Copper coins are the decimal system of text, string, hanging, and through. Money, two into ten, sixteen into one unit of weight. Tea on catty, grain on "bucket" and "stone", raw silk, opium on "dan", all of which are Qin system and Qin scales.

The Dutch East India Company uses Japanese scales, and half of its business is in Japan and Taiwan, and Japan's Western culture is called "Lanxue".

The Netherlands sold large cylinders of firecrackers to Japan, arbitraged gold, and purchased Taiwanese deerskins. It was a small judgment of gold, and it was a Japanese weights and measures.

In later generations, the "ping" that sold houses in Hong Kong and Taiwan was a Japanese unit, 6 feet by 6 feet for one ping, one-thirtieth of a mu per day, about 3.3 square meters.

This is the Qin system of weights and measures conversion method.

Japan uses Qin weights and measures, not the French "metric system" of weights and measures, which is the Qin decimal system of the bishop's cottage of St. Paul's Cathedral in Lyon, which is only half copied. Britain stole the other half of a pound and sixteen taels and a pound and sixteen ounces, without the French copycat standard.

Pounds, bushels, inches and miles, American gallons, there is not a single "male", all are "female" units, all born in their own country!

Calendar, weights and measures, this is the weight and basic unit to measure civilization, standardization to determine the first thing to determine is not what moral standards and standard rules and regulations, but the standard "measuring tool".

"Measuring tools" are emotionless, so they are qualified to be called "standards"!

The one who is qualified to set the standard is the king, the first emperor of Qin, the empire, the monopoly capitalism, and the imperialism.

It is precisely because of the great geographical discoveries, the opening of global circulation, and the pursuit of the right to set standards by all nations, that the era of empires was unveiled.

In ancient times, the countries of East Asia were basically the standards of Middle-earth, North Korea boasted of Little China, and Vietnam built temples for national heroes who resisted the invasion of Middle-earth, and they all wrote praises in Chinese.

The same is true in Japan, Takeda Shingen's flag is "The Art of War", "Wind Forest Volcano". Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the two wealth fans, are more direct, and the flags are full of "Yongle Tongbao"!

If the chambers of commerce of European countries want to trade with East Asian countries, they can only be in line with the Qin system, including the silver content of the currency, and what can and cannot be contained must be according to the standards of Middle-earth.

For example, the merchants of the Ming and Qing dynasties did not recognize platinum, and Portugal and Spain did not dare to treat platinum as gold, calling it "inferior silver". I only dared to secretly mix it in American silver, and when I was a silver envoy, I didn't dare to mix more, for fear that the merchants of the Ming and Qing dynasties would refuse to accept it.

Like the pound, the value of the currency and the silver content are not static, and they go with the market.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, 1 pound was about 4 taels of 3 yuan of flat silver, and in the seventh year of Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, the pound was depreciated to a quarter of a pound according to silver, which was about less than 3 taels of silver.

One of the side effects of the Great Voyage was that Europe frantically bought gold from the Ming Dynasty and Japan. From the gold-silver ratio of 1:4 in the Hongwu period, all the way up, to the Chongzhen period, the folk have been 1:12, and the highest Nanjing has even reached 1:15.

Europe frantically poured silver into the Ming Dynasty and bought a large amount of gold, resulting in a large amount of silver deposition in the Ming Dynasty, which is the so-called "silver black hole" and "capitalist sprout" in the Ming Dynasty.

In fact, this is called the "silver backlog" and "capitalist crisis" of the Ming Dynasty.

In this day and age, it is rare for the average British to see pounds, and the average annual salary of Londoners is only eight or nine pounds. Fourpence is a silver coin, and Spain's eight-piece coin in the Americas is a "knife music".

In the earliest Britain, voting rights were based on property rights, and only adult men with a household income of £30 or fixed assets worth £50 had the right to vote.

The annual income of Londoners is equivalent to a monthly salary of 222 cents of silver, which is the same as the cash part of the monthly salary of the soldiers of the Eight Banners.

However, the Eight Banners also pay 8,000 catties of grain and rice a year, which is the labor insurance benefits of Middle-earth.

Because the taxes of Middle-earth are paid at the third level, silver money, in kind, and forced labor, not just money.

