1. Yanmen Pass

The east of Yanmen Pass goes to Pingxing Pass, Bauhinia Pass, and Baoma Pass, and reaches Youyan directly, connecting Hanhai West to Xuangangkou, Ningwu Pass, and Yatou Pass to the Yellow River. Heng Mountain winds along the inner Great Wall on the top of the mountain along the northern border of Dai County, connecting Yanmen Mountain, Mantou Mountain and Caoduo Mountain into one. It is bordered by the Yanbei Plateau in the north and the Xinding Basin in the south. Yanmen Pass is located on the ridge of Gouzhu Mountain in the north of the ancient city of Daizhou, on Yanmen Mountain, about 20 kilometers north of Daixian County in the north of Shanxi. "The first pass of Jiusai respect" Xiongguan is close to the mountain, high on the mountain, and is one of the main central passages for the wild geese to go south and return to the north.

2. Tiger Prison Pass

Tiger Prison Pass, also known as Bishui Pass, is located in the northwest of Xingyang City, Henan Province, 16 kilometers of Bishui Town, because the King of the Western Zhou Dynasty Mu imprisoned the tiger in this prison. Here Qinzhi Pass, Hanzhi County, and the later feudal dynasties are all fortified here. The Tiger Prison Pass is connected to Songyue in the south, and is bordered by the Yellow River in the north, with mountains and mountains staggered, which is a natural danger. There is a lot of husband in charge, and the trend of ten thousand people is not open, and it is a place where soldiers of all dynasties must fight, especially the three British battles of Lu Bu have made it famous.

Historically, many military activities have taken place here. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Yin Gong five years ago, in 718, Zheng defeated Yan here. In 571 years ago, the princes of the Jin Mourning Wanghui were conspired with Zheng by the princes of the Jin Mourning Palace, and began to build the city here with the plan of Meng Xianzi "inviting the city tiger prison to force Zheng". In 203 years before the Chu and Han dynasties fought for hegemony, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought for the city here. Li Shimin in the Tang Dynasty fought against Dou Jiande, and Yue Fei in the Song Dynasty broke the Jin soldiers in Zhuludu. Until the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Tiger Prison Pass was still full of fierce battles, and the sound of killing was heard from time to time.

3. Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan is the first pass at the eastern starting point of the Great Wall, which is the dividing line inside and outside the pass, and is an important barrier for Beijing in the Ming Dynasty. It is a historical relics and cultural scenic spot mainly showing the important passes of the Ming Dynasty and the Great Wall of the plains31. Shanhaiguan is an important military town and a strategic place, during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a special military department here, which is the only branch of the Ming Military Department, and has unique military and political value. From its establishment to the fall of the Ming Dynasty, for more than 200 years, a total of 90 military directors served here. 15

Shanhaiguan is only about 280 kilometers from Beijing, and the terrain between the two places is dominated by plains conducive to cavalry charges. It is precisely because of the special geographical location of Shanhaiguan that it is related to the safety of the Jingshi of the Ming Dynasty, so from the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Shanhaiguan has gradually won the title of "the first pass in the world". The so-called "first" in the "first pass in the world" not only refers to Shanhaiguan being located at the easternmost end of the Great Wall, but also shows its important geographical value of guarding the western Liaoning corridor and guarding the North China Plain.

4 Jiayuguan

Jiayuguan is located in the middle of the narrowest valley 5 kilometers west of Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province, the city wall on both sides of the city pass crosses the desert Gobi, the north is connected with the Great Wall of Montenegro, the first pier in the south is connected to the world, it is the westernmost pass of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, it was once called the throat of Hexi in history, because of the dangerous terrain, the building is majestic, it has the first Xiongguan in the world, the key of the lock. Jiayuguan is the transportation fortress of the ancient "Silk Road", known as one of the three wonders of the Great Wall of China, with Shanhaiguan in the east, Zhenbeitai in the middle, and Jiayuguan in the west.

Jiayuguan was built in 1372 in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, and is composed of the inner city, the outer city, the Luocheng, the urn city, the moat and the north and south wings of the Great Wall, with a total length of about 60 kilometers. The Great Wall city platform, pier platform, fort city are dotted around, by the inner city, the outer city, the moat three lines of defense form overlapping and defending, forming a defense system of five miles and a sui, ten miles and a pier, thirty miles and a fort, and a city of one hundred miles.

The main scenic spots of Jiayuguan include Jiayuguan Guancheng, the Hanging Great Wall, the first pier of the Great Wall, the tombs of Wei and Jin, the stone carvings of Montenegro, Mulan City, the "Qiyi" glacier, the gliding base and other natural and cultural landscapes. Most of the scenic spots in Jiayuguan are closely related to the Great Wall culture and the Silk Road culture, and have their own characteristics. It is a world cultural heritage, a national tourist attraction, a national key cultural relics protection unit, and a national patriotic education demonstration base.

5 Tongguan

Tongguan is located in the north of Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, bordering the Yellow River in the north and the mountainside in the south. The water scripture is annotated: "The river flows south in the Guan, Tongjiguan Mountain, because it is called Tongguan." "It was founded in 196 in the first year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Tongguan is the east gate of Guanzhong, has always been the place where soldiers must fight, ranks second among the top ten famous passes in China, known as the reputation of "the first pass", the Qianlong Emperor traveled through the great rivers and mountains of the empire, as far as this, he can't help but feel the precipitousness of Tongguan, and leave the gilded imperial book of "the first pass" on the banner outside the city tower.

