Xi Zhicai's so-called Guo Bin "has been doing" things, but there is no need to hide it from anyone, and this is also an upright conspiracy.

The fundamental reason for the existence of tribal armies in the manor is the manor-based economic model that is now prevalent all over the world. It can be said that there is an inherent contradiction between the manor economy and the Han court, and its fundamental contradiction lies in the question of whether the hidden population can be transformed into a household and a common people. The so-called household registration system is also the household registration system implemented by the imperial court, which stipulates that all government-controlled household registration must be recorded in the household registration according to name, age, place of origin, identity, appearance, wealth and other items. The common people who are officially registered with the government are called "household members".

In ancient China, which was based on agriculture, the hukou system was an important system related to the life and death of the country. Because it is not only an administrative system to control the flow of population, but also a tax system, which is the most important source of fiscal revenue for local and even central governments.

The so-called household Qi people, in a literal sense, is to compile the common people into the household register and become civilians with equal status before the law, and the so-called "Qi" here means equality. While enjoying equal legal status, ordinary people must also bear corresponding legal responsibilities. That is, to pay taxes and bear the responsibility of conscription and military service.

The so-called tax is divided into two parts: the tax, that is, the poll tax, is divided into two kinds of calculation and oral tax, the so-called calculation is the adult poll tax, where the age of fifteen to fifty-six years old adult men and women, each person needs to pay one hundred and twenty yuan per year, called a calculation, used to purchase chariots, horses and weapons, is one of the main items of government revenue in the Han Dynasty; The levy is a poll tax levied exclusively on children between the ages of seven and fourteen, and each person pays twenty cents a year, which is part of the royal income.

Whether it is a calculation or an oral payment, the amount of money collected may change with the actual situation at the time, especially during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because of the lack of military spending, it was originally changed to 40 yuan in the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, and it was restored to 120 yuan. The government of the Han Dynasty also levied taxes on ethnic minority areas, ordering adults to pay a horse of cloth (linen), and in addition to the seven surnames such as Luo and Pu, each family paid 40 yuan per year. In the time of Emperor Wu, the starting age was adjusted from seven to three years old, and the levy amount was increased to twenty-three yuan. The increase in the amount of oral endowment and the decline in age have led to the tragedy of killing children immediately after giving birth to children. Children in ethnic minority areas receive two zhang of cloth per mouth. The collection of the calculation is carried out in August every year, which is the so-called "August count".

Specifically, in the name of the calculation and collection, because this is nominally used to purchase chariots, horses, and weapons, this kind of poll tax can be roughly regarded as a protection fee to be paid for living within the jurisdiction of the imperial court, right?

The so-called "tax" in taxation is the land product tax levied by the state on landowners in the Qin and Han dynasties, also known as the field tax. During the Warring States period, the tax rate was generally one-tenth of the yield per mu, so it was called "tithe tax". However, because of the frequent wars at this time, the land rents collected by countries often exceeded this rate. After Qin unified the Six Kingdoms, the rate of land tax is not recorded, but it is speculated that it was quite high.

Han Gaozu implemented the policy of light taxation and thin taxation, and the land rent was titheed five and the tax was one, which was not implemented for a long time, and it was increased. The so-called tithe tax is one, that is, one-fifteenth of the grain produced per mu is taken as a field tax. By the accession of Emperor Hui (195 BC), it was restored to fifteen taxes and one one. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, in order to persuade farmers to teach mulberry, the imperial court reduced the taxes of the world several times. Therefore, in the second year of Emperor Jing (155 B.C.), the field tax was officially stipulated as 30 taxes and 1, and this tax rate did not change throughout the Western Han Dynasty. In the early years of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the unsettled war, huge military expenditures, and insufficient state finances, the land rent was once increased to tithes. In the sixth year of Jianwu (30 AD), the old system was restored to thirty taxes and one tax, and it was not until the ninth year of Emperor Jian'an (204) that Cao Cao Pingye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei) was changed to four liters of tax per mu.

It can also be seen from the time when taxation appeared that the emergence of a relatively unified new type of weights and measures not only changed the payment system for officials and completely destroyed the well field system, but also changed the way the state fiscal revenue was calculated, and greatly changed the political and economic life of the ordinary people in the world.

The so-called forced labor refers to the labor activities carried out by the state to engage in the labor activities of people of all strata without compensation, which is another heavy burden imposed on the people by the state. According to the regulations, the peasants were required to serve one month of labor in the county every year, and those who served were called changshu, and were engaged in the work of building roads and bridges, and transferring the grain to Caogu. Because it is a rotational service, it is called "more". Those who are unwilling or unable to serve in person can pay 300 (one says 2,000) to the government to hire someone to replace them, which is called "passing the shift", that is, passing the service of the guard to others; And the money that comes out is said to be more endowed.

