During his lifetime, Wittgenstein was a neglected scholar because he did not live as long as his teachers. But after his death, philosophical researchers increasingly discovered that Wittgenstein was a neglected master.

Because after him, all kinds of philosophical studies seem to be unable to get rid of his shadow.

His major works, Treatise on Logic and Philosophy and Philosophical Studies, represent two contrasting phases of the philosophical path that spanned his life.

The former is mainly deconstruction, making philosophy a linguistic problem, and philosophy must confront language. Whatever can be said, be able to say clearly, and whatever cannot be said, you should be silent.

Philosophy is nothing more than clarifying issues that ordinary people cannot understand.

The latter returns philosophy to philosophy, which is reconstructed after deconstruction, and it is impossible to create a strict language that can express philosophy, because the language of everyday life is endless, which is the foundation and source of philosophy.

So the essence of philosophy should be addressed in everyday life.

Wittgenstein's ideas are unparalleled in originality, and the philosophical revolution he advocates is very thorough. So much so that people can't believe it, and many people think this is an exaggeration.

Such assertions that go beyond the long-term thinking of people are discouraged by many, but in any case, neither followers nor critics can surpass his revolutionary ideas.

It has been said that people receive much more from Russell and Flegg than from Wittgenstein, but a man as creative and avant-garde as he tends to turn people away.

Wittgenstein does not seem to be as famous as Heidegger, and while he was alive, he was overlooked. But after his death, many people ranked him as one of the greatest philosophers.

Even his teacher, Russell, later admitted that he was influenced by Wittgenstein's ideas.

In later generations, even the mass media such as Time magazine discovered his greatness and evaluated him as the most important figure of the century in the 20th century.

Zhou Nan's study of philosophy is not deep, because the study of philosophy is very boring and requires a high academic foundation.

Without a deep academic foundation, people studying philosophy will only drive themselves crazy.

Because most people will study to the end, they will find that the existence of human beings is almost meaningless, and there is no way out at all.

Therefore, scholars who study philosophy also commit the most suicides.

Wittgenstein has always had a tendency to do this. Five of his brothers, including himself, were three homosexuals, and three committed suicide.

It is rumored that he went to war in World War I with the aim of "committing suicide" with dignity.

Hearing Zhou Nan's words, his reaction was half a beat slower than others, and then he said in German: "I have read the two volumes of your General History of the World, which you have published, and I have also read the content of your speeches in France and Italy. Your understanding of philosophy is mainly in terms of application, not in terms of theoretical research. And you have never shown your study in mathematics, you want to learn my philosophy, and the lack of study in mathematics will only lead you into logical confusion. ”

Although the words are true, it doesn't seem good to say them so bluntly. If Zhou Nan were an ordinary scholar, I am afraid that he would not be able to stand this kind of "discrimination".

But Zhou Nan is not.

He has always been very respectful of true scholars, far higher than ordinary politicians. What's more, the other party is still the object of his true respect.

Zhou Nan was not ashamed at all, but said more sincerely: "This is indeed my own flaw, but I don't want to be an all-rounder. What's more, I have always had the idea of staying away from philosophy, because it was too difficult, so I chose to apply theories more easily, and let this knowledge serve my historical research. ”

Wittgenstein nodded and said: "The path you have taken is wise and correct, we belong in different directions, and my path is extremely tortuous." It's just that I've already embarked on this path myself, but I don't want to go back. ”

Russell came back from the bathroom, sat on the sofa and wiped his hands with a handkerchief, heard Wittgenstein's words, and said with a smile: "It doesn't matter whether the road is right or wrong, because in the ocean of knowledge, the future of every road is difficult and ambiguous." In my opinion, the path that suits you is the right path. ”

When Toynbee and Robinson returned from a tour of the villa, his fiancée, Veronica, stayed on the second floor to chat with Audrey and Mrs. Hemstra, and would stay there for the night.

He continued: "All research is in the service of human existence, Robinson's chemical research, our historical research, your philosophical research, the ultimate direction is to establish a human-centered service system." It's just that some are biased towards theory, some are biased towards application, some people go a little faster, some people go a little slower. Although I am fifty-seven years old, I consider myself inferior to the twenty-four-year-old Jonas in the applied study of history......"

This self-deprecation made everyone laugh. Because Toynbee has always been the target of attack in the academic world, his historical research is so "professional" that many experts say that he is a trick.

