The next day, Wu Yanzhi appointed Qi Xuan as a judge.

Then Jiang Shipeng called the eight people to the office and talked to them first, saying that they were asked to develop gunpowder, muskets, clocks, and internal combustion engines in their spare time.

Of course, a few people didn't understand what these kinds of things were, and in the end, under Wu Yanzhi's detailed explanation, they finally understood the first three things.

But for the fourth thing---- a machine that moves on its own, they didn't understand.

However, Wu Yanzhi quickly made everyone understand this principle---- he asked the waiter at the post station to bring a large stove with a teapot on it.

After the water boils, the lid of the pot is naturally lifted and falling, very rhythmically.

"Look, this is the most primitive machine. As long as the fire keeps burning underneath, the lid will keep moving up and down.

What we have to do now is to artificially control his movement and drive other heavy things, such as carriage ......" Wu Yanzhi used a vivid example of the image, and soon everyone around him understood the principle of the machine!

"I see!" "Looks like it's doable!" "Why haven't we discovered such a simple truth......

Everyone talked about it, and their hearts were full of expectations,

Wu Yanzhi said: "The development cycle of this gunpowder should be shorter, because saltpeter, sulfur and other things are available in pharmacies."

However, the quantity is certainly not large, and it needs to be purchased from other places, but it does not affect the test, and the preliminary test can start in a few days.

However, the machine is still early, because my drawings have not yet been drawn, and it will definitely take several years to make them, and it is the same to develop the clock first, and the whole project will be taken care of by Judge Qi.

As for the personnel arrangement, I plan to make a group of four people with clocks and muskets; The clock and machine group are also four people.

Of course, if you encounter any difficulties in the research and development, you can and must cooperate with each other. ”

"No problem, I'll finish the task on time!" Eight people were very confident.

"The required copper, steel and other materials are purchased at the market price of the metallurgical superintendent, and no one is allowed to take them at will, so as not to be reported, which is especially important!

Finally, I want to get to the point, which is that these four things are not made for you to work for nothing, and there are people who have invested in these four things.

You now have about 10 yuan of income for each of you in a year, and I will pay each of you another 15 yuan for this task.

If the progress is normal, there will be a bonus every six months, and there will be a bonus at the end of the year. In short, this income will not be lower than being a nine-product supervisor.

Of course, for those who have done a good job, I will help you when you are out of the stream, don't worry! ”

When everyone heard this, they were shocked! This income is simply higher than that of a supervisor from the ninth grade, and everyone is of course very excited.

"Please rest assured, Wu Shaoqing! We'll do our best....."

Wu Yanyi looked at their mental state and felt that this matter was very promising. The main reason is that he gave a heavy reward, and the so-called "people die for money, birds die for food" is not unreasonable.

He finally said: "We will set up a temporary office room, and this office room is called the 'machine office'. You have to fill in yesterday's progress on the work log every day, as well as the ideas and problems in the development, which can be reflected in the log.

When I'm here, I'll check it every day; If I go out, Judge Qi will come to check every day, and if you have any questions, come to me directly, and I will answer them for you.

Now, the four people who made the muskets and gunpowder will stay first, and I have something to explain, and the other four will go back to the room first. By the way, you can also get together and discuss the plan for this clock.

This clock is a good product for civil use, that is, you will not wait here in the future, with this unique job, people in several generations will not worry about eating! ”

Of course, these people understood the importance of the clock, and after saluting, they hurried out to study it.

……

Wu Yanzhi explained in detail to the four people who developed the firearms and Jiang Shipeng how to process the gunpowder and pay attention to the safety points.

"The recipe for this gunpowder is to use seven and a half parts of saltpeter, one part of sulfur, and one and a half parts of charcoal, and the weight is as accurate as possible. Also, it is necessary to grind finely; In fact, this grinding process is also the most important process.

In addition, it must be kept away from the fire and not touched by children; Most importantly, this technology must be kept absolutely confidential, and you can't easily leak it, otherwise it will ......"