In fact, especially after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, people were not willing to practice the battle of the soldiers, but were more willing to pay for things; Moreover, some local governments did not want the servant to perform the service in person and forced him to pay for the service, so the service money gradually turned into a tax similar to the personal tax. Because the number of local projects is always limited, most of them do not use too much manpower, and after the legalization of this system of endowment, it is an important source of local financial revenue.

The Western Han Dynasty stipulated that a man between the ages of 23 and 56 had the obligation to serve in the military for two years each, and if he did not want to go in person, he could also hire someone to pay 300 per month instead. The average peasant could not bear it, so he had to serve in person. In the future, all dynasties and dynasties have similar methods of forcibly pulling civil servants, but the names are different.

From all of the above, it can be seen that the system of taxation, labor service, and military service in the Han Dynasty was an extremely heavy burden and exploitation for the common people. And for wealthy families, this is really nothing.

Among the various dynasties of China's feudal society, the land tax in the Han Dynasty was relatively light, but it was this low field tax that brought a heavy burden to ordinary peasants or tenants. Why this strange phenomenon? Let's listen to the breakdown.

This policy of lightly taxing and giving little to the peasants was beneficial to the large number of self-cultivated small farmers in the early Western Han Dynasty and the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and thus played a role in promoting the recovery and development of agricultural production and the improvement of peasants' lives. It is worth mentioning that the so-called 30 tax 1 is levied according to the average yield of land over the years, and the proportion of 30 tax 1 is converted into a fixed tax amount, which is a fixed tax system. That is, the so-called "more years are taken for granted", and "taxes are paid by acres".

This method of measuring the amount of tax reduced the workload of the imperial court and also allowed the peasants to pay the land tax in the same year as usual. However, in the event of a natural disaster, the yield of the fields decreases, and if the original field tax is still paid, it will undoubtedly cause a great burden on the farmers. As a result, the extremely vulnerable homesteaders had to borrow money from the landlords and even sell their sons and daughters in times of famine.

Compared with the light land tax system, the oral tax and the calculation of the tax, and even the conscription and military service system, are the mountains that weigh on the common people. Whether it is oral endowment, arithmetic endowment, or letting people perform labor and military service in their place, it requires a lot of five baht money. The peasants, on the other hand, could not produce money in their daily work, but only sold grain and their own woven cloth in exchange for five baht to pay taxes. This method of obtaining money is undoubtedly extremely unstable, and the slightest unexpected situation, or the rain is not good, or someone in the family is sick, can lead to bankruptcy.

Because the taxes of the imperial court were extremely light, the more land the landlords and wealthy families who used land income as their main source of property enjoyed the more land they cultivated, the more benefits they enjoyed. However, the landlords could not cultivate the land themselves, but only hired the landless peasants as their tenants, and although the imperial court only collected one-thirtieth of the tax, it could rent the land to the peasants and receive five-tenths or half of the land rent. The so-called: "The official collects a tax of one hundred and one, and the people lose half of the Thai tax (here refers to the landlord's payment of land rent)." The favor of the official family is better than that of the three generations, and the violence of the strong is cooler than the death of Qin. ”

Therefore, this mode of operation, which can reap extremely beneficial profits without farming, has further stimulated the greedy desire of the big and powerful landlords and promoted their greed for land annexation. As a result, a large number of small-scale self-cultivated farmers became tenant farmers or dependent farmers, which led to the increasingly serious land problem in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty and the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

However, why is there a so-called hidden account phenomenon?

It is said that the common people are not stupid, they are also cultivating the land, why should they be attached to the powerful landlords? Isn't it okay to reclaim the wasteland yourself? At this time, the land is still vast and sparsely populated, and if you go to reclaim wasteland, the fertile land you get is your own. But even so, the imperial court still has to levy oral and arithmetic taxes, as well as labor and military service, and the bankrupt peasants can't even eat enough, so what to do?

Therefore, entering the manor, attaching themselves to the powerful landlords, becoming a hidden population, and thus avoiding taxes, labor and military service, became the only option for many bankrupt peasants to become homeless. In addition, when large-scale natural disasters erupt, the number of displaced people proliferates and purchasing power decreases, while the industrial and commercial industries are also severely damaged or collapsed, and the small craftsmen and merchants in the cities are also destroyed.

However, it is this kind of large-scale natural disasters that has instead created a gluttonous feast of the wealthy families to annex the land, if the common people dare not resist anymore, they will honestly starve to death, and those who should freeze to death, which will be more perfect for the wealthy families.

It can be seen that in the year of famine, it was not that there was really no food, but that the food was in the hands of the wealthy and became a weapon for them to annex land and even win people's hearts. In this era, although the so-called natural disaster is indeed a natural disaster, it is also a man-made disaster, and although the unfair distribution of social resources will indeed stimulate competition, it will eventually cause a devastating blow to human society.

The so-called harsh government is fiercer than a tiger, it is really not just a cliché, this is the pressure that ordinary people living in the Han Dynasty have to bear.

The difficulties of life are as simple as this.