Zhou Lang's reforms have never stopped, even during the war, all kinds of reform measures, as long as they are ready, will be implemented, he is the founding king, drastic reforms, the least resistance, if these reforms are very deep, no one can move.

For example, Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty was difficult to reform, but it was easy to reform when the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs.

The earliest reforms, such as taxation, began long before Zhou Lang ruled the world. Even the creation of a government-run industrial system can be included in the content of the reform.

This initial reform is actually more like a creation, because Zhou Lang started in a blank or weak place in the traditional field, and he started first within the emperor's power, the resistance to reform is very small, and the opposition has no reason to oppose it, just like the tsar reformed serfdom and liberated the state serfs and court serfs, which he directly controlled, the problem is not big, but if you want to touch the serfs in the hands of the landlords, it will cause strong opposition, to put it bluntly, whether it is a dispute of ideas or a battle of will, In the end, it will fall into the field of conflict of interests.

The establishment of various government-run workshops, according to the system of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, that is under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the major royal workshops in Beijing are like this, the local Jiangning weaving, etc., the local officials are not in charge, so Zhou Lang established these workshops in the name of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Wang Fuqian has no reason to interfere at all.

Later, the tax reform was also carried out in the field of commercial taxation, and it happened that most of the commercial taxes in the past were also held by Qianlong, such as the most important customs. Although the government also manages commercial taxes, the tax rate is very low, and most of the commercial taxes are actually the small coffers of the local officials, and the various checkpoints are the interests of the military.

In this case, Zhou Lang drastically abolished the channels for the defenders to eat and take cards, abolished a large number of checkpoints, or canceled the power of these checkpoints to intercept caravans.

In addition, many commercial taxes are very chaotic, the household department can collect a part, the Ministry of Industry can also collect a part, the Caoyun Yamen, the waterway yamen can collect a part, and all of these are cancelled or merged into the internal affairs government.

The tax reform was thus completed, mainly through the creation of a new system, which had little impact on the old system. In addition, there was a common goal of domination at that time, and the civilian clique did not begin to oppose it.

Next, Zhou Lang began to reform from the Ministry of Labor of the Cold Yamen, and the entry point he chose was also correct, which was the least powerful traditional department with the least influence. So Zhou Lang invited the French, established the Academy of Sciences, opened the first university, and cultivated all kinds of talents.

The French came to China in 1803, and by 1805, Zhou Lang had begun to reform the Ministry of Industry, and resistance began to appear.

It's just a cold yamen, which has caused huge officialdom turmoil.

Zhou Lang planned the Ministry of Industry under the structure of the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Water Resources, and first merged the yamen that managed China's water conservancy facilities, such as the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Waterways, because the tax-collecting power of these yamen was abolished, and basically became technical yamen, which were handed over to the Ministry of Industry for unified management, which would help to make more efficient use of scarce engineering personnel.

Caoyun and Shuidao Yamen were merged into the Dushui Qingguan Division of the Ministry of Industry, and the power of manufacturing edicts and official documents in the Dushui Qingguan Division was changed to the Dushui Division. Responsible for the construction and maintenance of water conservancy facilities across the country. He is also responsible for the design and supervision of port terminals.

Yu Heng was in charge of manufacturing, sending and receiving various official utensils, and was in charge of weights and measures and coinage. Zhou Lang abolished the power to manufacture, send and receive various official utensils, and mint money, but still retained his function of regulating weights and measures, and even not only the fair trading of weighing instruments (scales, etc.), but according to the model of the French Academy of Sciences, to establish a set of more accurate weights and measures standards. The introduction of "meters, cubic meters, grams" and other basic units, the traditional units are standardized.

This norm has important modern significance, because the standards of antiquity were so confusing. The government management is not strict, the people for various purposes, make a variety of different scales, the scales used by businessmen have large scales, small scales, to purchase farmers' agricultural products, ordinary twenty-two taels of goods, with this kind of scale can only weigh sixteen taels, that is, one catty. The difference between the standard weighing instruments made by the government itself is very large, Zhou Lang has measured a variety of standard weighing instruments in two or two, some weigh 72.30 grams, some weigh 73.55 grams, some weigh 110.00 grams, some weigh 109.00 grams, some weigh 110.83 grams, and some weigh 110.94 grams. In short, the error is very large, I don't know if it's a technical reason or something else. In short, there is no standard for the development of weight standards in themselves.

In May 1790, a special committee composed of French scientists recommended that one 40 millionth of the total length of the meridian of the earth passing through Paris be used as the unit of length 1 meter. For example, the weight of 1 cubic decimeter of pure water at 4°C is 1000 grams. In a mathematical sense, these are much more accurate than traditional Chinese scales.

Now the government stipulates that one tael is equal to 37.3 grams, narrowing the error to grams. stipulate that 1 foot is equal to 1/3 of a meter; 1 zhang is equal to 3 meters. In addition to standardizing traditional weights and measures such as dimensions, some units that do not exist, such as temperature, are also introduced.

