Since he is already an international leader in the field of historiography, Zhou Hexuan naturally wants to talk about something new, otherwise how can he suppress the group of big cows and calves in the audience?

He continued what he had just said: "History can be interpreted from different aspects, and people look at history from different angles. This perspective is called the view of history, also known as the 'view of history'. For example, communists call their view of history 'historical materialism' and other countries' historical outlook 'idealistic view of history'. ”

Hearing Zhou Hexuan mention the communists, some scholars began to frown, because they respected the Three People's Principles, but no one had interrupted Zhou Hexuan's lecture for the time being.

"I'll summarize it," Zhou Hexuan wrote several lines on the blackboard, explaining one by one, "First of all, let's talk about the orthodox view of history, which is the mainstream of historiography and represents a common understanding and viewpoint held by most people on historical events. For example, the European Renaissance movement, which is recognized as breaking the darkness of the Middle Ages; Another example is the Great Voyage, which signified the advent of the colonial era and had a profound impact on modern China. There are also some historians present at the scene, and most of your historical views belong to the orthodox historical view. ”

Jin Yuhuang, Shen Gangbo, Guo Tingyi and others nodded one after another, very much agreeing with Zhou Hexuan's views.

"Let's talk about the concept of social history," Zhou Hexuan said, pointing to the blackboard, "This view of history mainly observes history from the perspective of society, and focuses on analyzing social problems in a broad sense, including all issues other than politics, economy, and culture." For example, the history of social changes, the history of daily life, the history of social customs, the history of social architecture, the history of family marriage, the history of population movement, and so on. It does not conflict with the orthodox view of history, but explains and accommodates each other, and is a supplement to the orthodox view of history. In the West, the concept of social history emerged during the Enlightenment, while in China it is much older but fragmented, and I think the Book of Songs can be seen as a historical work of social history, which records many customs in the pre-Qin period. However, the "Book of Songs" is only a record, not an analysis and research, if there are scholars who expound the "Book of Songs" from a historical perspective, then it is to interpret the history of the pre-Qin period with the method of social history. This is an interesting subject, which some domestic historians are already working on, but has not yet achieved great influence. ”

This was a sentiment for some ordinary history professors and students as they found a new direction for their research.

Zhou Hexuan continued: "The next is the heroic view of history, which emphasizes the absolute role of the individual in history, and this is the view of history in early historical research, both in the East and the West. Communists regard this view of history as an idealist view of history, and in fact it is also very reasonable. The British historian Carlyle said: 'The history of the whole world is, in fact, the external, material result of the thoughts of the great men who were born into this world. Mr. Liang Qichao of our country also said: "The stage of historians and heroes is also, and there is almost no history for heroes." In my opinion, although heroes are important, they cannot be regarded as the whole of history, and this view of history is very one-sided. ”

Zhou Hexuan said: "Let's talk about Marx's historical materialism, this school studies history as a science and sums up a set of laws of historical development. That is, the productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure, and if the superstructure and the relations of production restrain the development of the productive forces, then a social revolution will be ushered in. This view of history can explain the major historical processes very clearly, such as the history from the pre-Qin era to the Qin and Han dynasties, which can be roughly regarded as a revolution in the productive forces from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. ”

Then there is the modern view of history, which has appeared in both the West and China, but has not yet formed a specific school. The historical concept of modernization holds that the process of the transformation of human society from an agricultural society to an industrial society is the evolution process of modernization, including economic industrialization and urbanization, political democratization and legalization, cultural rationalization, scientificization, popularization and popularization, and equality and secularization of social life. The types of modernization can be summarized as primitive and conductive, capitalist and socialist. For example, Britain, France, and the United States are the primary type of capitalist modernization, Soviet Russia is the primary type of socialist modernization, and China and Japan are currently both conductive and capitalist modernization. ”

This passage made Guo Tingyi's eyes light up, and this gentleman was later hailed as a "pioneer of modern Chinese historiography" and is now studying China's modern and modern history. His stance on the study of modern and modern history is the orthodox view of history, and there is nothing new in it, and Zhou Hexuan has pointed out a path of academic research for him at this moment.

Zhou Hexuan preached again:

"There is also the concept of personal history, through the study and understanding of history, individuals have ideological inspiration, which they use to guide their own actions. This is what Li Shimin, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, said, taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall. This view of history is meaningful to everyone and to the development of the country. For example, the state organizes the Institute of History, which studies the development of the great powers, and then brings enlightenment to the development of the country. ”

"The two classes I want to teach today are "The History of Human Civilization" and "The General History of the World", the former represents the historical view of civilization, and the latter represents the global historical view."

"The concept of civilization history believes that human history is the history of the evolution of human civilization, telling the history and the development and evolution of civilization. It abandons local and micro history, and regards human history as a vertical development line from a macro perspective, which has great enlightenment for anthropology, sociology, and political science. ”

"As for the global view of history, I said that the essence of the global view of history lies in the world, and the study of human history as a whole. For example, in order to understand China's current situation, it is necessary to study the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as the Western Voyages, the colonial movement, the industrial revolution, the world market, and so on, and examine China under the background and vision of the entire world history. Why did Japan invade China? Why did the European and American powers pursue a policy of appeasement? And why did China win the War of Resistance? These can be studied and elaborated from a global perspective of history. Well, it seems that some of my friends were surprised, because I said that China will win the war of resistance. Why win? I'll talk more about that in a future lesson. ”

On the spot, some students couldn't help it, raised their hands and said, "Sir, you can talk about it today, and talk about the reasons why China will win the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression." ”

"Yes, Mr. Zhou."

"You give us an analysis!"

"Please, sir!"

“……”

There were shouts in the auditorium, and even many professors and lecturers stared at Zhou Hexuan intently, wanting to see what kind of truth he would say.

"Then I'll talk about it in advance?" Zhou Hexuan said with a smile.

"Tell me about it, I can't wait!"

The crowd shouted.

Zhou Hexuan elaborated: "China's victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression must start with the colonial movement and the Industrial Revolution......

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