Chapter 397: Opposing Factions

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In addition to the above-mentioned princes of the North, the meeting included 19 religious figures, including Fr. Stigander, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, Eldrid, Bishop of Worcester, and Edwan, Bishop of Durham. Hewesey, Duke of Northumbria, Sword. Northumbria, Earl of Cornwall, Kadar. Rivar. She Nuo and other 6 people, under this, are more than ten important officials such as administrative officials, county magistrates, court presidents, etc., who are responsible for managing the local government.

The county system was an important local political system in England, and the prefect of the county was the agent of the king in the Middle Ages.

At first, the magistrate was only the administrative agent of the magistrate, but by the 12th century, the magistrate's power had grown rapidly, presiding over all matters of the county, including military, finance, and judicial affairs. From the 13th century onwards, the power of the county magistrate was gradually transferred to other officials, and it declined due to the strict control of the royal power.

In England, for a long time, the king's deliberate suppression of the aristocracy and the power of the commoners' house was caused. Hereditary nobility with a truly feudal meaning was confined to a smaller range. Generally known as the "50 families", and due to the peculiarity of the English dynasty, that is, what historians call "England has never formed a blood aristocracy", the youngest son of the nobleman is a commoner, even if the young son of the royal family is an exception (the English enactment law stipulates that the second son and all daughters of the royal family are born commoners, unless they can obtain a noble title from the king, otherwise they only have priority in etiquette).

Even in England, many titles of nobility come from hereditary positions in the past. For example, the "duke" comes from the military commander, and the "count" comes from the military governor of the county (Comte in Frankish). The viscount comes from the historical viscount title.

We note that the largest number of participants was the "Theon" class, numbering as many as sixty-three, and this was the result of the death of many "Theon" nobles after the Battle of Hastings, otherwise the Council of the Magi that would decide the fate of England would have been attended by many more "Theons".

At the end of the Anglo-Saxon era, the feudal system in England had already begun to take shape, and a six-tier hierarchy of kings, dukes, counts (square counts), sain (secular nobles), religious nobility (archbishops, high bishops) - Kerr (freedmen) - Veran (serfs) - slaves had been established in England.

Before the Norman conquest in England, with the advent of the Seven Kingdoms era, the feudal system had begun to sprout. The governors of the counties and the large landowners of the "Sain" had various political and military obligations. But on the whole, compared to the European continent, the feudal system in England was still very backward, retaining a large number of the traditions of the Germanic and Celtic primitive tribes, and the autocracy was not strong, and the nobles and Sain discussed with the king according to many primitive democratic traditions.

Before the Norman Conquest, the "Sein" in English society was already a warrior class with military service for the king, and received a grant of land about the size of five "Hyde" on the condition of service, or 600 acres, and the land was confiscated if they did not obey the obligation. Evidence of personal allegiance and service that embody personal dependency can be found. From the point of view of economic life and personal relations, in fact, these small and medium-sized feudal lords are almost the same as the later knights.

But to see Seon as a knight is not strict. The Sain was not entirely a feudal vassal, and his land fiefdom was entangled with the land lease that was popular at the time, and the land was not all granted to him, but he also inherited from the clan, and his type of service was not necessarily military service.

During the Danish Dynasty, the original English system was still very useful, and Cnut's rule was largely maintained by the local magistrates and Sein, but compared to the Norman feudal system, the English magistrate-Sein system was worse, at least in terms of military affairs, the Norman military system was superior to the English.

These "Sain" did not combine military service with cavalry service, and they were accustomed to the infantry warfare of the Takerson period, which was primitive in terms of combat characteristics, relying mainly on the old Germanic traditions of tomahawks and shield all. Mainly relied on bravery, there were no heavy cavalry, and there were no engineering equipment. Ranged units are mainly simple bows and arrows and throwing guns, with limited lethality. And there are often interesting scenes of rushing to the front of the battle to pick up the bow and arrows after running out, and as for the armor, it is generally brought by itself.

The Bayeux tapestry of the late 11th century clearly depicts the image of Norman knights with guns, and the shock tactics used the quality and speed of men and horses to inflict powerful blows on the enemy, which was a major advance in medieval cavalry tactics. This innovation in tactics also led to changes in the cavalry itself.

First of all, in terms of equipment: the long spear replaced the short spear and the javelin as an important weapon, and in order to ensure that the long gun maintained sufficient strength and lethality in the impact, its structure, materials, and manufacturing process have been continuously improved, and the cost has been increasing.

Light leather armor was completely replaced by chain mail due to insufficient protective properties. The chain mail itself is also constantly improving, first of all, to increase the protective area, from the past chain mail short top, gradually developed with long sleeves, hood, long hem form.

Due to the impact, the knight's lower limbs are especially vulnerable to sword and collision damage, and chain mail trousers also appear. To protect their hands, the knights also began to be equipped with chain mail gloves. The quality of the chain mail is also being strengthened, the iron ring for making the chain mail is smaller, and the key parts of the chain mail weaving method have developed from a set of four to a set of six. These improvements made the chain mail finer and more protective at this time, but the weight and production cost of the armor were greatly increased.

The Germanic round shield was replaced by a flis-shaped shield with a larger protective area and more suitable for immediate combat. And due to the increased level of protection of the knights, the weight of the equipment has increased significantly, as well as the requirements for speed and impact force for shock tactics.

Knights' horses are also required to be stronger, with greater weight-bearing capacity, explosive power, and endurance, so the cost of having a qualified horse has also increased.

In short, the change in impact tactics made the knights better equipped and more expensive.

Not only equipment, but also new tactics put forward new requirements for the training of knights. Carrying more than 60 pounds of equipment to effectively use new tactics is no easy feat. Knights themselves need to be physically strong and endured after long-term training. They must also be able to hold a spear to drive the mount to accurately sprint to the target, and master the skills of absorbing and defusing the counter-impact force during the impact.

In order not to block the sight and impact route of the neighboring knights in the impact, and to avoid the chaos of the team when contacting the enemy, the knights asked to cooperate with each other, maintain a reasonable formation, and the overall control of speed and direction is very important.

Compared with the Norman knights in history, William paid more attention to the preparation of his knights, and they were generally equipped with more advanced full-body plate armor and longer and lighter special cavalry guns, which gave William's Norman knights a huge advantage in the battle against the English army composed of Seon and militia.