For so many years in the Ming Dynasty, the highest voice of domestic public opinion is to demand the Northern Expedition of the imperial court, and to ask the king to compete in the Central Plains and dominate the world. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

This is not only the political ambition of government officials, but also the concept of the world of literati and doctors, and even ordinary people yearn for the unification of the country.

The strong nationalist sentiment that emerged in the younger generation of the Daming Dynasty has long ceased to regard the flag people as Chinese, but generally regarded the flag people as barbaric conquerors, which is not understood by the nationalist youth themselves, but is influenced by the Western concept of the nation-state.

After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, China's political form ceased to be a nation-state, but transformed into an empire.

The so-called empire, which is different from the understanding of ordinary people, does not mean aggression, and the main characteristic of empire is pluralism.

There are three elements of an empire's formation, more than two ethnic compositions, large territories, and strong world influence.

After the British annexed India, it was renamed the British Empire, and it was for this reason. One of the psychological motivations for the outward expansion of the German Empire's nationalism was the desire to gain influence commensurate with that of the world empire.

Starting from Spain, Western countries slowly formed nation-states, and under the blow of the Napoleonic Wars, the national consciousness of European countries was greatly stimulated, and the previous European countries were only the territory of feudal kings. After Napoleon, the concept of the nation-state began to take root in the hearts of the people. Begin to emphasize concepts like a nation, a nation, a leader, and so on. After the First World War, the reason why the West adopted the principle of national self-determination and allowed a large number of ethnic groups to establish independent states was because of this ideological understanding, and it was generally believed that every nation has the right to have its own state. The state belongs to the nation, not the nation to the state.

During the Warring States Period, China was also an era of nation-states, the cohesion of a single nation-state made the Central Plains countries during the Warring States period have a strong ability to mobilize materials, Qin, Zhao and Yan and other countries, a country can expand to the grassland peoples, and ask for land from the nomads, but in the Han Dynasty, after becoming an empire, the cohesion declined, and the ability to mobilize resources also declined.

As for the difference between the Western concept of the state and the concept of the nation-state of the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no one can say clearly, but the concept of the Western nation-state is obviously not completely suitable for Chinese society and culture.

The Western-influenced concept of the nation-state naturally led to calls for the expulsion of the Tatars. But the nationalism of the Ming Dynasty is also mixed with some historical influences.

After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, of course, the common people in the Ming Dynasty had to re-transform their national consciousness, some of them successfully became Ming nationals, and some stubbornly adhered to the identity of loyal and filial sons of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. When the second generation of the Ming Dynasty arrived, there was no memory of the Manchu Dynasty, and after the young people trained under the Ming education system grew up, it was another perception, at this time the national identity was no longer a problem, and they naturally had the consciousness that they were Ming people.

However, national consciousness and national consciousness often have to be traced back to the roots, and everyone has a tendency to find their roots in history. But once you start to trace history, you can't get around the fact that the Ming Dynasty was a country separated from the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and in order to find justice for the independence of the Ming Dynasty and find justice for your own identity, of course, there will be theories that deny the legitimacy of the Manchu Dynasty.

At this time, with the opening of Japan, it provided an opportunity for everyone to have a large number of Ming Dynasty scholars who were exiled to Japan at the end of the Ming Dynasty, bringing a large number of notes and works of that era to Japan, such as books such as "Ming Ji Beiluo" that recorded the historical truth at that time, and some notes that recorded the Manchu massacre, such as "Yangzhou Ten Diaries" and "Jiading Massacre", etc., these books were often banned in the Manchu Dynasty.

These books were gradually brought back to China by Ming merchants, travelers, and scholars who came and went in and out of Japan, reprinted, and distributed throughout the world, and widely disseminated among readers.

So everyone found their roots, and linked their roots through the Manchu rule of more than 200 years, and the dynasty that had perished and had the same name as the Ming Dynasty.

They began to get spiritual echoes and inheritance from the words of Han doctors in the late Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, their sense of historical responsibility made them begin to awaken a strong national consciousness.

After reading books such as "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" and "Jiading Massacre", many young readers will record their feelings, "After reading this, cry a few lines", many young readers with rich emotions, after reading these things, are really indignant, really sad and weeping.

Many people are deeply aware that "the raw material Han people have been Manchu slaves for 200 years, and there is no difference from the Yuan Dynasty", and there is no longer the kind of argument that the traditional old master insisted on "this dynasty is kind to the people", and the traditional literati believe that the basis for the Qing Dynasty's kindness and the people is mainly that the Manchu Qing Dynasty unified the world and returned the people to a peace, they did not recognize Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, so they exterminated the Manchu Qing who rebelled against the thieves, one was to give the people peace, and the other was to avenge the Ming Dynasty, which was kind to the people and to China.

However, the notion of traditional scholars and scholars has been challenged by a new generation of nationalist scholars, who tell young people that the Qing Dynasty was kind to the people, and young people talk about the Qing Dynasty massacres, believing that the Qing Dynasty, like the Yuan Dynasty, which the literati generally disagreed, was a mean and unkind country that regarded the Han people as slaves.

The latest figures, who were influenced by Western concepts of human rights, especially rejected this kind of massacre, and not only used books such as "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" and "Jiading Massacre" to explain their reasoning, but also examined the Han people who were slaughtered during the relocation of the Manchu coastal border, claiming that since ancient times, no country would forcibly drive its own people from their homeland, and those who did not obey would be killed.

