"They will never be able to integrate into us. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info they can't be a good American citizen. They are selfish, cowardly, and dirty. They brought opium, stealing, and sluts to pure America, and they are undoubtedly the lowest people in the world. The United States does not need them, the United States does not need such citizens! ”

"They don't care about hygiene, they don't make money, they never spend a penny, and they don't do us any good business. They are difficult to naturalize, and they are an uncivilized people. They have succeeded in cutting jobs for white people, affecting their incomes. So we have no choice but to ask them to go back, America does not belong to them, and holy America belongs to the people of God, who also carries the breath of God. ”

At a hearing in the U.S. Congress, a group called "White Supremacy" from California testified that they were lobbying for the Chinese Exclusion Act, which was drafted and passed by the U.S. Congress in 1878. President B. Hayes vetoed.

After four years, the president has been replaced by Chester Allen Arthur, Arthur is a president with little prestige, he can become president because of the assassination of official President Garfield last September, he was able to take over the presidency as vice president, but his personal prestige is not enough, so his decision is too subject to the influence of public opinion.

So Chinese exclusion groups felt that it was very likely that Arthur would pass the Chinese Exclusion Act, a similar group such as White Supremacy, a racist group with 60 locations in every state in the United States. There are also business confederations called Knights of Labor, and unions of ordinary workers.

During this period, although most of the American elite debated for the Chinese because of racism, there were still some surplus idealistic elites who believed that the exclusion of a particular race from the United States was not in line with the spirit of the American Constitution and could be resisted by China.

At this time, the Ming envoy to the United States was Huang Zunxian, who had grown into a mature diplomat after ending his three-year term as minister to Japan.

After he took office, he began to face the growing anti-Chinese behavior of the United States.

In order to understand the cause of this behavior, Huang Zunxian did a lot of investigation.

His upper-class American "friends" told him that it was mainly because it was difficult for Chinese to integrate into American society and become "real" American citizens, while anti-Chinese newspapers focused mainly on reporting that Chinese people had taken jobs from American laborers. On the other hand, racism admits that if it is not banned, the Chinese will one day replace the white people and will exclude the white people from the United States.

Huang Zunxian himself also feels that there have been too many Chinese immigrants in recent years, and labor companies have organized to promote immigration and bring too many Chinese to the United States. However, out of interest considerations, the American capitalists recruited more Chinese laborers on their own.

Although the Ming Dynasty had set up various obstacles to the capitalists' recruitment of laborers in China on the pretext of cracking down on the coolie trade, the Ming government could not find a reason for the Ming government to organize the American comptoirs under the Ming law, which had already found a way to recruit workers through a small number of legal laws, as long as they did not pay their wages in advance and only signed contracts. At the same time, their recruitment behavior has also shifted from the Ming Dynasty to the Manchu Qing in the north, and Tianjin and Yantai have become the two largest labor export bases.

The labor service companies under the jurisdiction of the Ming Consulate have only 800,000 immigrants in the United States, but the American capitalists themselves have recruited more than one million Chinese laborers, and they are mainly concentrated in the central and western regions.

To this end, Huang Zunxian submitted a report to the Ming government, hoping that the government would take measures to disperse the Chinese laborers concentrated in the Midwest of the United States as much as possible throughout the United States, so as to avoid the formation of a concentration of Chinese and cause panic among the American people.

Huang's report was put on the shelf because Chu believed that even if the Chinese were scattered, it was impossible to reduce the anti-Chinese sentiment of Americans, and that this was an era of rampant nationalism, and Darwin's theory of evolution provided a theoretical basis for racism.

Dividing the Chinese apart did not help solve the rejection of the Americans, but greatly reduced their ability to defend themselves, just like the Jews, who fell victim to anti-Semitism again and again.

Huang Zunxian had no choice but to provide protection for the Chinese through other efforts.

He befriended a large number of Chinese-friendly people, such as the industrial magnate Carnegie, who was very fond of the Confucian and Mencian philosophies that spread to the West, and was deeply attracted by the ideas of benevolence and Taoism. There is also the "World Workers", a labor organization that maintains goodwill towards Chinese workers, and the anti-slavery, anti-imperialist Republican Senator George Forestby Hall, through which they provide political support for the protection of the Chinese.

Unfortunately, the effect is not much, capitalists like Carnegie do not have a good reputation in this era, the United States in this era, populism is on the rise, because of seeing the rise of nouveau riche one by one, coupled with the theoretical agitation of the Jewish horse beard, ordinary people in the United States have a serious hatred of the rich, thinking that the capitalists have exploited them.

Politicians like Hall are even rarer, not because there are no more people who support the Chinese, but because most politicians dare not express their position. In fact, President Arthur is one of the few presidents in the United States who has opposed racial discrimination and the exclusion of Chinese people in recent years. But he is the most likely to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act, which is the trend of the times.

Huang Zunxian feels that it seems impossible to solve this problem from a political perspective and diplomatic means. In his opinion, the realistic approach is to actively negotiate with the United States and take certain measures to reach a migration agreement with the United States.

The Ming government agreed to Huang Zunxian's proposal, and he presided over the relevant negotiations in the United States.