Tongguan was located at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Guancheng was built on the loess plateau, the Sui Dynasty moved south for several miles, and the Tang Wu Dynasty moved north to the lower part of the plateau, forming the old site of Tongguan City today. Tang placed Tongjin County, Ming set up Tongguan Guard, Qing Dynasty was Tongguan County, and the Republic of China attacked it. Because Tongguan is located at the crossing of the Yellow River, it is located in the three provinces of Jin, Shaanxi and Henan, and it is the key to enter and exit the three Qins, so it has become the necessary place and key to the Central Plains in the east and the central and western regions in the west since the end of the Han Dynasty.

Tongguan is located in the eastern part of the Guanzhong Plain, and is located in the key places of Qin, Jin and Henan provinces, the situation of Tongguan is very dangerous, and there are Qinling Mountains in the south. There is the forbidden valley in the southeast, there are 12 cities in the south of the valley, there are Wei and Luoerchuan in the north, and the Yellow River hugs down the pass, and the west is close to Huayue. The surrounding mountains are even mountains, peaks are even peaks, the valleys are deep and the precipices are exclusive, the mountains are high and the roads are narrow, and there is a narrow sheep intestine path in the middle, and only one car and one horse can be allowed to go back and forth. In the past, people often compared the situation here with "the danger of the road and the ape" and "the danger of the road stopping at Tongguan in the world". Since then, Du Fuyou has also had the verses of "Zhangren sees the important place, narrow and narrow bicycles, struggles to grow halberds, and uses a husband for eternity".

6. Juyong Pass

Juyongguan is a famous ancient customs city along the Great Wall of Beijing, one of the "Nine Stops in the World", the eighth of the "Taihang Eight Fortresses", and a state-level cultural relics protection unit.

The canyon where Guancheng is located belongs to the mountainous area of the military capital of Taihang Yumai, the west mountain is sandwiched, there is a huge stream below, the cliff is steep, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. Juyong Pass and Bauhinia Pass, Reverse Horse Pass, Guguan and called the Ming Dynasty Jingxi four famous passes, among which Juyong Pass, Bauhinia Pass, Reverse Horse Pass are also known as the inner three passes.

7. Sword Gate Gate: Sword Pavilion

The majestic sword gate, choking into the throat of Shu, because of its dangerous terrain, has always been a place for soldiers to fight. Zhang Zai, a family member of the Western Han Dynasty, praised in the Sword Pavilion: "Rock Liangshan, accumulating stones." Far from Jingheng, close to Minjiao. Qiongyu in the south, and Bao oblique in the north. Narrower than Pengjie, higher than Songhua. But the gate of Shu is a solid town. It is said that the Sword Pavilion, the wall stands thousands of miles. The danger of the poor land, the steepness of the extreme road. Li Deyu, a famous politician and family in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the inscription: "The mountains come from the west, and the waves are cumulus clouds. The land risk will be, Si is Shumen. Layers of Cen steep walls, Sen Ruoge halberd. Ten thousand gullies run to the east, double flying high. The green ridge is horizontal, gloomy and dark.

If the tree is strong, to defend the kingdom.

8 Yangpingguan

Guyang Pingguan, also known as White Horse City, Dukou City, was founded in the Western Han Dynasty, located in Lianshui Village, Wuhou Town, Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province. It is bordered by the Qinling Mountains in the north, the Hanjiang River and Bashan in the south, the Zhanglu City on the Zoumaling across the Xianhe River in the west, and the Jinniu Road Crossing in the west and the Chencang Road Crossing in the north of Qinlong. 2. Dingjun Mountain and Tiandang Mountain in the south and north of the Hanjiang River are the horns of each other, which is the western gateway of the Hanzhong Basin, and it is also the northern frontier of Bashu leading to Guanzhong, and the geographical location is very dangerous. Advance can be attacked, retreat can be defended.

Zhang Hui of the Jin Dynasty recorded in the Southern Han Dynasty: "Shu has three passes: Yangping, Jiangguan, and Baishui", while the Sui Book Geographical Chronicle describes the military strategic position of the ancient Yangping Pass in more detail: "The west controls Sichuan and Shu, the north passes Qinlong, and the back is Jingshan, the front towers the Dingjun, Zhuobi, the right is on the white horse, the golden bull, the left arch is cloudy, Baizhang, Han, black, and embers are wrapped in the water, and the world is extremely dangerous." If Shu is on top, the enemy can be overturned, the royal family can encroach on Yong and Liang, and the land can be expanded to hold on to the key points, which is a long-term plan.

Therefore, Guyang Pingguan has been regarded as "the throat of Shu" and "the gateway of Hanzhong" since ancient times, and there is a sigh of "the most dangerous in Han" !

It is precisely because Yangping Pass has its special geographical location that the heroes and giants of all eras have performed a majestic and majestic historical drama here or with Wen Taowu or Jin Ge Iron Horse. Especially during the Three Kingdoms period, the emperors of Shu and Wei used all their strategies to compete for each other, which made Guyang Pingguan famous all over the world.

9. Hanya Pass

Hanguguan is located in Lingbao City, Henan Province, 15 kilometers north of Wangduo Village, according to the Hou Hanshu County National Chronicles: "Gucheng" out of the water, there is Hanguguan. Gucheng belongs to Henan Yin Zhizhi, the site should be near Chaiwan Village, Cijian Town, northwest of Luoyang City, and Hanguguan in the Eastern Han Dynasty should be 35 kilometers away from today's Xin'andong. It is about 75 kilometers away from Sanmenxia City, located in the "Chang'an Ancient Road", close to the bank of the Yellow River. It is named because it is locked in a canyon and is as dangerous as a letter. The ancients Wang said: From the west of Lingbao to the east of Lingbao County, Henan Province, and Tongguan, they are all called peach forests. From the west of the Kuo Mountain, see the famous mountains of Henan, the south of Tongjin, commonly known as Hangu. 15