As the emperor, he still needs to engage in this kind of infighting with his courtiers, and Zhu Jinglun feels that he is a failure. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

He traced history to get an answer.

He found that in the history before the Qin Dynasty, there had never been a dispute between the monarch and the prime minister, and the most serious battle in the court was nothing more than the dispute between the generals, and there was never a chaos in the internal affairs of any country, because of the conflict between the emperor and the prime minister.

At that time, it was popular to worship the prime minister and the general, and the monarch entrusted the internal affairs to the prime minister, and ruled without worrying about what would happen to the dynasty and usurp the throne. Zizhi, the prime minister of Yan State, wanted to break the rules, and induced Yan Wang Xuchan to give him the throne, and then the Zizhi Rebellion broke out, and finally Qi and Zhongshan jointly intervened, broke the capital of Yan State, and chopped Zizhi into meat paste.

There are also successful examples, the Qi Guotian clan replaced the Jiang clan, and the Zhao, Wei, and Han families carved up the Jin state. However, these are still among the elites, and a purely civilian-bureaucratic group has not yet been formed. Power was often in the hands of the higher nobility.

It was not until the Shang Dynasty changed the law that the tradition of the powerful controlling the government was changed, and a large number of low-level scholars, and even commoners, were given promotion channels, and by stimulating the morale of the low-level scholars, the Qin regime gained explosive power and dominated the world, and at the same time ended the rule of the classical Chinese aristocracy for more than 1,500 years.

The common people who broke the ideological imprisonment were able to say that the prince and general Xiangning had such a majestic voice, and in this way buried the Qin State, realizing the proverb that the one who draws the sword dies under the sword.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the crony politics could barely be maintained, and the new aristocracy still had a huge advantage in politics, although there were many strong monarchs who promoted commoners, but the nobles and big clans who monopolized the cultural inheritance naturally controlled the power, and in the Cao Cao era, in order to envelop the large clan forces that completely replaced the pre-Qin aristocratic group, the nine-grade Zhongzheng system was introduced, and the clans in the world were divided into ranks, and these clan forces were divided into state officials according to the grades.

During this period, political tilting became between the imperial power and the big family, the Sima clan replaced the Cao clan, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty gate lord politics were all manifestations of this kind.

The struggle between the monarchs in the traditional sense, and the power struggle between the bureaucracy and the imperial power that was reflected behind the struggle between the monarchs, has not yet taken shape.

The Tang Dynasty laid the imperial examination system, and since then the low-level literati have begun to obtain a standardized upward channel, and they can be promoted through the imperial examination.

The power of the outbreak of the imperial examination system completely formed a civilian-official group, and Wu Zetian and his wife benefited the civilian-official group, completely cutting off the Guanlong aristocratic group represented by the eldest grandson Wuji, and the gate-valve politics came to a complete end.

By the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system had fully matured, and politics had since become the result of a game between imperial power and the bureaucracy.

During the Song Dynasty, when he wanted to change the law and discuss with the ministers, Shenzong said: "If the legal system is changed, the scholars are very displeased, but why is it inconvenient for the people?" The famous minister Wen Yanbo replied: "In order to rule the world with scholars, not with the people." "Civil officials can say in front of the emperor that the emperor rules the world together with scholars, which represents the formation of a political balance between imperial power and bureaucracy.

But in the Tang Dynasty, scholars had just formed, and in the Song Dynasty, scholars had just been formed, and in the Song Dynasty, scholars were on the rise, overpowering the imperial power, and a certain balance was formed, and in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang did not want to see the weakening of the monarchy in the Song Dynasty, and abolished the prime minister system for more than 2,000 years.

In the Qing Dynasty, through killing, the Manchu elite group that came in from outside the customs completely shredded the sense of honor of the literati and doctors, and the literati who lost their integrity served the imperial power as slaves.

It has to be said that although the literati and doctors of the Qing Dynasty began to develop towards servitude, the principle of the supremacy of imperial power was laid, and in fact, the politics of the Qing Dynasty were more stable than those of the Ming Dynasty, and did not reach the level of struggle between the monarch and the prime minister.

Although the political system of the Ming Dynasty was newly built and softened by the modern management system, there is no doubt that the political culture was inherited from the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Theoretically speaking, it is impossible to have a dispute between the monarchs and ministers, but because of Zhu Jinglun's bold delegation of power, the sense of independence of the civilian and official groups has been restored. This sense of independence slowly prompted them to begin to veto the emperor's attitude and begin to form their own ideas politically.

In the general direction, this is a kind of progress, a combination of an enlightened monarch and a capable civil official, but the problem is that Zhu Jinglun can be enlightened, but the bureaucracy may not be strong.

The civil officials who came from the slave doctors had femininity in their bones, but they had at least the independent consciousness of the Song and Ming dynasties, which caused another kind of political imbalance.

This forced Zhu Jinglun to direct the coup.

The result of the coup was the resignation of Chen Zhiting.

The successor returned to China in September.

It was Hurd, who had been traveling in Europe for half a year.

Hurd was flattered, but he had already planned it, or had been planning it for a long time.

