In the past two years, everyone has had a hard time, after the Napoleonic Wars, they all swelled hard, and then the production capacity began to be excessive, and the industrial crisis broke out.

The UK passed the Public Works Appropriations Bill, approving £1 million to £2 million to fund the construction of canals, ports, roads and bridges to reduce unemployment. However, one or two million pounds is undoubtedly a drop in the bucket for Britain's vast excess production capacity.

During this time, the Bank of England's gold reserves increased by 5 times, which is not a good thing. As British business owners put their profits in the banks, domestic investment shrank. The rise in gold reserves left the British banking sector with a large surplus of capital, and as a result, heavy underwriting of foreign bonds began, bringing the number of foreign government bonds purchased by the UK to £38 million in two years.

Underwriting foreign bonds means gold outflows, shrinking domestic and foreign market demand, and deepening the UK's economic crisis. By November 1819, the wages of the workers in Manchester, Glasgow, and Paisley, the three centres of the cotton textile industry, had been reduced by more than half, and the national consumption of food had fallen by a third compared with 1818.

The UK is in dire need of new markets to find a way out for British goods, and globally, only China has the potential to grow.

China also suffered a crisis, but not a single crisis, Chinese society remained stable, and a large number of workers returned to their hometowns without the slightest fluctuation in society. This is due not only to China's inherent rural system, which provides the last safe haven for labor, but also to the large number of immigrants from overseas.

Originally, Chinese society was a super-stable society, and under normal circumstances, as long as there were no huge natural disasters that led to the failure of agricultural harvests and the starvation of people, it was difficult to produce a crisis of subverting the regime. Another reason is the large number of immigrants overseas, which greatly links social conflicts.

In recent years, the scale of overseas immigration has reached almost one million, and the number of immigrants to the Americas is as high as 500,000 per year, and they are all high-quality, and it is very likely that family immigrants will stay and settle; More than half of the 200,000 migrants to South America flow each year into Brazil, with a small number absorbed by the Montevideo colony and some crossing the colonial boundaries and pioneering along the Río de la Plata. The people of La Plata were no longer able to organize the colonization of China, because the United States of La Plata had perished, and under the joint strangulation of the Spanish government and the Chinese garrison, La Plata was restored to the status of a Spanish colony.

This is all to blame for the fact that the people of La Plata got on the British thief ship, and were fooled by the British into becoming enemies of China and Spain at the same time. Spain lost its American colonies because of the war with China, and now they have restored their colonies because of the help of the Chinese army, and their feelings towards China are very complicated, but they have realized one thing, that is, they must not provoke China.

So they acquiesced in the Chinese development in the La Plata River Basin, because many places actually can't tell whose it is, the upstream Paraguay River Basin, a large number of ownerless land, Portugal and Spain have always been disputed, no one has the ability to control, where the Chinese open up, turn a blind eye, for the current Spaniards, it is not easy to keep the existing land.

In addition to the Americas, the scale of immigration to the South Seas and Australia was also significant.

Nanyang is a traditional settlement area, the Lower Nanyang lasted for hundreds of years, and the Chinese established communities in Nanyang earlier than the Europeans. The establishment of these mature communities makes the marginal cost of subsequent migration very low, and there is no huge cost to pay for pioneering the land.

Dagang, Lanfang and other Chinese companies, they mainly pan for gold, but they have developed arable land in the local area, pay attention to grain and vegetables, only ironware, cloth and other daily necessities need to be imported, in the past, Britain provided goods from India, and now most of them are shipped from China. The Chinese government had already completed the co-optation of the local Chinese companies through the Nanyang Australia Company, giving the heads of Dagang and Lanfang companies the title of prefect, and immediately annexed them.

As early as after China opened up immigrants to go abroad, the number of spontaneous immigrants here began to surge, the number of Chinese here during the Manchu Dynasty has been as high as one or two hundred thousand, after the open immigration policy, the spontaneous immigrants here are as high as tens of thousands every year, after the establishment of the Nanyang Australia Company, the annual immigration here has exceeded 100,000, and now there are one million Chinese, but the indigenous people in Borneo have been squeezed into a minority group.

Zhou Guan led the Nanyang Australian Company to occupy the island of New Guinea, which the Dutch could not manage, and the Bismarck Islands in the north (which had not yet been named), but it was difficult to develop, mainly exiled prisoners, and ordinary people had not yet opened up immigration.

However, ordinary immigration in Australia has already begun, and there are the original established Tears Colony and Swan River Colony (Denke River), on which ordinary immigration is carried out, and now 10,000 people can be moved to the two colonies every year, about 8,000 in the Tears Colony, and 2,000 in the Swan River Colony; In addition, after taking over the Sydney ranch assets opened up by the British, Zhou Guan has also resumed production and began to carry out large-scale immigration of the colonies opened up by the British, and nearly 10,000 people are emigrated every year.