British money fans only collect money, and there is no hedging of food prices. Grain carryover, storage, supply and marketing are all problems, and grain is expensive, and labor insurance cannot be afforded.

Half of the reason why salt is important in ancient times is that it can be used as a refrigerator to marinate meat and preserve meat for a long time.

Europe's obsession with spices is used to marinate meat, and if you don't eat cattle and sheep, you can kill them, and sheep and wool will not expire. But as soon as the grain grows, it must be harvested and stored. When organic matter sees oxygen, it will be moldy after a long time, and the same as alternating current, the redundancy that cannot be consumed is waste.

If the British grain storage system is not good, the elasticity of supply is small, and it all depends on external regulation, and once the adjustment valve is closed, Ireland will not have enough potatoes to eat.

Famine was not a bad thing, and Ireland's population grew from 500,000 to 8 million by the time of the First Opium War.

If it weren't for the Irish potato crisis, Irish farmers would not have taken the initiative to go abroad and spread out all over the world.

Ireland's native population has never recovered to half of what it was before the potato crisis, with a population of just over 4 million, but there are more than 70 million people of Irish descent worldwide.

It was because of the potato crisis that the Irish were forced to migrate, and Ireland's Pakrit "Cuckold Festival" became a common holiday in many countries, and Irish cultural symbols gradually became an important part of world culture.

Especially in the United States, the main destination of Irish migration, Irish cultural symbols pervade all aspects of society and affect the whole world.

The 7th President of the United States, Jackson, the 11th President, Polk, the 15th Buchanan, the 18th President, Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army in the Civil War, Grant.

25th President McKinley, 26th President Roosevelt, 28th President Wilson, 35th President John F. Kennedy, 37th President Nixon.

40th President Ronald Reagan, 41st President George W. Bush, 42nd President Clinton, 43rd President George W. Bush, 44th President ***.

These American presidents are all of Irish descent!

There would have been no poverty, no religious persecution, no famine, and the Europeans would not have sailed or explored the Americas!

Poverty, persecution, famine, fear, war, death, nothing is bad, and it is just as much a tool of regulation as the currency.

Standing flat position is the central planned economy, that is, macroeconomic regulation and control, and that is, the use of continuous waste to resist sudden risks. Britain is a market economy, the central financial burden is low, and the daily food waste is small, but when something happens, the population is wasted.

The habit of saving Chinese and the habit of not saving in Europe and the United States are in the same vein as grain storage, and it has been like this for thousands of years, so there is nothing surprising.

At this time, Britain only occupied the southern part of the island of Great Britain, only annexed Wales, and the Scottish Parliament had not yet merged, and it was still a city-state, just like London and Venice, it was the habit of the city-state, and it had not yet formed the thinking of a great empire.

The great nobility of England, the top hereditary duke, in the seventeenth century, would not earn more than 2,000 pounds a year.

Today's Britain is not the sun never sets, Oxford University only had its first mathematics professor five years ago, technology is not ahead, and last year it was bombarded by the Dutch fleet into the Thames.

Most of London just burned down last year, and there was a great plague, and it was very painful.

The British and Dutch people in the car were actually enemies, but they maintained their demeanor on diplomatic occasions.

"What are Xiyi talking about?"

In the carriage, not only did the British Rohr and the Dutch Hahn sit in the carriage, but Wu Xingzuo, a native turtle of the Qing Dynasty, and a Chinese-Portuguese mixed skewer interpreter, were in the same carriage.

"My lord, Mr. Rohr's England and Mr. Horn's Netherlands seem to have not lifted the state of war."

A melon-skin hat, shaved braids, dressed as a clean man, but a mixed-race interpreter with a three-point demeanor between his eyebrows, explained to Wu Xingzuo in a low voice, "If it weren't for the guests, they might throw white handkerchiefs at each other and duel." ”

"War? Duel? ”

Wu Xingzuo looked puzzled, "Aren't they both Xiyi?" As with the Franco, there was a civil war? ”

"My lord laughed."

