Speaking of this war, it is also strange that everything was triggered by the United States' request for a treaty amendment, and the United States and the Qing government signed the Wangxia Treaty stipulating that the treaty should be revised after 12 years. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

Britain and France used the excuse of one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, and they also had the right to change the treaty, but the Qing government did not agree, so they found all kinds of excuses to fight, in fact, the main reason is that several countries feel that the benefits obtained from the past treaties have not met expectations, and they believe that China needs to further open up in order to allow them to get greater benefits.

The earliest toss in the United States, the first minister was Mai Lian, and it was not negotiated.

Later, it was replaced by Bo Jia, who is a Chinese expert, a famous Chinese expert in the United States. But he was a hard-liner and advocated toughness, and he went to Europe before his envoy to negotiate with Britain and France, and agreed to advance and retreat together. He has always advocated that once the Qing government does not agree to the request for amending the treaty, it should take tough measures, Britain should occupy Zhoushan, France should occupy Goryeo, and the United States should occupy Taiwan, so as to force the Qing government to compromise.

The U.S. government was frightened by the attitude of the uncle, and the United States did not want to fight with the Qing government at all, not because it was afraid of the Qing government, but because it wanted to do business well.

As a result, Bojia was also replaced.

The third minister to come was William Lewilliam, after he arrived in Hong Kong, he met with the British and French ministers, and told the attitude of the US government, saying that the US fleet would not come back, which made Britain and France very depressed, and the Americans did not want to pay anything, so they wanted to follow behind the British and French to pick up ready-made, which made people very dissatisfied.

William Leewiram insisted on the signing of the Treaty of TJ, then resigned, and at the end of 1858 left office in Hong Kong.

Warrhohan arrived in China in May of the following year with the text of the treaty.

Warren's greatest contribution was to complete the contract exchange in a way that made his peers laugh and humiliate himself, and there was no guarantee that the treaty would enter into force.

After completing the contract change, he also submitted his resignation to the U.S. government, as his predecessor did.

The US Secretary of State has a big head, and if he goes to a minister, he will resign as a minister, so where can he find so many people who understand Chinese?

Secretary of State Cass rejected Warren's resignation, hoping that he would postpone his departure on the grounds that "the public interest urgently needs the United States Minister to remain in China because of the imagination that the British and French will be in war with China in the midst of the impending war between Britain and France," and offered that "extending your term in the country will provide you with the opportunity for further promotion."

Warren remained, and when the Anglo-French forces returned north in July of the following year, Warren decided to follow the instructions of the Secretary of State.

Xue Huan, the governor of Liangjiang, tried to dissuade him from hearing the news, but Hua Ruohan insisted on going north on the grounds that he was "going for peace", and he arrived in TJ in August as a mediator, hoping to seek new interests in accordance with the spirit of the secretary's instructions, such as helping to mediate and achieve the goal of allowing the Qing government to open Chaozhou and Taiwan.

However, he felt that he had no chance at all, because not only did the Qing government look down on him, but the British and French forces did not cooperate with him, but the Russian minister, who had always been known for his diplomatic brutality, was like a fish in water and was respected by both sides of the negotiations.

Utterly disillusioned with his future, Warren decided to give up, and his government had allowed him to leave office in December.

Before he is about to leave office and return to China, he can still complete the diplomatic tasks he has always had, and Hua Ruohan can be regarded as a complete merit.

To be honest, among the four countries of Britain, France, Russia, and the United States, the Americans have expressed goodwill to the Qing government and to the Chinese, but the performance of the Qing government is regrettable, not only did it not act in accordance with international practice, but even the traditional methods of the Chinese were abandoned, the British and French allied forces were quite unreasonable, they were afraid of the enemy and compromised, the Russians were cunning and they could not distinguish, and an American minister showed "more deference" in their opinion, but they did not care, and even looked down on it, in the way of rejecting the American note, Show their weak toughness in front of the Russians.

Kindness needs goodwill to be reciprocated, even if this kindness is due to the lack of strength of the Americans, but he is always goodwill, at least Zhu Jinglun can feel goodwill from Hua Ruohan, in fact, it is the second minister who understands the Qing government, if they take a tough attitude early and send troops together with Britain and France, there will be nothing.

Zhu Jinglun's high-pitched singing made Hua Ruohan, who was about to leave office, sigh that the Chinese obviously have Zhu Jinglun, who understands diplomacy, but why they never use it.

Zhu Jinglun invited Warren to dinner, and also invited other Americans, such as John, the head of the American investigation team.

And solve the last unsolved case with Warren Han, that is, Thomas was killed by Tuyong.

"Your Excellency Minister Warrohan, I think the cause of the matter has been investigated very clearly by both of us. It's a tragedy, but the responsibility for the incident is not entirely on our side. Mr. John should have reported to you that your merchants have not only trespassed into our tea districts, carried contraband, but also forcibly abducted our people. This led to a conflict with the local population, who killed Mr. Thomas by mistake out of self-defence, and we suffered casualties. But out of humanitarian reasons, we will still send representatives to Mr. Thomas's family. ”

In fact, the two of them negotiated, that is, they went through the motions, and the result was already discussed in secret.

There are many questions about Thomas, Thomas smuggled some tea seeds, and the reason why he clashed with the local Tuyong was indeed because he took some locals, but after investigation, it was not forcibly taken away.

Thomas brought tea seeds and people, the situation is the same as the situation of the Englishman Fu Qiong, Thomas's purpose is self-evident, he wants to take away Chinese tea technology, and the few Chinese who took away are just a few tea workers.

Zhu Jinglun later investigated that those tea workers were actually hired at the beginning, hired from Heshan, but when it came to Xinhui, they were a little remorseful, or afraid, after all, they had no contact with foreigners, and the other party gave a price that was difficult to refuse to make them temporary, but they regretted it on the boat, and after arriving in Xinhui, they tried to escape, but the foreigners didn't want to give up, so they went to chase, and met Tuyong, Tuyong thought that the foreigners were kidnapping, and the kidnappers were trafficking, and it was from the first crow war that the Cantonese people welcomed the foreigners. By the Second Raven War, one of the fundamental reasons for the rebellious Xiangyong appeared almost everywhere in Guangdong.

In the aftermath of the clashes, there were casualties on each side.

After private negotiations with the Thomas Investigation Mission, the two sides reached an intention not to pursue each other's duties.

Of course, for the sake of this mutual non-accountability, the Americans got what they wanted most, that is, tea technology.

But instead of taking Chinese tea plants and tea workers to other places, such as tropical America, to transplant them, Americans were allowed to run tea plantations directly in China.

This benefit can make Americans give up any dignity and all the justices in the world, and they are completely unable to refuse.

Of course, as an official investigation team, John will definitely tell Warlord the truth, but Warlord also can't refuse this gift, he knows what it will mean, it is likely to mean that the United States in the international tea trade, in one fell swoop to reverse the situation that has always been suppressed by the British, they will become the leader in the international tea trade, and will take a big cake from the annual tea trade volume of more than 20 million taels of silver.

Therefore, Hua Ruohan accepted what John conveyed to him, Zhu Jinglun's so-called kindness in return for kindness.

But is it really just about kindness?

This is certainly not Zhu Jinglun's style!