Section 442 The Tsar staged a coup d'état

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In the old palace of Warsaw, various forces held balls, drinking parties and banquets, and they danced and drank wine to praise the Tsar's benevolence.

Everyone praised the young Tsar as charismatic and a great king.

In terms of charisma, Alexander II was indeed an attractive man.

Historically, the young Alexander II, who arrived in England in 1839 while traveling around Europe, met Queen Victoria for the first time, and the handsomeness of Alexander II in military uniform impressed the young queen at once.

Queen Victoria wrote in her diary: "At about 6:40 I saw the Crown Prince, he saluted in front of my window, we dined in St. George's Hall, the Crown Prince carried me into the hall, I really fell in love with the Crown Prince, he was such a kind and friendly young man, we danced together, laughed together, shared happy times together, I had never been so happy before, I went to bed at half past two, but was so excited that I didn't fall asleep until five o'clock." ”

If it weren't for the fact that there were too many contradictions between Britain and Russia, and the nobles of both countries were opposed, the British Empress might have become husband and wife with the Russian Tsar.

To be able to convince the most powerful woman in Europe like Victoria, it is not enough to rely on her looks alone, Alexander II's own knowledge, speech, etc., are among the best among the tsars of the past.

Alexander was the eldest son of Nicholas I, and his father's chances of succeeding to the throne were not very good at the time, but his two uncles, Alexander I and his first successor, Grand Duke Constantine, had no heirs, so the Russian court believed that Alexander was likely to be the future Tsar. Therefore, the entire Russian court, including his father Nikolai, attached great importance to his education.

Alexander's teacher was the most famous Russian scholar Zhukovsky, a humanist poet with great academic attainment, who attached great importance to the ideological education of the prince. Zhukovsky said that his greatest concern was that Alexander would treat the entire Russian people as a legion and Russia as a military camp in the future. Therefore, he has always instilled humanism in Alexander, instilled in him all kinds of people-oriented ideas in the West, and was very worried that Russia, which was heavily influenced by Prussia, would become a militaristic country.

But Alexander's father, Nicholas I, was a standard militarist, but believed that the emperor of the Russian Empire should first be a standard military man, otherwise he could not be a qualified ruler. Educated in both humanism and militarism, Alexander grew up as an aristocratic model with complex ideas and strict self-discipline with the military man's behavior.

Alexander himself was also very intellectual, and completed all his studies at the age of nineteen. Having studied mathematics, physics, geography, history, Orthodox theology, political economy, law and foreign languages, he mastered four foreign languages, English, German, French and Polish.

He was recognized as one of the best educated Russian emperors.

Such a king, who did not lack intellectual level, ascended to the throne in the complex political environment of Russia, and grew up in the reform of powerful ministers like Speransky, his political level was generally not bad.

He was in constant contact with various Polish nobles and political powers, and he soon knew what the Poles wanted. He then announced to the Poles that he would sign a Polish constitution that would make the Kingdom of Poland a self-governing constitutional monarchy, with its own parliament, government, courts, and army. The king had the power to convene and dissolve parliaments and appoint senior officials.

This not only won him the support of Polish nationalists, but also the praise of liberals.

The young Tsar was somewhat carried away by the praise of countless people, and he communicated frequently with some political forces from Austria and Poland, and finally made up his mind to support the annexation of Austrian Poland to the Russian-backed Kingdom of Poland. The crown of the Kingdom of Poland will be placed on Alexander's head by the Polish Catholic Pope.

It was a political bargain in which Alexander helped unify Poland as much as possible, and the Polish magnates put the Polish crown on Alexander's head, and a constitution was passed to limit the king's powers, making Poland a British-style parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

Everything seems to be good, so there's really no reason to say no.

The Tsar then sent people to negotiate with Austria in the hope that Lviv, Lublin, and Krakow, which were under the jurisdiction of Austrian Poland, would be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. At the same time, the Polish political groups in these places had already taken action, they had already formed a parliament in the revolution, announced the abolition of serfdom and other reforms, and the Austrian emperor also agreed, and now they passed a parliamentary resolution to join the Kingdom of Poland and become a Polish province, instead of being loyal to the Habsburgs.

On the one hand, the choice of the Poles themselves, and on the other hand, the strong pressure of Russia, Austria had no choice but to agree.

So they also lost their land and gained hatred.