These tasks are under the management of Yu Heng Division. But Yu Hengsi's can only be more than that, but greatly increased. He is also responsible for compiling standards for all walks of life, what is the most convenient process to use for machine weaving, and how to operate hand-weaving; Formulate a quality grade system, a foot of cloth in a few silk heads are the lower grade, a few silk heads are medium grade, whether the upper grade can do no silk head and so on to develop various standards are under his control.

The construction of public works throughout the country, including palaces, ports, canals, etc., is under his control, and he is only responsible for organizing the construction, and the operation, maintenance and supervision are not under his control.

Tuntian Qing Officials Division, in charge of the mausoleum repair and write-off costs, materials and part of the tax. It was renamed the Tuntian Division, which was not only responsible for the government's management of the tuntian, but also the most important work was to conduct research on agricultural production technology throughout the country. Conduct a census of land resources across the country, what kind of climate, soil, and what kind of crops are suitable. The former magistrates often felt that the products in their hometowns were better, so they promoted them in the places where they worked, and indeed promoted some agricultural planting techniques, but most of them probably failed, and the cost was very high. Now it will be more efficient for the Tuntian Division to conduct more scientific research and give guidance and reference to local governments.

The Tuntian Division is also in charge of agricultural planting techniques, comparing agricultural technologies from different regions and promoting more efficient technologies. Even adaptation experiments with Western technologies, such as whether fallow is not Chinese. In addition, because the Tuntian Division wanted to survey the acres of land, it also handed over the responsibility of mineral survey to him, so as to facilitate the use of the shortage of survey technical personnel.

Because Zhou Lang promoted a large number of students who had studied with French scientists, and even hired French people as technical advisers, it aroused the opposition of traditional civil officials, secretly claiming that the emperor advocated Yixue and did not pay attention to Xia Xue, etc.

But at this time, I can only complain, because the Ministry of Industry does not have much interest in moving everyone. The Ministry of Industry, which Wang Fuqian had just established, was almost a suspended organization, and there was nothing to do. Without office, there is no power.

After the basic structure of the Ministry of Industry was set up, Zhou Lang's next target was the Ministry of Rites.

The reason why it is the Ministry of Rites is because Zhou Lang feels that this department needs to be reformed the most.

The responsibilities of the traditional Ministry of Rites are divided into several large parts, responsible for the etiquette of religious activities such as sacrifices, responsible for welcoming foreign guests, and responsible for the imperial examination. In fact, this department is most like a department built with Confucianism, because Confucianism has two cores, one is etiquette and the other is education.

In terms of etiquette, Zhou Lang can acquiesce in maintaining tradition, and he can cooperate in making a show. But some things that he really can't bear, he still wants to abolish them, such as promoting new etiquette standards through the Ministry of Rites, not daring to say that the kneeling ceremony is abolished, but strictly limiting the scope of application of the kneeling ceremony; When an official is rewarded, he can kneel down to thank the emperor, and bow to the emperor at the rest of the time; Weddings and funerals, sacrifices can kneel, subordinates see superiors, and people don't have to kneel when they see officials; When you leave your parents, you can kneel when you say goodbye, and you don't have to kneel when you say goodbye.

There is also foot binding, which is also opposed through the Ministry of Rites. Of course, the Ministry of Rites only objected through rituals, telling everyone that it was unrighteous to bind the feet of the woman and hurt the woman's body, and for the father to let the daughter bind the feet; It is disrespectful for a brother to bind his sister's feet; It is unfilial piety for a son to let his mother continue to bind her feet, and so on. This kind of unrighteousness, disrespect, and unfilial piety is not in harmony with the etiquette law, so it should be abolished in terms of etiquette. Looking through the ancient books, I didn't see any words about Confucius encouraging women to bind their feet, so I concluded that these were not ancient Chinese customs, they must have been contaminated with Hu Feng, so they should be discarded.

Of course, foot binding is one thing that Zhou Lang opposes the most, and it is also strongly abolished by other departments, first of all, women from official families are not allowed to bind their feet, and families with bound feet are not allowed to take the imperial examination. This is done through the Ministry of Officials. There is also the Criminal Department, foot binding is a crime of injury, and once it is discovered, the father will be arrested and beaten.

Zhou Lang's anti-foot binding is more attentive than anti-kneeling and anti-concubine, and the concubine is now just collecting taxes and collecting a concubine tax. Etiquette is only through etiquette norms, and those who violate it will not be punished, and the officials are only reprimanded; I can't control the people at all. But foot binding has almost become a national policy, and as a result, many people scold, and some people compare it with the Manchu Qing policy of shaving hair and making it easy to wear.

Let's talk about the issue of the Ministry of Rites.

The details of the Ministry of Rites, such as the production of large seals according to the traditional ritual system, and the establishment of a casting and printing bureau, can be preserved in their original appearance.

However, with diplomacy and the imperial examination, Zhou Lang must carry out reforms.

And these two encounters of opposition even to the point that Wang Fuqian protested with all the civil officials of the six ministries (kneeling in front of the palace gate), and said that if the emperor refused to accept the advice, they would collectively hang the seal.