There are also immigrants to Africa, mainly exiled prisoners, and exiled prisoners who have committed more serious crimes, some of them serve their sentences in the colonial properties of African companies, and they will be released on parole after serving a short period of time, and then a large number of prisoners will run to Su Chong'a, as long as they dare to play with their lives, they can get opportunities under Su Chong'a, follow the slave repair team to the Zambezi River valley to capture black slaves, some of them are sold to South African slave owners, and some of them are sold to Americans.

It is not known whether it is due to the impact of the economic crisis, or because of the social unrest during the transition from agriculture to industry, violent crime in the cities has been repeatedly banned, gangs fighting for turf, and occasional criminal assault crimes are very common, and as many as 230,000 people are convicted and exiled every year.

The people who voluntarily immigrate, these people who are willing to go to strange worlds, are often more adventurous than ordinary people, and at the same time more unruly, these temperamental people are easier to emigrate, they are gone, and most of the people who stay behind are honest people, and overseas colonization is tantamount to opening a flood outlet for the society, alleviating a large number of backlog of social contradictions.

Every time an economic crisis breaks out, the United States will set off a wave of westward expansion, using the westward to digest the surplus labor force and develop a larger market and raw material production areas, and then stabilize the economy in turn, repeating it again and again, and the entire western region will be developed.

Chinese immigrants quickly took root in the colonies, like the American westward expansion movement, immigrants took advantage of the richer resources of the colonies, and soon became well-off families, and then became important consumers of Chinese goods, although the scale of the overseas colonies is not large, the total population is less than five million, but their purchasing power exceeds the consumption power of 20 million people in the country, and the degree of wealth is really enviable.

In particular, the slave owners in South Africa, and the gold diggers in the Americas and the South Seas, their spending power is the strongest, and there are few daily consumer goods that they cannot afford, whether it is silk or Nanjing cloth, they can afford to buy.

The increase in the colonial market solved a part of the domestic excess production capacity.

Therefore, during the economic crisis, China's domestic order was relatively stable, and the market decline was not as strong as that of the United Kingdom, as long as it was because China had only started the industrial revolution not long ago, compared with the level of industrialization that Britain was close to completion, there was still a lot of room for improvement, and the domestic market development potential was huge, but it took time to develop.

As a result, all of these developments were noticed by the British, who believed that the Chinese colonial market was a key factor in the stability of the Chinese economy. So the British, together with Prussia and Austria, demanded the opening of the colonies to China.

Negotiations with the three countries were very difficult, in fact, Austria and Prussia were making soy sauce, that is, opening up the colonial market to them, and these two countries had almost nothing to export.

Prussia was the worst devastated in the Napoleonic Wars, but it was also a blessing in disguise, and the huge shock allowed them to carry out radical reforms. In the political field, Stein and Hardenberg successfully reformed serfdom in Prussia, abolished the feudal system of status hierarchy according to birth, and began to form a capitalist society based on property; Militarily, Scharnhorst and Clausewich introduced French military ideas and concepts, changing the rigid serfdom army of the old Prussian ideology; In terms of education, it was Wilhelm von Humboldt who led the establishment of the ideas of freedom, equality, and fraternity, but more importantly, the efficiency of the old Prussian tradition was directly introduced into the field of university education, and as for the primary school, Fredet II established a militarized academy education system.

These sweeping reforms allowed Prussia to embark on a path to glory, but at this time in the economic sphere, they were just getting started, and their engineers were still in the stage of lurking in England to steal technology, and Krupp, under the pseudonym Mr. Schrubps, traveled around Britain to try to understand the steel production process that was kept in strict secrecy.

Despite the acquisition of the Ruhr region, where coal was produced, even the Prussians themselves did not yet realize the value of coal, and they rejoiced in the successful imitation of the British hydroelectric factories, the spinning factories were just beginning to develop, and the Prussian leadership was now promoting mercantilism, protecting factory crafts, sharply raising import tariffs, and protecting the domestic market. Encourage exports and develop foreign trade. Improve infrastructure and reduce exorbitant taxes. Open banks, ban usury, and implement monetary policy.

But Prussia's handicraft industry is not protected, and even France is not comparable, how can it be possible to sell products to China.

Austria is similar, the industrial revolution has just begun, it is still in the accumulation stage, the competitive industry is the velvet handicraft industry in Vienna, obviously this is an industry that serves the decaying Habsburg aristocracy, linen, silkworm farming, carpets and woolen products also have a certain level, but silk is not as good as France, cotton is not as good as England, why export to China.

After negotiations, China made concessions and abolished the colonial commercial protection policy, but only to the British. In the case of Prussia and Austria, the blockade regime continued because they refused to reduce their tax rates on Chinese imports.

That is, it was open only to Great Britain, not to Prussia and Austria. But was it really just because Austria and Prussia pursued mercantilism and did not switch to a free trade policy like Britain, that they were rejected by the Chinese colonies?

The real reason is by no means so, Britain has easily cobbled together two allies to put pressure on China, and only Britain has benefited, such a thing can be done once, and next time someone will cooperate with Britain to do such a thankless thing?