Section 664 The Result of Different Modes of Rule

A month after the start of the war, China did not carry out a general mobilization, and the army standing army went to the battlefields of India and the Americas, but carried out partial mobilization in the northwest and western regions, and mobilized in the Black Sea region, Kazakhstan and other border areas, and called up a million reserve troops to guard against border security. This was enough, because unless the Tsarina or Constantine were drawn by England and France and suddenly attacked the western part of China, there could be no war in the western part of China. On the one hand, the female tsar and Konstantin contained each other, on the other hand, after the Russian Civil War, Russia and China became closer, and the 300,000 lives paid by the Ural Kingdom for the Russian Civil War were not paid in vain.

As you can imagine, the chances of this war entering China mainland are slim to none. Land battles will most likely only take place in India and North America.

In India, there was a general mobilization of corporate India under the rule of the African Corporation, which at this time included the Indus Valley and East Bengal region, with a population of 150 million, and the British India, although even more, with a population of 180 million. However, the population of British India has barely grown in these years, while the population of Corporate India has increased by half in these three decades, and the growth rate is similar to that of China.

This is mainly due to the different ways of governing the two countries, the British were brutal and exploited, although a series of administrative reforms were also introduced, and later generations were thanked by some of the Indian people, but mainly by exploitation. Although China also benefited from India, it ruled in a different way, and China pursued more radical political reforms here, so to speak, in the form of a unified system established by the company, from the top to the next administrative body, using the imperial examination system to select officials. The British, on the other hand, retained a large number of princely princes, tried not to change the traditional political structure of the region, and used the traditional ruling class to help them plunder wealth.

The two countries have different ways of governing, and it cannot be said who is more intelligent, but the ruling philosophy is different. From an economic point of view, Britain is even more sophisticated, because in recent years, although Britain has extracted more wealth from British India, the overall political order of British India is better than that of corporate India. In the process of implementing administrative reforms, the company India has encountered more rebellions. There have even been years of economic loss, not only because the taxes collected from India could not support administrative costs, but also when millions of pounds were subsidized for military spending.

In terms of overall efficiency, it is clear that the company India is higher. The benefits obtained are less, not that the company's Indian output is not as good as that of British India, British India under the various policies of the United Kingdom, the industry suffered a huge blow, the traditional cotton textile handicraft industry went bankrupt, and the modern cotton textile industry has not developed under the impact of British and Chinese products, under the high tax policy of British textiles. India, on the other hand, has a relatively level playing field, although it is also affected by Chinese and British textiles, there is no market for weaving here, and there is still a lot of profit from spinning, so the primary processing industry of cotton yarn is considerable.

British India is also based on agricultural economy, British India has a higher degree of agricultural economy, cotton, jute, indigo, sugar cane and other cash crops planting area is extremely high, resulting in British India, where nearly half of the land is arable land, actually need to import a large amount of grain. The company has a low level of agricultural economy in India, and the government promotes a small-scale farmer economy, although the agricultural added value is very low and the per capita is not high, but the food is not only self-sufficient but also exported in large quantities. At the same time, the company India has a certain level of industry.

Different ways of governing will eventually need to collide to test, and this time China has the complete advantage.

First of all, the county system transplanted by African companies from China completely destroyed the traditional feudal system in India, and at first it would be strongly opposed by the feudal lords, but once the military rank system and the imperial examination system were established, and a bureaucracy was formed by the middle and upper classes through examinations, the ruling foundation would be unusually solid. The traditional feudal lords were either transformed into bureaucrats from the imperial examinations, or they gave up their privileges and transformed into a Chinese-style rural landlord class, or they were eliminated in the revolt.

And British India, with its stable order and fierce oppression, ruled through layers of feudal order, although it was very stable, it was not without contradictions, not without discontent, but dissatisfaction was suppressed by layers of rulers.

It can be said that in India under corporate rule, one-time reform is costly, but once and for all. British India, with its low cost of rule, was fraught with contradictions.

Economically, India under corporate rule did not develop a large plantation economy, and formed a rural form composed of landlords, tenant farmers, and yeoman farmers, and the land area of large landlords was not large. The government pursued a policy of light taxation, was not interested in extracting wealth from the peasants, and had a large number of policies to limit land rents. Due to the low economic efficiency of the land itself, it did not attract an influx of commercial capital, and the conditions for establishing large farms were lacking. Therefore, the total output is not comparable to that of the economic British India, but it is relatively average per capita.