Zhou Nan is just the opposite of him, Zhou Nan's "General History of the World" is a historical research book that ordinary people don't seem to be boring, which is also the main reason why Zhou Nan's book has a great influence.

Of course, this is not to say that Zhou Nan's level is higher than Toynbee's. Because he and Toynbee are two people, Toynbee still focuses more on theoretical research, while he is biased towards applied research, which belongs to the methodological school.

Zhou Nan didn't stand up, still sitting on the floor, leaning on the sofa. This was not because of an lack of politeness, but because Wittgenstein did not get up.

Except for the ten days with Toynbee, everyone else Zhou Nan met for the first time, maybe they would appreciate Zhou Nan's talent, but in their eyes, Zhou Nan was just a stranger.

In the time before and after the dinner, Zhou Nan had already shown his talent and respected them, but these were far from being close to each other.

Not to mention the age gap, among them, the youngest is in his fifties, more than twice as old as Zhou Nan. More importantly, Zhou Nan needs to show his own traits in order to make "friends".

Because he and Toynbee have the same hobbies, the same research, and the same academic opinions, they can barely be regarded as friends.

But others either studied philosophy, chemistry, and even social activists. When you don't have the same hobby or career, if you want to get closer, you have to look at the compatibility between each other.

This fit may be a personality, or it may be a feeling for each other, but there must be some chemistry.

If they had been wearing masks with each other, then after today, they could only be said to know each other at best.

Robinson will support Zhou Nan in Toynbee's face today, and after today, before establishing a closer relationship, I am afraid that there will be no intersection between them at all.

Zhou Nan shows his personality, which is also a process of choosing friends. He couldn't compare it to other people's decades of friendship, he just wanted to build a relationship with them that was slightly closer than he was now.

This is also because they are all academics, and the academics are what Zhou Nan is willing to associate with sincerely, if they are politicians, Zhou Nan will not have the luxury of establishing a personal relationship with them.

Moreover, academia is also a closed circle with strict hierarchies. Being recognized by them is the foundation of Zhou Nan's life, and they are much more reliable than politicians.

The others didn't care about Zhou Nan's "faux pas", and each found a comfortable position to sit down. Drinks, drinks, snacks, they are also do-it-yourself.

Only let Nord sit alone in the corner and watch everyone laugh.

Ettinney, on the other hand, was in the large living room, greeting their assistants, who were no less powerful than those in the small living room, and even more lively.

Russell asked about the sales of Zhou Nan's "General History of the World", and couldn't help but admire, and his eyes were about to fall with envy.

Because of his personality, his life is full of twists and turns.

Although he was born into an aristocracy, his grandfather used to be the prime minister. But his parents died when he was four years old, and his life was not very rich. In his youth, he became famous at an early age, becoming a professor at Cambridge, and he was quite high-spirited. Under the opposition of his family, he married an American girl who was five years older than him.

During World War I, he was sentenced to prison because of anti-war leaflets, lost his wife, lost his public office, and finally had to write articles to make a living. This is also the most important reason why he has written more books than ordinary philosophers, because he has no public office, and he has to live by writing manuscripts.

In the thirties, he married again and had to pay for the living expenses of two families, and at this time he was a little unbearable, so he wanted to get a public job, but in the end he had to teach in the United States.

Because of his amorous and deviant, he encountered widespread resistance in Europe, and it was not until 44 years old, at the age of seventy-two, that he was hired as a professor by his alma mater, Trinity College, Cambridge.

Of course, at this time, he was not poor in royalties because of his works, but after marrying four wives and giving birth to a bunch of children, his life was not much richer.

His most famous "History of Western Philosophy" cannot be regarded as a bestseller, at least, compared with Zhou Nan's "General History of the World", it is far worse.

Because Zhou Nan's books are not only professionals, many ordinary people will also buy them, but only a few people will buy his books, and the largest customer groups are those educational institutions.

Now, his relationship with his third wife has cooled, and he wants to marry a fourth wife, and he is worried about money.

Zhou Nan only felt funny when he looked envious.

He knew very well that Russell would become more and more famous in the future, and the sales of books would get better and better. It's just a pity that he was too old to spend money at that time, and if he was fifty years younger, Zhou Nan had no doubt that he would marry a few more wives.

Academically, he is a master of a generation. In his private life, he can also be called a romantic master.