836 [Government relocation and boycott of Japanese products by the American people]
December 14, fine.
There was no news in the newspapers about the Nanjing Massacre, only articles calling for the fall of the capital and calling for the people to unite in resistance. The first time in history that the Nanjing Massacre was fully exposed was "Outsiders Witness the Atrocities of the Japanese Army in China" written by British journalist Tian Bolie, which will not be written until early next year.
American pastor John Magee, who was supposed to be filming a documentary about the Nanjing Massacre, was also not until next year to smuggle film into the United States.
Liu Junyang, a war correspondent for Ta Kung Pao, has now completely lost contact with the outside world. This reporter was recruited by Zhou Hexuan in Tianjin, and was transferred to Nanjing when the branch library was opened.
Zhou Hexuan sat on a private steamer, forced himself not to think about the Holocaust, and made a detour to Chaotianmen to take up the post of head of the history department at Central University.
When I arrived at Chaotianmen Wharf, I happened to encounter an internal relocation ship. The ship was carrying Zhu Qinglan, chairman of the State Government's Relief Committee, and more than 20 staff members of the Relief Committee, which was the sixth batch of government agencies to move to Chongqing, and Lin Sen, the head of state, had already arrived in Chongqing half a month ago.
Most of the remaining Nanjing government offices, as well as 99% of the relocated enterprises and schools, were still in Hubei and Hunan at this time.
Chang Kaishen originally planned to divide the relocation of the capital into three parts, that is, the Nationalist Government to Chongqing, the Military Commission to Luoyang, and the Executive Yuan to Hengyang. By the beginning of November, he had convened a meeting to discuss the relocation of the capital.
Wang Zhaoming also expressed his opinion on this, persuading Lin Sen to move the central government to Wuhan or Guangzhou, as for Sichuan, which is too remote for Mr. Wang to find too inapplicable.
Chang Kaishen did not accept Wang Zhaoming's suggestion, he discussed with Lin Sen alone, and decided to move the capital directly to Chongqing, and finally made the following resolution: "First, the Central Party Department and the Nationalist Government will move to Chongqing. Second, the Military Council was not in a hurry to move out, and it was up to Lao Chiang to decide on an ad hoc basis. Third, the ministries and commissions should be dispersed and relocated to the south of Changsha or to various parts of Sichuan and Guizhou. ”
As for enterprises and schools, Chang Kaishen believes that they should move to Wuhan and Yichang, so most of the enterprises and schools are now gathered in Wuhan and Yichang.
It was not until October next year that Okamura Ninji led an army of 100,000 to advance to Yichang, and the vigorous "Yichang retreat" began. This internal relocation was called the "Dunkirk of the East" by European and American scholars, and it preserved China's industrial and cultural vitality.
Speaking of the retreat of Yichang, one person must be mentioned, and that is the big capitalist Lu Zuofu.
Long before the Battle of Songhu began, the Nanjing Nationalist Government implemented the "Jiangyin Shipwreck Plan" and scuttled 24 ships downstream of Jiangyin to block Japanese warships from going up the river. After the fall of Shanghai and Nanjing, the Nanjing government organized a second shipwreck in Jiangxi, and took the initiative to scuttle dozens of river ships.
As the owner of the Minsheng Shipping Company, Lu Zuofu received many orders from the government to sink ships, but he refused to carry them out, believing that the practice of scuttling ships to cut off the enemy's route would undoubtedly be a way out. As a result, when the Yichang retreated, the ships of other shipping companies were sunk, and Lu Zuofu's Minsheng Shipping Company became the only capacity that could be relied on.
The retreat from Yichang coincided with the dry season of the Yangtze River, and ships carrying large equipment and ships of too large tonnage could not pass through the Three Gorges. According to the transportation capacity at that time, it will take at least a year for all the materials and personnel to arrive in Chongqing, and the daylilies will be cold by then.
Lu Zuofu and his technicians repeatedly researched and created the "three-stage navigation method" that did not stop sailing during the dry season, and it took less than 40 days to transport the personnel and more than two-thirds of the materials. After another 20 days, Lu Zuofu transported all the remaining supplies.
In order to rush to transport supplies and personnel, Lu Zuofu lost 4 million oceans in two months, because he only charged a small amount of freight, and the three-stage navigation method was extremely expensive - nearly a thousand small wooden boats were recruited along the way to help. However, he made great contributions to the war of resistance, and the arsenal equipment he transported alone could produce 300,000 grenades, 70,000 mortar shells, 6,000 aerial bombs, and more than 200,000 pickaxes every month.
During the entire Anti-Japanese War, Lu Zuofu's Minsheng Company transported a total of more than 2.7 million people to the army alone.
By the way, when Minsheng Company retreated in Yichang, the first ship to carry away more than 300 war orphans.
Although some people did not go to the battlefield to kill the enemy, their contribution to the war of resistance is incalculable and indispensable.
The same is true for Zhou Hexuan, whose factories in Sichuan have been officially put into operation so far, and at least 10 more are expected to be operational in the next six months. These factories will provide a steady stream of logistical materials for wartime China and solve people's livelihood problems to a certain extent.
Zhou Hexuan even set up a grenade factory specializing in the manufacture of "seven-man backs" and improvised hand grenades, which would be sold to the vast battlefields behind enemy lines.
Not to mention anything else, the Sichuan army that went out of Sichuan to resist the war purchased a large number of simple grenades, although the power was not large, but it was better than a large number.
The Sichuan army is really poor, although Zhou Hexuan helped Liu Xiang get a rifle production line back then. However, in the case of financial collapse, the rifle factory often stopped working, and most of the rifles produced were sold to the warlords in Guizhou to make extra money, and in this way, countless military salaries were still owed to the officers and men of the Sichuan army.
With the relocation of several groups of government offices to Chongqing, the garden villas and high-end apartments built by Zhou Hexuan are selling very well. They are all big officials, they must live decently, and it is worth spending more money.
Now is just the beginning, and after the retreat of Yichang next year, Zhou Hexuan's business will usher in a new peak.
As for the ink and paint factory invested by Zhou Hexuan last year, it has occupied more than 70% of the market in Sichuan at this time. Under the slogan of the Sichuan people's boycott of Japanese products, the sales of several Japanese ink and paint companies have plummeted, and if it is not for the cheap Japanese products, I am afraid that they will go out of business directly.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the national capitalists played the patriotic card, such as cigarettes, and these brands appeared: Qiqi, Lugouqiao, Righteousness, Prosperity, National Defense, Recovery, Victory, Strength, Arm, Lion Awakening, and so on. Cigarette packages are often printed with the image of aircraft cannons and soldiers, and those who don't know think they are selling arms.
Ironically, although the United States continued to sell strategic materials to Japan, the American people launched a boycott of Japanese goods at the end of 1938.
This has something to do with the propaganda of Hu Shi and others in the United States, as the American people have a deeper understanding of the situation in the Far East and know about the brutality of the Japanese army (the Nanjing Massacre), more and more Americans have begun to sympathize with China's war of resistance.
American business owners seized the opportunity to add fuel to the fire and lead public opinion to crack down on Japanese products, which led to an intensifying trend of boycotts of Japanese products in the United States.
By the spring of 1939, the American people were formally pressuring Congress to ban the delivery of supplies to Japan. This trend reached its peak in June 1939, when sympathy and support for China's war of resistance became the mainstream of American public opinion, forcing the U.S. government to scrap the U.S.-Japan trade agreement in July, laying the groundwork for Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.