The British leased land rents to merchants, took away taxes at a low cost, and in the past converted these profits into profits of the East India Company and distributed dividends to shareholders. After the dissolution of the East India Company, India's tax revenue was not taken from the civilian people, but as the British government's expenditure to raise troops, and the British used the British India's finances to form a standing army of more than one million in India and a fleet, the standing army is okay, at best, to help the British open up colonies, the fleet may also provide escort services in peacetime, and in wartime, it will never stay to protect the Indian sea, but will be transferred to Europe to protect the British mainland as soon as possible.

The persuasion received in China was not high, and the local officials were keen to build water conservancy facilities, and regarded the encouragement of agriculture as the greatest political achievement, so a large amount of tax revenue was retained. The profits that companies take from India are mainly trade profits, as well as business-related taxes, although they are also taken from India, but the land harvest is distributed to the farmers, and the land taxes are basically used to improve agricultural facilities.

As a result of the difference in economic management methods, the company India has established a large-scale water conservancy project, the government has built and managed large trunk canals, while the rural landlords have organized the construction and management of branch canals, and established water conservancy facilities covering the whole of the company's India.

It would be unfair to the British to say that there were no hydraulic works in British India. Britain has also built a large number of water conservancy projects, the difference is that some of the large trunk canals are built by the government, and more are built by commercial companies, and the water conservancy projects built by these commercial companies are profitable, so this is not a welfare project, and the sluice gates are to be opened to release water. As a result, most of the water projects in British India were used by well-run and well-capitalized commercial plantations, which were also run by commercial companies and were also profitable. Poor people and yeoman farmers often have to rely on the weather for food. This led to the bankruptcy of yeoman farmers and small landowners from time to time, and serious land annexation.

Since the purpose of water conservancy projects is mainly to make profits, water conservancy projects in British India are mainly built in those areas where the excavation cost is low and irrigation is easy, and the scale is not small, but the coverage rate is low. Inheriting China's agricultural culture, the company India does not regard water conservancy facilities as a means of operation, and some channels have high excavation costs, low economic benefits, or even lose money, and need to be subsidized by taxes every year.

In general, African companies manage rural India less economically, but the output is more evenly distributed.

All the different political and economic policies have very different outcomes in the end.

After the administrative pain of the initial reform, the management cost of the company's administrative investment has dropped significantly, and the imperial power does not go to the countryside is a low-cost way of governance; In agriculture, the suppression of annexation, the restriction of land rent, and so on, allowed the greatest number of peasants to live a poor but average life.

As a result, the population growth rate in the Indian Dominion was much higher than in British India. When economic conditions are good, the fertility and mortality rates of both sides are actually about the same, but in the event of an economic crisis or a poor harvest, the Indian government will implement traditional policies such as disaster relief and relief. However, British India, due to the high proportion of cash crops, was prone to famine, and after the famine, British India lacked a set of effective methods to deal with famine, and the government lacked the motivation for disaster relief and relief. When there was a famine in Ireland, the Queen of England did not provide relief, let alone the Indians.

Therefore, famine after famine often claimed the lives of tens of millions of people, and in this case, the population of British India could not grow.

The different management styles not only made the population growth situation of Corporate India different from that of British India, but also made the ability of Corporate India and British India to mobilize the resources of the Dominion Region very different. In peacetime, it was true that British India extracted more resources, but in wartime, it was difficult for British India to efficiently mobilize the manpower and material resources of the ruling areas, on the one hand, their usual exploitation was almost the limit, and the room for growth was limited, and on the other hand, it was mainly in the form of organization.

British India, in order to save costs, adopted a commercial management method, pursued financial balance, reduced expenses as much as possible, increased profits, and attached great importance to short-term financial level. Therefore, in the process of gradually establishing rule, a large number of feudal forces were retained. Four or five hundred princely princes occupy forty percent of the land. The British Indian government did not interfere with the rule of the princely princes, who accepted the protection of British India, and on the one hand stationed British Indian armies on their land, and paid the military expenses of these armies, and on the other hand, paid other taxes to British India.

In this way, the British Indian government allowed Indian peasants and princely princes to feed more than a million Anglo-Indian armies, and these more than one million troops were mercenaries in nature.

In the process of gradual unification, the princely princes of the princely states either chose to give up their feudal power and degenerate into landowners, or they chose to resist and be eliminated. This large unified institution does not have many soldiers to support in peacetime, because unlike British India, on the one hand, it needs to feed the army to suppress rebellions, on the other hand, it also needs to expand the territory for the queen, mainly to fight in Africa, and another consideration is to guard against the threat of the Chinese army.

On the one hand, it is the protection of a strong motherland, but more importantly, the company India has copied a set of military service system from China, which does not need too many standing armies in peacetime, but in wartime, it can quickly mobilize a large number of reserve troops.

How big was the size of this reserve, and after the start of the war, five million Indian soldiers were immediately armed a month after the general mobilization order of the company India.