After talking about gunpowder, he began to explain the musket: "The key to this musket is the manufacture of the bolt, the formation of the barrel, and the rifling inside.

With rifling, the bullet will rotate and be accurate. Otherwise the bullets will fly around......"

……

For Wu Yanzhi, there are many things to do, take gunpowder as an example, he has studied the course "Blasting Engineering", and of course he knows the scientific formula of black powder.

However, many of the purchased saltpeter have problems with purity and need to be further purified. Generally, saltpeter contains a small amount of salt, such as sodium chloride.

The method of purification is to use the method of saturated solution: because the solubility of potassium nitrate is greatly affected by temperature, and the solubility of sodium chloride is affected by temperature and changes little, they are first prepared into a hot saturated solution.

Then cooled down, because the solubility of potassium nitrate decreases rapidly during the cooling process, there will be a large number of crystals precipitated, while the solubility of sodium chloride is almost unchanged during the cooling process, and there will be no large number of crystals precipitated.

It is then filtered, and potassium nitrate solids can be obtained. Then the remaining solution is evaporated to obtain sodium chloride, which is called cooling hot saturated solution.

Sulfur is generally relatively pure, because the ancients have mastered the process of heating sulfur (boiling point is 444.6 °C), and then collecting sulfur gas to cool it, so it is easier to purify, and the purity of the device can meet the requirements of gunpowder.

One of the most important processes in the manufacture of black powder is grinding. Because only the finer it is, the chemical reaction will be complete and will emit the greatest power.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty also had cannons, even longer than the range of others, because the quality of gunpowder was very poor, and the storage technology could not keep up, resulting in a lot of gunpowder could not be used at all.

Speaking of formulas, in fact, the black powder formula mastered by the Qing Dynasty army at that time was not much different from that of the British army, and the more powerful TNT explosives were far from being invented at that time.

In addition, to make a rear-firing gun, the primer is crucial, and without a primer, there is no rear-firing musket in the true sense. The commonly used primer is, of course, mercury thunderate, also known as mercury thunder.

...................................... dividing lines.................................

(Don't look at it)

Preparation of mercury rayate:

1. Of course, Wu Yanzhi also remembered the preparation of mercury lamate.

Mercury is obtained by using nitric acid and mercury to produce mercury nitrate, which is then produced by the reaction of alcohol. Mercury is dissolved in nitric acid to form mercury nitrate, which is formed by the reaction with ethanol in the presence of excess nitric acid.

White thunder mercury is generally produced under laboratory conditions, so a small amount of hydrochloric acid and copper should be added to mercury nitrate.

Ingredient ratio: mercury: nitric acid (60%): ethanol (95.5%): copper: hydrochloric acid (23%)=1: (8.7~9.0): (8.7~9.0): 0.01: 0.01

Ingredient preparation: Mercury is filtered through a filter cloth to remove impurities such as dust. Wash off the oxides on the surface with 10% dilute nitric acid, and then wash with distilled water 2~3 times.

Preparation of mercury nitrate: the filtered mercury, small particles of copper, hydrochloric acid are dissolved in nitric acid according to the proportion of ingredients, and the temperature is controlled at 30~35 °C.

2. There is still a very important substance missing here: nitric acid!

Nitric acid can be used by using concentrated sulfuric acid plus saltpeter (potassium nitrate), and the equation is:

2KNO3+H2SO4=K2SO4+2HNO3

Because nitric acid is highly volatile, it evaporates. Nitric acid can be obtained by exporting nitric acid vapor and dissolving it in water at night. The more nitric acid dissolved, the greater the concentration.

3. Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in the production of nitric acid, and the production process can be used in the following ways:

Dilute sulfuric acid: green alum (FeSO4?7H2O) is used as raw material and calcined in a distillation kettle to obtain sulfuric acid. During the calcination process, the alum decomposes and releases sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, of which sulfur trioxide and water vapor condense at the same time to obtain sulfuric acid.

Equation: 2(FeSO4?7H2O) Fe2O3+SO2+SO3+14H2O

Distillation of dilute sulfuric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid can be obtained.