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It was a thick book, full of the Portuguese army's observations and illustrations of the artillery units, and all about artillery and gunpowder—foot drills were only a few, and the camp cost a great deal of money.

Of course, the gunpowder of the Portuguese was granulated, purified, crushed, mixed, pressed, dried, ......, and the process was almost the same as that of the Fu Han army. However, compared with the gun firing and medicine formulas that the Fu Han army is still exploring, Portugal has a very complete set. Because it's a well-known thing in Europe. The Europeans have long discovered this, that is, China also has records of this, but the results of what the Han army made according to the records are obviously not good.

Chen Ming's brain is not an electronic computer, he can remember how to granulate gunpowder, as well as the optimal formula of black powder, but he has only heard of gunpowder for guns and gunpowder for gunpowder, and he has also seen the proportional formula, but he has not remembered. Just like he knew that there was a geek named Pang Zhenkun in Henan during this period, "Zhiruo Avanti in the north, Xu Wenchang in the south of Yatong", he also watched the TV series "Geek Pang Zhenkun" when he was a child, and he has a deep memory. But he didn't know where Pang Zhenkun was from, until the power of the Fu Han Army developed to Dengzhou [Nanyang Mansion], he knew that Pang Zhenkun was from Dengzhou, but Pang Zhenkun is now in Guangxi as a magistrate, he Qianlong 18 years (1753) to pay tribute, Qianlong 27 years (1762) in the middle of the people, and then unexpectedly became a magistrate, although in the poor place of Guangxi. And the family has no money to spare, and the Pang family has a good reputation in the township, Chen Ming only specially told him not to cause trouble to the Pang family. This shows that his 'prophet' is not omnipotent, he only knows that the recipe for propellation, ammunition and explosives is like a difference. But it was this \'as if\', and the two years of the Fu Han army did not completely understand it.

After getting the formula of the Portuguese, Chen Ming couldn't understand why the nitrate content of the gunpowder used for the gun was a little more than that of the gunpowder used for the gun, and the specific gravity of carbon and sulfur had to be reduced by a little ......, which required a deep chemical foundation.

In addition to gunpowder, the Portuguese, or the European armies of this era, are more different from China in terms of artillery, from the material of the cannon, the smoothness of the barrel, the guide door of the gun body to the sighting device, gun carriage and shells, the things recorded in that thick book cover almost all aspects of artillery, and it is not surprising that China is completely backward in this regard.

There is no comparison with the material of the cannon, the iron used by the Portuguese army to cast the cannon is the best cast iron, with low carbon content, or directly bronze, brass, and the Fu Han army is good in this regard, the iron texture of the cast iron cannon is not worse than that of the Europeans, but the Qing army is not good, their cannons are mostly pig iron, and the latter is mostly honeycomb astringent after the cannon is cast, and this casting technique is also related. The Fu Han army is much better, the iron mold is very fast, and the quality is guaranteed, but the performance and quality of the iron cannon are still some gaps compared with the bronze cannon and brass cannon.

The finish of the gun breech: Due to the poor iron quality of the Qing army cannons, coupled with the problem of casting method (clay mold), there are many pores and easy to burst, coupled with the fact that craftsmen cut corners and officials fill their pockets, so that the quality is very poor. After casting, the gun chamber can not be smooth and smooth, and the inside is difficult to shovel and grind, often rust in the abdomen, and the gun chamber is convex and uneven. Originally, it could hold five catties of gunpowder according to its weight, but in fact, it was a good cannon if it could be loaded with one or two catties. The Fu Han Army's iron mold cannon method solved many similar problems for themselves very well, but the bad aspects were also obvious. Moreover, some of the artillery of the Portuguese army has entered another era, they use the integral casting method, that is, first cast into a round metal piece, and then use a boring machine to boring into a barrel, which not only saves man-time, but also ensures that the breech is smooth and round, and the quality is absolutely guaranteed. There are not many such cannons in the Portuguese army, but what this represents, Chen Ming knows very well.

In the 18th century, Westerners had only taken a small step forward in mechanical civilization, but they also completely exploded China.

Cannon Pilots: The Portuguese cannons were all in the bottom of the bore, moderately sized, and the Portuguese were discussing the installation of flintlock engines for some of their guns. Some of the Qing army's cannons were forward, and some had large mouths. The lead door will cause the recoil of the cannon to increase when firing, or jump up in a row, or deviate from the left and right, and cannot be hit. If the lead door is large, it will cause the leakage of gunpowder fuel gas, which will affect the range of the shell. The Fu Han army was stronger than the Qing army in this regard, but Chen Ming never mentioned installing a flint engine on the cannon. He doesn't think he's there yet! So the sad thing came out, so many people in the Gun Bureau of the Fuhan Army did not think of installing the flintlock machine on the cannon. Obviously, the flintlock pistol and the Han army have made so much.

