In the history of the world, pulleys first appeared on an Assyrian relief in the eighth century BC, which was the predecessor of the pulley group. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

With the passage of time, the pulley block has also evolved well, as early as 400 BC, the ancient Greeks already knew how to use the compound pulley, and it was well used.

Around 330 B.C., a work was written on pulley sets. And the principle of the application of this equipment to its equipment is deeply studied.

China is mentioned in the book "The Book of Demons" written by Mozi and his disciples in 388 BC, but it is only mentioned and no real thing is invented.

Zhang Guoan drew a series of fixed pulleys with a pencil on a white piece of paper and told him them one by one, which gave Fa Ke a headache.

Fortunately, he had seen the pulley in these maritime merchants in advance, and it was not a piece of paper, the pulley would change the direction of force, and the concept that the fixed pulley group would save effort was forcibly poured into his head.

Zhang Guoan didn't care, he finally designed the most labor-saving combination for him, and wrote out the mantra about the fixed pulley block in middle school physics:

Odd and even, one move with a certainty, even number minus a certainty, change direction plus a certain.

Okay, you take it and carry it, and hurry up to Jia Pingzhang to report to work!

The commander of the Imperial Arquebus Battalion made Fa Ke obediently leave.

After Zhang Guoan gave him these two lessons, he felt very comfortable, first, he has always had a kind of ** who wants to teach people, and second, this kid is still polite and has no so-called official authority.

Such young people are well educated.

Zhang Guoan's family bought almost all the mercury and bile alum in all the pharmacies in Lin'an City, that is, mercury and copper sulfate, and returned more than 200 kilograms.

He didn't have to worry about this, his servants did it.

What he had to do was write a math textbook. This is a must, the friends are gone, and he and Quiet are too busy to teach, so they need the help of the twenty and a half children.

The language is easy to speak, but let's talk about literacy first.

Math is not good, there are no textbooks. He was afraid that the twenty and a half sons would not be able to speak.

Because he thought about it in advance, combined with the experience and lessons of educating those half-grown children, he wrote it out in a few days, and named it "Primary School Arithmetic" and "Primary School Geometry".

Zhang Guoan knew in advance that in this time and space, there would be a review system for publishing books.

The edict of the Great Song Dynasty in 1146: "From now on, the folk bookstore publishes the literature, first through the detailed reading of the belonging, and then the instructor is entrusted to discuss." Whoever chooses it, Xu Zhi engraving".

This is equivalent to the Song government set up a pre-publication review mechanism, and the publication of books must be "selected by the official in detail, beneficial to scholars, before the engraving is allowed, waiting for the printing to be sent to the secretary of the province, if the details are not properly taken and implemented, all kinds of desecration of the text." shall not be engraved".

However, during the Song Dynasty, the control of the private publishing industry was not very strict. So at that time, books published "illegally" appeared in an endless stream.

For example, the "tabloid" business, which cannot be banned at all, can often be seen hawkers hawking along the streets.

For example, the Great Song Dynasty banned the sale of maps, so they changed it to tourist maps.

Fortunately, the Great Song Dynasty has never cracked down, and there is no large number of "sunrise masses", so in other words, it is just a matter of saying.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no case of a sentence for this.

The other is the explicit prohibition of some books.

It is a book that prohibits printing and destroys the gains and losses of current politics. It is forbidden to print the edict-style books of the Criminal Law, the historical books of the dynasty, the books of Buddhism and demons, the private printing of astronomical books, and the books of soldiers' drills. It is forbidden to print pseudo-books such as "quotations" and "not the origin of scriptures" for plagiarism in the scientific field.

However, it also caused a drawback, the Great Song Dynasty government also explicitly opposed piracy, but it was helpless against piracy.

For example, in the Song Dynasty, Cheng Sheren had a rectangular plaque after the catalogue of "Eastern Capital Affairs" engraved by him: "Meishan Cheng Sheren House is published." The boss has been declared, and the board is not allowed".

This shows that the original publisher of the book has applied to the government to prohibit others from reprinting his work.

However, the Great Song Dynasty did not legislate for copyright, and local officials did not seriously enforce it, and there may be a sporadic publisher who can get the protection of the government, but this is only a very rare phenomenon.

In this time and space, with the advent of printing, the production cost of works and books was reduced and could become a commodity, thus bringing benefits to printers or authors, and a large number of reproduction and dissemination made it impossible for printers or authors to control their intangible property rights as they did with manuscripts, thus creating the need for special protection by law.

Convenient printing technology and fast circulation also made it easier for booksellers to pirate other people's works for profit. As early as the Tang Dynasty, the phenomenon of piracy appeared soon after the application of engraving printing.

For example, Tang Yuanzhi said: "Bai's "Changqing Collection" was made by Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan. …… And Lotte's "Qin Zhongyin", "He Yu", "Irony" and other articles, few people can know at the time. However, in the past 20 years, the province has been forbidden to view the temple, and there are all books on the walls of the post marquis, and the princes, concubines, cows, boys, and horses are all gone. …… There are even stealing names and surnames, begging for sale, messing up toilets, and having no choice. ”

In the Song Dynasty, this phenomenon of piracy was even more serious.

The Great Song Dynasty once ordered that those who engraved the prison copy of the Nine Classics must first ask for the approval of the Guozijian.

This was in essence a kind of exclusive right to protect the printing and publishing of the Nine Classics, which predated the European privilege of publishing by nearly 500 years.

However, Song publishers were required to apply to Guozijian for the printing of the Nine Classics, but did not pay a fee similar to the transfer of copyright.

The purpose of the official government of the Great Song Dynasty to "correct" the classics was to make orthodox ideas spread correctly.

Therefore, the actions of this government have nothing to do with profit, nor do they have anything to do with copyright.

In the Middle Ages, England granted publishers the privilege of publishing directly, which gave them the exclusive right to publish certain books, and the right to exclude others from publishing them, supported by the country's legal and litigation systems.

This kind of publishing privilege clearly implies financial benefits for publishers.

Thus, at the national level, the Song Dynasty press control decree did reflect the state's "efforts to control the spread of ideas."

From a practical point of view, as long as the publishers of the Song Dynasty did not violate the political interests of the state, such as publishing books with "reactionary speech", or publishing books for the imperial examination, which affected the promotion of scholars, etc., their piracy was not punished by the state.

As a result, the form of copyright in the Song Dynasty was only a combination of the claims of certain for-profit publishers and the occasional and scattered administrative protection of individual local governments.

Of course, Zhang Guoan was not afraid of any piracy, and he couldn't survive on this, so he casually found a bookstore to ask for engraving.

At that time, the shopkeeper carefully flipped through the "Elementary School Arithmetic", and then looked at the comparison table between the strange words and the numbers of the Great Song Dynasty in the previous chapter, which felt very interesting.

I looked at the "Primary School Geometry" and was more interested in the area calculation of various figures, so he said: "Guest officer, after printing the required number, can you allow the small ones to be printed, and the cost of engraving and printing can be less." ”

Zhang Guoan thought, if you don't tell me, I have no way to supervise you.

He smiled and agreed, saying, "Okay, you can print as much as you want." (To be continued.) )