There was an international shock, a foreigner, became the prime minister of another country, this phenomenon, since Frederick the Great, rarely happened in European politics, Frederick the Great of Prussia, self-proclaimed enlightened, during his reign, appointed a large number of French, especially in the financial field, almost controlled by the French.

Later, with the formation of the concept of the nation-state, especially after the Napoleonic Wars, European politics completely bid farewell to the era of guest politics.

Now the Ming Dynasty, an eastern country, has appointed an Englishman, which immediately caused a sensation in the entire Western society.

Although when Hurd visited Europe, in order to raise his own value, when he introduced himself to Westerners, he said that his status was equivalent to that of the prime minister, and the Europeans were surprised, but that's all, the prime minister they understood was Chen Zhiting, who presided over government affairs, and even in English, Shang Shuling's translation is the prime minister.

Now that Hurd has become Shang Shuling, this is a real prime minister, and Europeans can't help but be shocked.

But in general, Westerners are approving, mainly because of the superiority mentality, which makes them feel psychologically satisfied from the fact that Chinese choose a white man as prime minister, as if it proves that Westerners are indeed superior.

But did Zhu Jinglun choose Hurd just to flatter Westerners?

Obviously not, and there are certainly deeper reasons for choosing Hurd.

First of all, Hurd is undoubtedly a highly motivated person, and his commoner status, in a region like Europe with a strong aristocratic political heritage, it is impossible for him to make a difference in politics, and even be influenced by aristocratic culture.

Hurd's ability is also undoubted, and using the position of prime minister to stimulate the inner strength of this kind of person will definitely allow him to burst out of extraordinary power.

But Zhu Jinglun could not give him such an important position for the sake of a foreigner's self-motivation.

The second reason for choosing Hurd is to change the current political form of the enlightened monarch Gavin's weak bureaucracy, and it is most appropriate to appoint Hurd to cleanse the remaining old bureaucrats in the government and completely professionalize and professionalize the Daming government employees, because Hurd cannot have a complex network of human feelings in the end, even if he marries a Chinese, even if he strives to integrate into the scholarly class and cultivate his taste for poetry, he cannot completely become a Chinese, because he has a white skin.

Without too many political ties, Hurd will be more undisturbed in the reorganization of government institutions. At the same time, it is easier to use him for political innovation, and once there is an imbalance, it will be easier to close it. He is a foreigner, without a complex political background, he can only rely on the emperor, the emperor dismisses him, he has no power, his situation, similar to the eunuch party in the Ming Dynasty, as long as the emperor no longer supports, even a strong eunuch like Wei Zhongxian will fall in an instant. That's why I used Hurd because I didn't lose my tail when I abandoned him. It is also similar to the guest secretary in the pre-Qin period, the Qin state in the Warring States period, is a model for appointing the guest secretary, the ancestors of Qin Shi Huang are all used up and discarded, and there has never been a political collapse because of the removal of the guest secretary.

But if it is only because Hurd can be abandoned at any time and there is no hidden danger, Zhu Jinglun boldly appoints him, which is not the most important factor. Because of this kind of disposable products that are taken and used and then thrown away, in fact, there are many alternative answers, find a few bureaucrats with no background, praise them to the top, and use them as puppets, Zhu Jinglun still has this ability.

So there was a third reason for Hurd's appointment, because he was a foreigner, and most importantly because he was an Englishman.

Britain is a modern country with extremely mature politics, and he has his own political principles, and it is impossible for the Ming Dynasty to look at the Ming Dynasty differently because he used an Englishman as the prime minister.

However, politics is a sensitive field, and in any country it is a matter of deceit, and in international politics, there is no integrity at all, and only interests are for the sake of profit.

So now that Daming has appointed an Englishman as prime minister, Britain may not give Daming additional benefits, but what will other Western countries think? They saw an Englishman in front of the prime minister of the Ming Dynasty, and unless the Ming Dynasty went to war with the British, it was difficult for them to believe that the Ming Dynasty and the British were completely innocent.

The French will certainly be wary of the British, and even if the British have a sincere attitude to mediate between the Ming and the French, the French will naturally think that the British are biased towards the Ming Dynasty.

Therefore, the biggest significance of appointing Hurd, an Englishman, as prime minister lies in international politics, which will bridge a gap of mutual distrust between France and Britain.

With such interests, in the face of the inevitable Ming-French war situation, Zhu Jinglun believes that it is very cost-effective.

The biggest difficulty is how to make Hurd, a foreigner, become the prime minister of the Ming Dynasty without causing a comprehensive boycott by the Ming civil official group. It is difficult for Westerners to accept foreigners as high-ranking officials in their own countries, and it is actually even more difficult for Chinese to accept, and the Chinese ended the era of guest politics much earlier than the West.

The purpose of appointing Hurd was to win an advantage in international diplomacy for the Ming-French War, so it was not possible to make the internal power imbalance of the Ming Dynasty during the Ming-French War, otherwise the gains would outweigh the losses.

So after appointing Hurd, Zhu Jinglun had a long talk with Hurd that night, and put forward some suggestions for his governance, or it can also be understood as the emperor's order, the weak Chen Zhiting can fight against the imperial power, but the strong Hurd will never dare to disobey, not that he is more sleek than Chen Zhiting, but his position is far less stable than Chen Zhiting, and he needs the support of the imperial power to govern.