Aiming device: The cannon of the Portuguese army is not only equipped with aiming stars, but also equipped with cannon gauges (sextant, similar to the quadrant and measuring ruler in ancient Chinese astronomy, which is something that accurately aims and ranges, and requires a certain mathematical foundation and a certain period of training). The Qing army's artillery only had stars and few gun gauges and rulers. There is also no quadrant or measuring ruler in the artillery team of the Fu Han Army, but the artillery of the Fu Han Army pays more attention to cultivation, and there will not be a situation where the gunners of the Qing Army are not even at a loss about the distance of the target head and the height of the stars, and there is also an extra artillery table.

Gun mounts: In the 18th century, the armies of European countries have generally used metal gun mounts, which are very strong and can ensure that the artillery can rotate flexibly up and down, left and right. The artillery carriage of the Qing army's cannon is clumsy and difficult, the rotation can not be satisfactory, and it is an ordinary miscellaneous wood, the wood is brittle, once the cannon vibrates, the tenon and tenon cracks are cracked, which is difficult to get accurate, and can not be cast again.

The other item is the position of the ear. The artillery of the Qing army is all inherited from the mantle of the Ming Dynasty, more than 100 years without any advance, but also a lot of regression, the position of the cannon lug is all according to the red-coated cannon as an example, arranged in the middle of the gun body, the gun car is often bumpy once the cannon is fired, because of its own center of gravity is unstable, and the recoil shock overturns one by one often happens.

The artillery of the Portuguese army, because of the development of modern science in Europe, like all armies in Europe, has a very good grasp of the center of gravity, the gun lug is moved forward, and the improvement of the gun carriage completely eliminates the fact that the gun cart overturns in one shot. Moreover, each cannon of the Portuguese army was accompanied by an ammunition cart for supply. This cannon carriage can also be connected to the front and rear of the ammunition cart, and after being connected together, it is a simple four-wheeled vehicle, and it is very convenient and quick to move several horses when they pull it.

The level of the Fu Han army in this regard is between the Qing army and the Portuguese, the cannon of the Fu Han army also has ammunition vehicles, and the gun carriage is also a rigid gun carriage made of metal, which is flexible and similar to the Qing army, but the overall design is inferior to the Portuguese.

Finally, there are cannonballs: the cannonballs used by the Portuguese army are smooth and smooth, while the cannonballs of the Qing army have holes inside and stitches outside, and the body of the cannonballs is not smooth, and the diameter of the bullets is small, which makes it easy to leak the medicinal power. Moreover, the shell collided with the belly of the gun, which was astringent but not slippery, which greatly affected the firing range and hitting accuracy. At this point, the Han army was able to compete with the Portuguese, with the iron mold casting method, the mold can be used again and again, the cannon caliber is the same, and the cannonball cast with the same iron mold is not only smooth in appearance, but also neat in diameter.

Excluding the Fu Han army and only comparing the artillery of the Qing army with the Portuguese, this weak man who can only be regarded as a third-rate small country in Europe has no problem destroying the artillery of the Qing army. This is only the current season, if the time is postponed for another sixty or seventy years, when it is time for a crow, the armament production of the European army will only be more perfect and more powerful, and it is no wonder that the Qing army in history was beaten so badly.

As for the 21st century online N more articles on the Manchu cannon to make a floor wash, I won't talk about nonsense, Chen Ming is very suspicious of what is the purpose of these people in arranging such articles? Is it to clean the floor? This is the case directly. But you wrote the performance of the Manchu artillery of that era so strongly, didn't this make the Manchu Qing even worse? The weapons are not weaker than the British, and they are all beaten by the British army with so few troops, how do you think the Manchu Qing is even worse? Chen Ming still doesn't understand the true intentions of those people.

If it's to find 'self-confidence' for the Chinese people, then it's even better. If the self-confidence of the Chinese needs to be found by this kind of arrangement, then China will be finished.

Cannons, howitzers, mortars......

The weight of the gun charge is 1/3 of the weight of the shell, the weight of the gun is 150 times or nearly 150 times the weight of the shell, and the length of the gun is 16-18 times the caliber......

Spherical solid bullets are divided into two types: ordinary wrought iron bullets and scorching solid bullets; shotguns, including chain shotguns, grapeshot, and regular shotguns; Flowering shells, including flowering shells with black powder, grenade shotguns with timed leads, and incendiary bombs with arson......