The negotiations are very intense, it seems that the US government has made up its mind, and wants to take practical measures to formulate a policy to restrict the Chinese, this year the dissatisfaction of the American low-level workers is getting bigger and bigger, because the US economy has once again entered a low ebb, making it more and more difficult for ordinary people in the United States to live, under the guidance of some racist politicians, the irrational nationalist sentiment of the people makes it easy for them to blame everything on immigrants from China, in order to win over these voters, the Arthur government has made up its mind to promote Chinese exclusion.

Sure enough, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act again, and it could take effect just after the president's signature.

Negotiations between Huang and the U.S. Foreign Ministry began.

"We believe that it is good for both of our countries to limit the continued growth of the Chinese population in the United States. Your people should live in your land. ”

U.S. Secretary of State Frederick said to Huang.

Huang Zunxian asked rhetorically: "May I ask Mr. Freelinghaythen, have you and your ancestors always lived in the United States?" ”

Frederick nodded: "Of course!" ”

Huang Zunxian smiled: "What about before the founding of the United States? What about before becoming a colony? ”

Frederick's face was displeased: "Do you mean that I can understand that the Chinese also want to build another China on American soil like the Americans?" ”

Huang Zunxian shook his head: "We didn't mean that. Chinese immigrants simply wanted to find their future in the Americas, just like Italians, English, and Swedes. ”

Frederick snorted, "We have made an agreement with the Qing government that we can suspend Chinese immigration from 1881 onwards. ”

Huang Zunxian reminded: "It's Chinese immigrants from northern China. ”

In 1880, the United States and the Qing government revised the "Sino-US Tianjin Treaty of Renewal and Supplementation", revising the immigration-related provisions signed with the United States on behalf of the Qing government by the American diplomat Anson Pu, who visited the Qing government on behalf of the Qing government, and the new treaty allowed the United States to unilaterally suspend Chinese immigration, and the Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act on the basis of the revised treaty.

However, the treaty between the United States and the Qing government could only bind the Chinese in the north, but could not affect the immigrants from Daming. The purpose of the U.S. government's negotiations with Daming was to hope to revise similar terms with Daming.

Frederick said: "Yes, that's really why we can still sit together and negotiate. China believes that the treaty between the United States of America and the Ming Dynasty also needs to be revised to a certain extent. ”

Huang Zunxian knew what the Americans meant: "Say, you want to revise that part of the article." ”

Frederick said: "With regard to the clause on the freedom of the expatriates of the two countries to reside, do business and perform in each other's countries, we believe that your country has abused this clause by sending too many of your citizens to our country. It has had a serious impact on our domestic order, and we believe that we have the power to impose restrictions on this provision. ”

Huang Zunxian said: "Treaties are protected by international law, and your country has no right to impose unilateral restrictions. Otherwise, our country will respond to this as well. ”

Frederick said: "China believes that restricting the entry of immigrants from Daming for a period of 10 years starting next year can alleviate the serious security problems currently facing the United States, and it is also a good opportunity to improve the image of your country's expatriate." ”

Huang Zunxian said: "China also has the right to restrict the entry of its citizens into China in the next ten years. ”

Frederick paused for a moment, he knew that the Ming Dynasty was not so easy to deal with, and the Manchu Qing did not care much about the attitude of their own citizens, but the Ming Dynasty was different, and Huang Zunxian was not an easy opponent to deal with.

The United States' refusal to immigrate to the Ming Dynasty may not improve the security of the United States, that is just a reason, and it is a political need to give an explanation to the people. However, if the Ming Dynasty refuses to allow Americans to enter the country, it will inevitably affect the interests of American businessmen, who must know that American businessmen in China are the second largest group after British businessmen, and the United States is also the second largest beneficiary of trade with China.

Frederick said: "We believe that normal trade should not be restricted, and therefore the movement of merchants should not be restricted. ”

Huang Zunxian shook his head and said: "However, China's businessmen have been restricted, and our citizens cannot engage in business normally in California, while your country's businessmen's investment in our country will hardly be subject to any restrictions. ”

If he loses his actual interests in order to give an account to public opinion, Frederick knows that his political future will be affected, so he must protect his business interests.

For this reason, the two had a fierce confrontation for more than a month, and after three rounds of negotiations back and forth, they finally reached an agreement.

Daming accepted the United States' restrictions on Daming immigration, and Daming will not organize ordinary immigrants in the next ten years, but individual immigrants who defect to relatives and friends are not restricted, and the United States cannot organize Chinese families in the United States to come to the United States for reunion. At the same time, the United States must abolish all restrictions on the business activities of Ming merchants.

It was a grudging treaty that the Americans believed would greatly reduce the number of immigrants from the Ming Dynasty over the next decade while preserving commercial interests. Daming believes that the lifting of restrictions on the operation of Daming expatriates in the United States will help Daming immigrants move to higher-level business fields.

At the same time, at the insistence of the Ming Dynasty, the supplementary clause of the treaty stipulates that the treaty is valid for 10 years, and if either party objects to it after 10 years, the treaty will automatically become invalid, and the United States may not unilaterally extend the treaty.