Whether it is nationalism formed by historical stimulation or the nation-state consciousness absorbed from the West, these two national ideas have one requirement, that is, there is only one means to fill up, and that is the Northern Expedition. As long as the traditional literati have corrected the mentality of the Ming people, they also demand the Northern Expedition and dominate the world.

Therefore, the call for the Northern Expedition of the Ming Dynasty has always been very high over the years, and it is a consensus of the government and the opposition, a consensus of all strata.

But as Hurd said, the British did not want to see the Ming forces enter the Yangtze River, and they always maintained a military presence in Shanghai, not so much to block the southward movement of Russia as to prevent the Ming from moving north.

It can be said that once the Ming Dynasty began the Northern Expedition, the British would definitely take action. But this is not the reason why the Ming Dynasty never carried out the Northern Expedition, because Zhu Jinglun knew very well that the British would definitely stop it, but they would definitely not risk war and intervene in the continental war. At most, they gave financial and military assistance to the Manchu government, a certain amount of deterrence by the navy, and the most serious thing was to blockade the Ming coastline.

In the immediate geopolitical change of Prussia to unify Germany, Britain did not intervene, let alone China, which was thousands of miles away from the east.

So Daming, or Zhu Jinglun's worries, have other reasons.

Worrying about the heavy killing and the damage to the national vitality is one reason, and the political and political governance is the biggest reason.

Ten years after the founding of the Ming Dynasty, that is, before 1875, it did not have the ability to unify the whole country, there was no necessary manpower reserve, and there were no corresponding external conditions, so there was no plan for the Northern Expedition.

Ten years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the domestic and international situation has changed, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has regained its vitality, and the Northern Expedition will first destroy the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, then destroy the Xianghuai Group, and finally destroy the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which involves too much; The Russian forces invaded Xinjiang and entered Xinjiang, and the British began to infiltrate into Tibet.

Twenty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Taiping Army was overthrown, and the conditions for the Northern Expedition in China were ripe; However, the international powers carved up the world to form a boom, and the policy of the Ming Dynasty was to expand overseas, build a Chinese trade network around the Pacific Ocean, establish a Ming interest chain, and expand colonies in the Pacific.

But there is still a chance after that, the Ming and French wars are not obstacles, taking advantage of the aftermath of the victory of the war, the Northern Expedition in one go, I am afraid it is the best opportunity, because this coincides with the death of Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty is the most empty.

Zhu Jinglun has deduced many times that once the Northern Expedition is made, it is not a problem to destroy the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and it is not difficult to annihilate the Xianghuai group and capture Beijing.

The collapse of the Tsarist Empire led to the fact that the Soviet Union never restored its ruling power to the Tsarist era, completely lost its attempt to break through the geographical dilemma of the Turkish Straits and break through to the Indian Ocean, and also fell into the imperial graveyard of Afghanistan. The succession of the Soviet Union was a political disaster, which led to the collapse of the entire Russian national sphere of influence, from a superpower alongside US imperialism to a second-class power striving for the world level.

It is not difficult for the Ming Dynasty to destroy the Manchu Dynasty, but the difficult thing is how to quickly fill the power vacuum of the Manchu Dynasty and maintain the old territory of the Manchu Qing Dynasty during the period of land political and political vacuum.

Zhu Jinglun found it difficult to do, once the Manchu Qing Dynasty suddenly collapsed, there would be tremendous changes in Xinjiang, Tibet, and even Mongolia, and the internal separatist forces would not be willing to submit, and the external invading forces would not let go of this good opportunity. Therefore, once the decaying empire of the Manchu Qing Dynasty collapsed, the Ming Dynasty was likely to face the geopolitical situation of Russia carving up Xinjiang and Mongolia, and Britain occupying Tibet and Qinghai.

At that time, the Ming Dynasty would be extremely passive, if it wanted to compete with Britain and Russia, there was a lack of hard power, and if it tacitly acquiesced or even recognized that the two countries occupied Mongolia and Qinghai-Tibet for a long time, there was a risk of losing these two strategic places forever.

Therefore, the Northern Expedition of the Ming Dynasty is a matter of time, but if the opportunity is not right, the Northern Expedition is likely to be self-defeating, resulting in a situation of political collapse in East Asia, which cannot be cleaned up.

Therefore, the Ming would rather expand overseas again and again, and even this time for the sake of future interests, to attack the United States, he did not dare to stab the Manchu Qing Dynasty, but also to continue to maintain friendly relations with Britain for this reason, and use Britain to contain Russia's expansion, so that the Manchus could take advantage of the old political advantages to temporarily stabilize the geographical balance of Mongolia and Qinghai-Tibet.

As for the opportunity that Zhu Jinglun is waiting for, it is when Britain and Russia can't get away, that is, it is best to have a world war.

If it is a war, it will be ten years later, if a full-scale world war can break out before, it is necessary for the Ming Dynasty to promote this war and completely solve its own geopolitical dilemma. That depends on the development of the international political game, and Zhu Jinglun has to deal with the situation of the war against the United States at the moment.

Hurd was very worried about one thing, that is, the issue of the Ming Dynasty going to war without declaring it, which he believed would make the Ming fall into passivity in international public opinion.

"According to our previous ultimatum, Daming and the United States are already at war."

Zhu Jinglun explained that he thought it made perfect sense in law.

It's just that Western countries underestimate the power of the Ming Dynasty and completely ignore this possibility, but are looking at whether the Ming Dynasty dares to declare war.

In this state, even if Da Ming tries his best to explain in the future, I am afraid that an undeclared black cauldron will also be kicked back on his head.

"In that case, arrange a declaration of war. But you have to be fast, because war is about to break out. ”