Successful agrarian reform is very difficult to implement because it harms a large part of the population. Especially when a regime is established, some of the gentry must be co-opted. Because there are people who will make trouble if you don't feed him.

The situation of "the upper class has no cold family, and the lower class has no powerful family", and "the public door has the public, and the secretary has the secretary", has formed a typical gate valve politics.

The Gatelord clan had privileges and maintained strict boundaries with the Shu clan. Politically, they have been idle and high-ranking officials for many years; Economically, they occupy a large amount of land and labor according to official goods, and do not pay rent to the state for service; The social status is superior, not with the unprivileged...

The formation of the clan class can be traced back to the Han Dynasty.

Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, whether it was the conquest of the imperial court or the inspection of the county, most of them were selected by wealthy scholars; However, due to the difficulty of teaching scriptures, the masters of scriptures often pass on their unique opinions to their children, and through the teaching of successive generations, the scriptures of the past generations often cause the generations of ministers, and the prototype of the family has gradually emerged.

The concept of gate valve germinated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial court took scholars from scriptures, and scholars taught their descendants with scriptures, so as to enter the dynasty as officials.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wars continued, and many powerful and gentry families gradually rose to become an important local force and one of the sources of gate valves.

After Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the self-respecting prefectures and counties became independent from the central government, and the powerful scholars gathered to protect themselves, forming local separatist forces.

Three Kingdoms period: After the Dong Zhuo Rebellion, the local area was divided. Although Cao Cao, due to his own eunuch background and the political strategy of meritocracy, tried to greatly weaken the influence of the clan, and did not determine his position based on the origin of talents; However, after Cao Cao's son Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, he accepted the proposal of the Jiupin Zhongzheng system, which greatly strengthened the monopoly of the scholars on official positions. The reason why Soochow was able to compete with Cao Wei for a long time was also related to the cooperation of the clan in the Jiangdong region. On the contrary, due to the long-term lack of support from the scholars in the Bashu region, the Shu Han regime lacked talents in the later period, and became the first country to perish among the Three Kingdoms.

Since the end of the Han Dynasty, social turmoil has made it impossible to carry out inspections and promotions, so Cao Pi adopted the suggestions of Chen Qun and others to create the Jiupin Zhongzheng System (also known as the Jiupin Guanren Law) to select officials and expand the political base. The method was to select competent and knowledgeable officials in the imperial court to serve as the central officials of their own prefectures and counties, and the central officials were responsible for inspecting the personnel of the same nationality in the scattered places.

The Zhongzheng official is based on the person's genealogy, family background, morality, and ability to evaluate the merits of talents, and is set as the nine grades, according to which as the standard for appointing officials. At the beginning of the political journey of Jiupinzhong, he was still able to uphold Cao Cao's principle of "meritocracy" in employing people, regardless of the high and low. However, gradually, because most of the Zhongzheng officials were served by the children of the high families, they were inevitably partial in the selection, so the system was later, the Zhongzheng officials were controlled by the gate valve, and only the children of the gate valve were selected, which accelerated the development of the clan class, resulting in the phenomenon of "the upper grade has no poor family, and the lower grade has no clan", so a strict surname hierarchy system was formed, and many famous families were born.

During the Jin Dynasty: Tian Yuqing said: The so-called gate lord politics "refers to the co-governance of the scholars and the imperial power, which is a kind of perversion of the imperial power politics that appears under specific conditions." Its existence is temporary; It came from imperial politics and gradually returned to imperial politics. "Gate politics in the strict sense only existed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiangzuo."

The combination of the two Jin regimes and the gate valves

The Sima family itself comes from the wang family, so they often safeguard the interests of the family. The higher the rank, the higher the official position. After the Yongjia Rebellion, the Eastern Jin Dynasty royal family established a state in the south of the Yangtze River, relying on the support of the Shizu gate lords and was more valued by the imperial court.

Sui and Tang dynasties: Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, almost all the regimes have been controlled by the Shi clan. Because the Sui and Tang dynasties relied on the support of the Guanzhong clan, and the Shandong clan still retained the centuries-old tradition of reading and lecturing the scriptures, they still enjoyed a superior political and social status.

Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, there have been monarchs who have devoted themselves to destroying the gate valves, and the social and economic status of these Shandong clans, which have existed for hundreds of years, is still very superior. But they had credit for the establishment of the dynasty, so the king weakened the clan with moderate policy reforms, gradually excluding them.

During the tenure of Emperor Wen of Sui, he abolished the Jiupin Official Law and changed to the imperial examination, with the aim of destroying the gate valve. It is a pity that the Sui Dynasty was very short, and by the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination was not developed.

Tang Taizong instructed the ministers to set the rank according to the grade of the minister at that time, and re-judged the "Chronicles of the World". As a result, the imperial family was changed to the first class, followed by the eldest grandson of the foreign relative, and the Cui family, the Shandong family with the highest reputation among the people, was demoted to the third class.

In order to confront the Tang clan and ministers who held power, Empress Wu added the Jinshi Department to the imperial examination system, making the imperial examination system more complete. Because it is difficult to take the Jinshi subject, there is a saying that "fifty old Ming Jing, sixty young Jinshi", so the Jinshi subject has gradually been valued.

This means that the advantages enjoyed by the clan in the past dynasties, that is, the excellent knowledge of the scriptures, were challenged with the popularity of the Jinshi branch in the imperial examination system, and the influence of the clan that mainly focused on the Ming classics gradually declined. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, there was a dispute between the Li Party of the Ming Jingke, that is, the officials of the Shandong Shiclan, and the Niu Dang Jinshike.

North China Gate Valve, after a long period of influence of the concept of the door, the folk still have the "door to the door" this kind of different families, do not intermarry each other. For example, "The Biography of Du Jian in the New Tang Dynasty" records that when Tang Wenzong wanted to marry a princess into a family, he still said with emotion: "Civil marriage, regardless of official products, but on the valve, my family has been a son of heaven for two hundred years, and I can't take care of Cui and Lu Ye!" ”。 This culture continued throughout the Tang Dynasty, and it was not until the Huangchao Rebellion that it was quickly eliminated due to destruction.

In the Huangchao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of casualties were caused to the people of the clan, the rich homes and industries were also destroyed, and the household registration and genealogy that the North China clan was proud of were also lost, and the clan declined, and finally there was no difference between the common people and the common people.

The disappearance of the gate valve has given more people and ordinary people the opportunity to be promoted. In particular, the imperial examination system in the Sui and Tang dynasties was like a ray of sunshine in the darkness, illuminating that dark era, at least in that era it was bright.

Although the gate valve has gradually drifted away, many people's concepts have not changed in the era under the influence of the gate valve system. Something like a dragon gives birth to a dragon and a phoenix, and a son born of a mouse will make a hole, and similar remarks are still the mainstream of thought.

For the new new human beings from the new era, how can this rotten system continue, although the method of selecting excellent talents through examinations is not necessarily very good, but to a certain extent, at least for those who are willing to work hard, there are still opportunities.

It is absolutely no problem to regard the cultivation of one's own talents as the most important thing, and there is no urgent need for it. Hibernating, not only not losing contact with the outside world, but also preserving their own strength and slowly developing their own power.