war with China, and would withdraw all the troops and administrative structures within the territory of the cessed territory. And tried to persuade the tsar to sign the treaty.
Zhou Lang was inclined to believe that Speransky was also used by the Tsar, and that it could only be so for the time being, but this matter was not so simple.
Therefore, after the arrival of spring, the Chinese army continued to move, quickly moving north to occupy Volgograd, and then along the river to capture Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk), as well as Kazan, the three cities that should belong to Russia according to the treaty, and occupying Kazan meant opening up the waterway to Moscow.
After the temporary cessation of military operations and the settlement of the occupied territories, there were still a number of Russian cities east of the Volga River to the southern part of the Ural Mountains, such as Orenburg, Ufa, Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, surrounded by Russian aristocratic estates and serf villages.
The aristocrats had already run away, and the Chinese occupation forces temporarily imposed military control, announcing the abolition of serfdom, and the serfs would no longer have feudal obligations to the nobles, and would no longer need to serve the landlords, cultivate the land for the landlords for free, and directly distribute the land of the noble lords to each serf household equally, basically according to the Chinese land method.
The Chinese army was also under military control here last time, but the implementation of the policy was mainly carried out by Speransky's puppet government, and the Chinese occupation army lacked the necessary personnel at that time, which is different now. More than 20 years of Sino-Russian trade have made a large number of Chinese businessmen understand authentic Russian, and also a large number of Russian businessmen understand Chinese, and translation talents are not scarce.
Centered on Orenburg, Samara, Ufa, Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, China has set up five counties here and appointed five county governors to govern them.
The Urals region was a Russian frontier region at this time, sparsely populated, the population of Russia in 1897 when the first census was only 5.7 million, after the last war, the tsar exiled a large number of Ural nobles to Siberia, and allowed them to take their serfs, the actual purpose was to enrich Siberia, plus other immigrants to Siberia, so that the population of Siberia increased to 4 million, but the population of the Ural region fell to about 1 million. Combined with the effects of the war, the population of this area is less than a million, and it is extremely empty compared to the huge amount of land.
The population of Siberia has declined even more dramatically, as a result of four years of war, the Russian population has revolted extensively, and the Chinese army has continued to suppress it, and a law and order war has been fought, which has reduced the population of 4 million by more than half, at best, to 2 million, and the proportion of young men lost even more.
In view of these circumstances, for the purpose of developing national land resources and stabilizing the frontier, China immediately decided to settle here under military administration. Migration was recruited throughout the country, and in order to make it easier for them to adapt to the environment, a detailed program was also made, with the southern migrants mainly going to the North Caucasus, near the Black Sea coast, and the northern migrants being arranged in Siberia and the Urals.
Southern Siberia and the Urals are relatively good in terms of farming conditions, with abundant freshwater and arable land, and in addition to distributing cattle to each family, the government has announced that farmland here will be permanently tax-exempt in order to attract more people.
Of course, the Chinese government has always been more lenient, and the immigrants mainly went to exploit wasteland, including abandoned farmland by the Russians, and more undeveloped land, and at the same time declared that the Russians also enjoyed tax exemption, which means that in these border areas, the policy of permanent agricultural tax exemption was implemented.
This also had a pacificating effect on the Russians, who were previously serfs of the landlords, but now they were not only emancipated in status, and did not have to be requisitioned by the landlords to do all kinds of hard labor, but also received land, neither to pay rent to the landlords, nor to pay taxes to the government, and until a generation did not forget the suffering of serfdom and the benevolence of the new policy, it was difficult for the local serfs to rise up in rebellion. If, a generation later, Chinese immigrants are not able to form a dominant ethnic group here, the government is derelict in its duties.
At the same time, Speransky's government had already begun the reform of serfdom, which, according to the textbook tone, dealt a heavy blow to the Russian aristocratic landlords, one was a defeat to their morale, and the other was a blow to their prestige. The most important thing is that many aristocratic officers are still serving hard labor in China as prisoners, because the Russians have rebelled, and the repatriation of prisoners is only half completed, especially the aristocratic captives who are in the officer class, which are basically not released.
Under the monogamous system in the West, the number of legal heirs is limited, so some nobles are reluctant to have heirs, even some royal families, let alone ordinary aristocratic families. After the First World War, the British aristocratic House of Lords was quickly suppressed by the House of Commons, which was considered to be the aristocratic tradition of the children of the nobility charging in the front and retreating in the war, which made the casualty rate of the children of the nobility higher, resulting in the extinction of many ancient aristocratic families, resulting in the loneliness of the noble council.
This is almost the case in Russia now, where the great noble families inevitably had to serve the Tsar during the war, leading to the danger of severing the inheritance of many large families. In addition, in the subsequent rebellion of serfs that spread throughout the country against the landlords' estates, more landlord forces were destroyed. The aristocratic landlords almost completely lost control of the rural communities for a short time, and unless the state supported them to regain power, they were spontaneously excluded from the countryside.
With a large number of military aristocrats taken prisoner and serf villages destroying the landlords' estates, Speransky was fortunate to have few obstacles at home. The blow to serfdom was too much and it was already in jeopardy. So when Speransky announced the abolition of the power of the nobility over the serfs and only partial compensation, he basically did not encounter strong resistance.
Speransky also quickly arranged for the demobilization of soldiers, and the return of rural soldiers to the countryside for rapid spring ploughing work. The 300,000 troops in his hands remained, and it was obvious that this idealist reformer was no longer the Wuxia Amon of the past, and he knew that the power of the gun was far greater than the ideal.
In the cities, parliaments were established, the principles for the selection of officials by examination were formulated, and the administrative, legal, and police institutions were rapidly improved.
But Speransky's reforms were not as smooth as those in the Chinese occupation zone, the most important reason being that he had no money, and China provided a large amount of relief to the Russian village communities in the occupied areas, allowing them to survive the spring famine, complete the sowing, and give them rations to support the autumn harvest.
Speransky could not do this, he even needed to levy taxes to supply the administration and the army, which is why successive tsars have never been able to reform serfdom, because reform has costs, and during the reform period, all kinds of taxes will inevitably be affected, and before the new system gives birth to more wealth, the tsar could not accept the decline in military power brought about by the finances, which led to the defeat of Russia in the European war. Therefore, the frequent wars on the one hand hit serfdom, and on the other hand, the tsar did not have enough finances to adjust serfdom.
As a result, under Speransky's reforms, riots were raging all over Russia, and the serfs, who were already impoverished, were now told that they still had to pay taxes on time, how could they live, and the resentment caused by the defeat of the war made everyone's approval of the new regime very low.
Speransky gritted his teeth and continued to suppress, and then began to seek support from China, hoping that the Chinese government would delay the payment of Russian reparations and borrow a reform loan from China.
But in today's circumstances, most officials in Speransky's cabinet think it's a fantasy. Due to the Tsar's refusal to sign, the two countries are still in a state of de jure war.
Although China had occupied all the territories specified in the treaty, those territories were still legally part of the Russian Empire, creating a pending cession case.
In this case, the likelihood of success in seeking a loan from China is extremely low. But Speransky had no choice but to hope that the personal friendship between the Chinese emperor and him, and the benevolence of the Chinese civil officials, would help the Russian people at this time.
To Speransky's relief, the Chinese emperor agreed to both demands.
Not only was Russia willing to temporarily suspend the payment of war reparations, but it was also willing to provide a guarantee for the Speransky government to borrow a huge loan of 100 million taels of gold in the Chinese market.
Speransky did not know that the Chinese emperor also had his own motives for doing this.