These officers basically came to Denmark after the withdrawal of troops from the North. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

It's the end of June now, and they've been here for half a year, and it's been almost three or four months since they traveled.

But their learning situation is not good, at present basically have not passed the language barrier, and their learning attitudes are very different, Danish instructors said that some students are very enthusiastic about learning, although they are not yet proficient in speaking the Danish language, but they have learned quite a lot of vocabulary, and can read some Western military works against the dictionary.

However, there are some officers who are not very interested in studying Western military theories, and they think that it is enough to learn Sun Tzu's art of war in war, and the things of foreigners are all trivial things.

The people who say these things are really not unlearned, they can say these words, which proves that they have pondered Western things, at least they have studied the knowledge taught by those Swedish instructors in the Ming Military Academy, and at the same time they have also read the traditional Chinese art of war, and they really think that the military content such as the foreigners' drill is too concrete, and the ideology is still the art of war is profound.

This is true, but this is precisely the advantage of Westerners, they pay more attention to details, and their drill codes are taken out so that people really know how to fight at a glance, but the Chinese literati memorized Sun Tzu's art of war so well that they can pull their soldiers out, and they can't even line up the formation.

As in many other ways, Chinese culture seems to be full of a precocious phenomenon, and in many respects the ancestors seem to have finished the path that future generations should take, as if they do not need to learn, but only need to do it. As soon as Sun Tzu's Art of War appeared, he expounded military issues from the height of thought, while the military writings of Western contemporaries basically stayed at the content of military biographies such as the Gallic Wars.

After the development of China's military science, on the contrary, from the ideological height to the strategic height, and finally began to pay attention to the tactical aspect, to the Ming Dynasty, Qi Jiguang's art of war, began to emphasize the technical content.

Europe, on the other hand, started with the war records of their generals, and then began to move to strategic heights, and the pinnacle was after the Napoleonic Wars, the Prussian military scientist Clausewitz, who was stimulated by the defeat, summed up Napoleon's military philosophy and wrote such a masterpiece as "On War".

To sum up, the development of Chinese military science seems to start with Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu made an outline for everyone, and then future generations filled in this outline. The development of military science in Europe is to start from the basics and enrich it step by step.

If you really want to say who is better, I'm afraid there will be a lot of controversy, at least Zhu Jinglun always believes that the "Theory of War" itself is only at the strategic level, and has not yet risen to the ideological level, which is not as good as Sun Tzu's Art of War.

But precisely because Sun Tzu's Art of War has stood at the ideological level, he expounded the spirit of war, but there is a kind of meaning of jumping out of war, you can use Sun Tzu's Art of War to guide national strategy and build a national defense system, but it can be directly taken to the battlefield, but there is no operability.

"On War" is different, it is more operable, mixed with some analysis of war examples, and can really be applied to actual wars.

This is very similar to other aspects of Eastern and Western cultures, the East attaches importance to spirituality, the West attaches importance to technology, and when it comes to real work, it is often the West that can win, because their things are more operable, and their knowledge is based on mathematical logic, while the East is mainly conceptual things, and it is all up to the individual to understand whether they are good or bad.

Although I agree with these officers in my heart, it is a good thing that they are confident in their own things, but Western things are definitely worth learning, and other people's things are not more logical, even if it is necessary to learn from each other's strengths, there must be my teacher in the threesome, once people are so proud that they are unwilling to learn, then they are not far from falling behind.

Zhu Jinglun personally interviewed some students, communicated with them, told them his thoughts, and tried to persuade them to put down their bodies and humbly study Western military theories.

As for how much these students listened to their hearts, this is beyond control.

In Denmark, I also watched some industrial enterprises, and found that the scale of Danish enterprises is generally much smaller than that of the United Kingdom, there are many workshops, and they are mainly limited to agriculture, for example, their fur industry is very developed, and the breeding industry is also very developed, and the small Denmark actually produces more than half of the butter exported from Europe.

I left Denmark and went to Sweden, and the cooperation with Sweden was the earliest and deepest. But now the Swedes feel lost, because Daming signed a generous trade agreement with the United Kingdom, especially zero tariffs on iron ore and steel products, which made Sweden lose the opportunity to dominate the Daming market.

As early as Zhu Jinglun did not publicly become independent, Sweden and Denmark signed an agreement with Daming on mutual tax exemption for related industries, and Sweden's iron ore and steel and machinery and equipment began to be exported to the Ming market with zero tariff. In recent years, the development of their industries has indeed been very fast, in order to obtain the advantage of exporting to the Ming Dynasty, the Swedes also built large iron ore carriers.

But now that Britain has enjoyed this treatment, the Swedes have no confidence in competing with the British.

It's not that they're not confident enough, it's a reality.