Interpreter He Dong Yile, knowing that Wu Xingzuo was witty, joked, "Xiyi values profit over righteousness, for the sake of silver, if there is nothing to do, he will fight." ”

"Nonsense, Xiyi is not false, credulous righteousness may not be, without the Netherlands, how did Moscow come? Ten years ago, the Moscow embassy arrived in the Qing Dynasty, and there was a Tsarist embassy in Beijing. ”

Wu Xingzuo's face sank, and his side face pointed to a red mark under his neck, "What Xiyi values profit over righteousness?" That's how I said it, and as a result, the ninth master was whipped in the face. ”

said with a glare, and scolded, "You bastard, this official took you north, so that you can translate it for me, not let you pull the calf." ”

In the original history, the person who asked to open the Guangzhou Customs, learned the monopoly management rights of the East India Company of European countries, and established the monopoly trade mode of the thirteen lines in Guangzhou was Wu Xingzuo!

Later, Wu Bingjian, the leader of the Thirteen Lines in Guangzhou, the richest man in the world at that time, was the largest individual shareholder of the British East India Company, and Jardine Matheson was one of the Thirteen Banks.

Wu Xingzuo belonged to the Han Army Zhenghongqi, and since his father's generation, he has been doing miscellaneous work in the Daishan Mansion of Prince Li. Later, he was released and served several county orders in Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangnan Province, Wuxi and other places.

When the Ministry of Rites and the Imperial Court of the Imperial Court asked Jiangnan to send people to bring the envoys of Xiyi and Nanyang countries stranded in Jiangnan to Jinmen in the north, Wu Xingzuo was in Suzhou to order the county.

This guy likes to drill camps, and he is familiar with the temper of the Manchurian nobles, and the county orders are all thrown away, so he volunteered to come.

As a result, I saw Jiubeizi sitting in Jinmen, talking nonsense about Xiyi's light, what kind of little Franco's wife of the Manila governor was slept, and the old man found out that he did not kill the adulterer**, but went to find the adulterer's wife to drill the quilt.

The stories I heard were told vividly, as if I had seen them in person, and Yuan Ji was confused.

At this time, there was international trade, not only by sea, but also by the Shanxi Chamber of Commerce from Jiangnan, Zhoukou, Zhangjiakou, Guihua, Kyakhta, Moscow, St. Petersburg's tea and horse routes, no shorter than the Silk Road.

In ancient times, as long as it was called "mouth", it was the "mouth" of sea and land trade, the mouth of the pot "mouth" waterfall, and the water flowed from this "mouth", and the "mouth" was "guan", inside and outside the mouth, inside and outside the gate.

The Shanshan Business Gang is the most obvious Kang Caien interest community structure, with faith, blood, and geography as the link, pan-group management.

The Shanshan merchant gang was not only limited to Shanxi, but also controlled the futures and trade rights of several provinces in the north and south, monopolized many industries, and all the business went to Moscow, and the camels of the camel team were all about ten thousand.

In ancient times, what Taijiquan patriarch, Baguazhang patriarch, Bajiquan patriarch, can't practice martial arts every day, you have to eat. What I eat is the bowl of rice of the guards, which is full of darts and guards, caravan guards, and swordsmen.

Transnational caravans are no less than armies, and caravans on the Silk Road once invaded Chang'an.

Later, Fujian, Zhejiang, Chaoshan and other merchant gangs all worked in this way, forming groups to fight monsters.

Private loans are all grouped, you and I have three yuan, make up 100 million, open a bidding meeting, shoot it, and see who gives the highest interest. It's more energetic than the bank, and it's a group to speculate on a house!

The modern money group is the ancient merchant gang, a structure!

Wu Xingzuo worked in Prince Li's mansion when he was a child, and Daishan was in charge of international trade. When he was in Jin, with Kangxi's biological mother Tong's family, and with the eight families of Jin merchants, that is, international trade, and there was no habit of discriminating against businessmen.

He came into contact with a lot of multinational businessmen, and the stories he heard were artistically processed, like a master of abstraction, Yuan Ji saw that he liked to smoke so much, so he smoked him, and he was honest immediately.

"The Ninth Master can't help but attach too much importance to these Xiyi, and if he has something to order, he has to show it to his face."

Based on the natural superiority of the Oriental people over Xiyi in this era, Wu Xingzuo can't even look down on He Dong, a mixed-race string, let alone the poor Xiyi.