For this thick little book, the secret camp spent 800 taels of silver, but the money was really not spent.

There are also four **** carriages equipped with bearings and spring shock absorption systems, which make the transportation capacity of the Fu Han army on land a big leap, you must know that the four-wheeled carriage of the Europeans is not a light carriage that only pulls people. A four-wheeled carriage drawn by four horses, a four-wheeled box carriage with two people, a four-wheeled carriage with more than two horses, and a large four-wheeled carriage with a canopy. That is to say, the Fu Han army does not have so many horses, otherwise the transportation capacity of the Fu Han army can completely go up a level. The springs, bearings and carriages used in that series of four-wheeled carriages were also completely learned from foreigners.

……

In a word, the activities of the secret camp of the Fuhan Army in Guangdong have already begun, and now they are waiting for Chen Liang to preside over it. Just as Chen Guang was active in Huanghuai Zhili, Chen Liang's range of activities was south of the Yangtze River.

……

Qiongzhou Mansion in Guangdong, that is, Hainan Province in later generations, the capital city of Qiongshan.

Hainan in mid-June is the hottest time of the year, and the Li family's bookstore closes its doors as the sun sets. Taking advantage of the last ray of sunshine before the night, the Li family sat around the stone table in the courtyard, and the family of six ate a not sumptuous but very warm dinner.

Grandfathers, grandmothers, fathers and mothers, children and daughters, a family of six, a harmonious and beautiful home.

The youngest daughter has just turned one year old and is babbling, but she is holding her daughter-in-law in her arms at the moment, but she already knows what it tastes like. Grandfather dipped the vegetable soup with chopsticks to her mouth, and the little baby's lips moved and sucked, she was very happy to be able to taste the taste, and she showed a big smile on her grandfather's face.

The Li family's small life was very peaceful and peaceful. In this place far away from the Central Plains, no one knows them.

If Li Xiaomei, who is located in the Central Plains thousands of miles away, sees this family, she will immediately burst into tears, and the tears will flow down in a loud stream, and she can't stop it. Because the owner of this bookstore surnamed Li is her father, mother, brother and sister-in-law who have gone and have no news, she asked Chen Ming to look for it again and again, and Chen Ming did give an order to the secret camp to find the Li family, but there was no news of the Li family.

Since discovering that the momentum of the Chen family was a little wrong, Li Laoxiu was very prescient and decisive to lead the whole family to 'leave their hometown'. In order to leave as soon as possible, he sold his land and property cheaply, and those who really didn't have time to sell at a low price were directly abandoned.

Their family went down to Runing from Lushan, and then stayed in Xiangyang for a while, but the Li family's father and son-in-law were frightened silly by the news from Lushan, the Chen family is really good enough, and their own aunt ......, so they can't think of anything to describe.

The Li family felt that Xiangyang was not safe, it was too close to Lushan, and they might not meet acquaintances, so they continued to the south. From Xiangyang to Wuchang, from Hubei to Hunan. The Li family stayed in Yueyang, Hunan Province for half a year, and then the five big characters of 'Fuhan General's Mansion' scared them out again. The Chen family is Chiguoguo's rebellion, if they are caught, the Chen family will definitely not be good, and no one will be able to escape. And the Li family, as the in-laws of the Chen family, as the wife of Chen Ming, the so-called thief chief, will be stabbed if they are caught.

- Continue to flee south.

The Li family traveled from Hunan to Lingnan, from the mainland to Qiongzhou Island. Running all the way, the Li family's honeysuckle went a lot, and the purse was flattened a lot, but the Li family was not distressed. After coming to this place, they finally felt at ease.

Now the family is sitting with Hemeimei, and they ran to the ends of the earth, isn't this the scene now?

Chen Ming's eldest brother has long since stopped hoping to be promoted to the Jinshi in the examination, and Li Kun doesn't even plan to let his son show his head, and he has to take the road of the imperial examination, at least until his grandchildren. Otherwise, it is looking for your own death.

The Fu Han army made too much noise, even in the island of Qiongzhou, there was no news coming. Chen Ming broke through Nanjing, took Yangzhou, went down to the south of the Yangtze River, attacked Suzhou, and entered Zhejiang, which really became the number one henchman of the imperial court.

Li Kun and Chen Ming don't have too many contacts, in Li Kun's memory, his brother-in-law is a very confident and experienced teenager, but that's all. Li Kun didn't see that his brother-in-law still had the qualifications to be a famous general, looking at the governor who was now defeated in his hands, Li Kun couldn't believe it. (To be continued.) )