When Zhu Jinglun visited the Swedish industry, he was deeply touched, because the Swedish industry, although there are also many large factories, but still a large number of family workshops are the mainstay, and a special combination has been formed, often these small workshops provide parts to large factories, each small workshop has developed its own unique advantage products, although such cooperation, there is a considerable guarantee of quality, but the intensification is too far from the large industrial areas of the United Kingdom, which causes the price of Swedish products to be high.

From here, Zhu Jinglun saw the root of Sweden's high-end route in later generations, they really can't compete with those large industrial countries in bulk products, the narrow market restricts the development of large enterprises, but reserves a sky for small workshops, but small workshops can never be compared with large factories in terms of cost, so they can only take the route of small batches and high value, they have no choice, they are forced.

Daming and Sweden's educational cooperation is also extensive, so I also visited the Swedish education system, Sweden's education is doing quite well, has completed the popularization of compulsory education, but the relationship between schools and the church is too close, most of the schools, are established under the management of the church.

This has to do with Sweden's education law, more than 20 years ago, they enacted the education law, requiring every Christian district to establish a school, and 95% of the Swedes are Christian, so they easily use the church organization to complete the compulsory education.

It's a pity that the Swedes have this method, Zhu Jinglun found that he couldn't learn from it at all, Chinese culture is a weak religious culture, under the suppression of a strong regime, there is no and cannot have a religion that can grow to cover the whole country, whether it is Buddhism with the most believers, or Confucianism, which has the most influence, their organizational ability is very loose, even if every temple is required to establish a school, it is impossible to cover the whole people. As for Confucianism, although education is more promoted, the number of Confucian temples is not as large as that of temples.

Zhu Jinglun, the lost Swede, can only verbally express his support, and said that they are welcome to continue to trade with the Ming, but the prospects of the Swedes themselves are not optimistic, all stocks related to the Ming Dynasty, whether it is iron ore or shipping, have fallen sharply, since the Ming signed a trade agreement with the United Kingdom, the decline has not stopped.

Leaving Sweden, we arrived at Prussia, the last stop of our European trip.

The officers who studied in Prussia performed better than Denmark, after all, Prussia had beaten the Danes only a few years earlier, and it was obvious that they had a greater motivation to learn from the victors, and most importantly, Prussian military training with a long military tradition was a must, although the earliest national army was created by the Swedes, but this system was transplanted to Prussia and Prussia's national temperament was extremely suitable.

Especially in military training, Frederick and his son left Prussia too rich a legacy, even when they were defeated by Napoleon, the personal military quality of Prussian soldiers was still stronger than that of France, but in terms of fighting will, they could not compete with the French army with revolutionary enthusiasm.

What the officers who studied in Prussia appreciated the most was the respect for the military and the military culture that permeated the country from top to bottom, and both ordinary people and state officials regarded the military as a glorious and decent profession.

Prussia is not a country with an army, but an army with a state, and this is not just a rhetoric.

This kind of militaristic culture rooted in history may not be liked by politicians and liberals, but if a soldier does not like it, then that soldier is first and foremost unqualified. Militarism is certainly not good, and it is certainly not good to let the military run the country, but it is definitely very much in line with the ideals of a true soldier.

Therefore, the officers who studied in Prussia were generally more serious.

Zhu Jinglun was also very pleased to see their attitude, and went to inspect the industrial development of Prussia with confidence.

The market of Prussia is larger than that of Sweden, but the size of the country is also limited, Sweden has a population of about four million, and at this time it is still a country with Norway, with a population of about six million, while Prussia itself has a population of only eight million.

However, thanks to the German Customs Union, which Prussia strongly established, and with the efforts of Liszt and other elite German scholars, a unified market was formed between the North German states, and this market was also connected by railroads, so that although the political power was divided, the economy was united.

Because of this huge market, Prussia also had some large factories, but they were not comparable to Britain, and even France was not on the same level. After all, their Customs Union has not been formed many years ago, and time has not given them room for industrial growth.

Until the 80s, ten years after the reunification of Germany, the officials sent by Germany to participate in the United States World Expo had to publicly say that German products could not be compared with Britain and France, and it was also in the 1880s that the British asked German products to be branded with the mark of German manufacturing, so as not to let British consumers know the situation and buy inferior products.

But Germany has already seen some good industries in the steel industry and machine building, not to mention Krupp's steelmaking technology, and their trains, locomotives, and textile machinery can all be manufactured by themselves.

It was the strong military industry, built on the basis of metallurgy, that finally helped Prussia, with a population of 8 million, to defeat the French Empire, with a population of more than 30 million.

The harvest of visiting Prussian industry is not the way of promoting industry in their country, because the Ming Dynasty is actually also adopting, the government insists on loans to encourage the establishment of factories, and the harvest is to find that the proportion of joint-stock companies in Germany is exceptionally large, which may be an important reason for their late rise, because they have no historical background, there is no rich accumulation, but by issuing shares in the public market to raise funds, just to solve the problem of accumulation.

Zhu Jinglun felt that this method was very good, and it should be promoted in Daming as much as possible.