Since the Tsar's expansion in Austria had been smooth and did not encounter a strong counterattack like that of Prussia, it had little influence in Europe.

Europeans are still uncertain whether a large Austria will survive this chaos, so it is difficult to be interested in the territorial changes under Austrian control, and even the Austrian emperor has no confidence in them.

After a smooth expansion and the establishment of a Polish kingdom that included most of the Polish territory, the Tsar's prestige increased rapidly, and Russia once again became a major power in Europe.

At the same time, far from Petersburg, after a number of battles, the Russian army continued to maintain the first-class level in Europe.

The Tsar maintained a close relationship with the army, he had the support of the majority of the officer class, and because of the previous hostility with Prussia, Russia carried out a partial mobilization, 300,000 new Russian troops entered Poland, and the Tsar controlled the vast majority of the Russian army.

After diplomatic problems were recognized by Britain, France, Prussia, and Austria, either willingly or unwillingly, the Kingdom of Poland was quickly formed, a new Polish parliament was established, and the Poles quickly drew up a constitution. He also began to form a Polish army, which was required to owe allegiance to the Tsar.

Prussia and Austria had already re-established their borders with Russia, and the Tsar had received reinforcements from within the country, and now he had to deal with a rebellion within the Austrian Empire, and there was no reason to call up the Polish army, so the Tsar's actions were puzzling.

But soon everyone understood that the Tsar was in Warsaw and signed a document announcing the removal of Speransky from the post of prime minister and the appointment of his teacher Zhukovsky, who lived in Germany, as the new prime minister and was responsible for forming a cabinet.

The Tsar, while controlling the army, staged a coup d'état against Petersburg in Warsawa, deposing the powerful prime minister who had been implementing serfdom reforms in Russia for five years!

Such a coup d'état was both unexpected and reasonable.

The Tsar was suppressed in Russia for five years by Speransky, who formed a parliament, established a government and an army, and limited the power of the Tsar through the Parliament, although it did not abolish the Tsar, but he overthrew the Tsar, who had only the power to agree, not the power to object. When the Tsar refused to sign certain documents, Speransky used the flexibility granted to him by parliament to replace the law with an executive order.

In the past, Russia was not a country governed by the rule of law, and it was common for the tsarist government to replace the law with executive orders, so Speransky's behavior was not special in Russia. So he was always able to carry out his will and policy, and pushed the reform of serfdom forward strongly in Russia.

The reform of serfdom was in line with the wishes of Alexander II, so most of the time he supported Speransky, only on the question of the aristocracy, the two sides had fundamental differences, the aristocracy was the cornerstone of the tsar's rule, at least the tsar thought so, but a large number of Russian nobles went bankrupt, and the nobility in Russia was reduced to a weak group and no longer held important positions in the government and the army.

This further put the basis of the Tsar's rule in jeopardy, and how could a Tsar without any power guarantee his position? In this era when republicanism was increasingly admired by liberals, the tsar did not dare to guarantee that one day suddenly his people would rise up and overthrow him and put him on the gallows.

The revolution in Europe was an example of this, as soon as the king of Prussia ordered the troops that had suppressed the uprising to withdraw from the capital, the rebels captured the king and forced him to sign a large number of legal documents. The blood of Louis XVI in the French Revolution was not yet dry, and there was the King of England who seemed to be under Cromwell's butcher's knife.

In this terrible political atmosphere, all the monarchs of Europe were terrified, and the tsar had always felt insecure.

So this time he took the opportunity of the Austrian emperor to ask him for help, and proposed to Speransky to lead troops to suppress the rebellion, Speransky unexpectedly agreed, and if he missed this opportunity, it would be difficult for the Tsar to find an opportunity that would not be controlled by the Russian cabinet, executive branch and parliament created by Speransky. It was also difficult to have a chance to hold military power again, so a coup d'état was almost inevitable, even if the Tsar did not think before leaving Petersburg, when he arrived in Warsaw, when a large number of Russian exiled nobles gathered around him, he could not be unaffected.

In the face of this coup, the great powers remained silent for the time being, because no one knew what to choose.

Britain, France, Austria and China have not yet been able to judge whether it is more beneficial for the tsar or Speransky to govern.

There is no good excuse for interference, and according to the laws of major countries, including the Russian laws enacted by Speransky, the monarch of the country and the dismissal of the prime minister of the country are reasonable and legitimate.

Everyone is quietly waiting for a piece of news, Speransky's reaction.