In fact, it is the same as removing air bubbles from glass, which is the word "stirring".

The solution to this problem is to change the clay model used in the casting of cannons in the East and West in this era to the iron model, and the material properties of clay and iron are different.

Add a hollow water injection, and the metal will shrink when pre-cooled, instead of cracking!

With just these two points, the strongest artillery in the era of front-loading guns can be created, and it can still be used in World War I.

It's all basic materials science, but there is no such systematic experimental ratio of basic materials science!

The iron fan cannon casting process was invented by China in the second year of the Opium War, and it took another thirty years for Europe to master this technology.

Since copper is the currency in China, it cannot afford to make an all-copper cannon, which forced China to give birth to this technology. It was the method of making agricultural tools made by Tiefan in the Song Dynasty and transplanted it to the cast cannon, who knew that it was the most hanging, and directly eliminated Napoleon's copper cannon.

At this time in Europe, 18-pound ships used heavy guns, and only twenty or thirty qualified guns were cast, which was recorded in the "Fire Attack Essentials" that "the big guns cast ten guns can get two or three, and they can be called masters", and the scrap rate is seven or eighty percent.

The larger the caliber, the more difficult it is to build, and the 32-pound guns of battleships cast an average of 100 qualified guns, and the cost of those 1 heavy guns is the sum of 100 guns.

Matteo Ricci, John Tong and Nan Huairen, missionaries in Europe at this time, were most favored by the East for cannon casting, followed by the astrological calendar.

However, in fact, the first to solve the problem of heavy artillery barrels being old and the scrap rate being too high were the Ming Dynasty rebel generals and the craftsmen of the Guanwai Qing Dynasty.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, it came into contact with heavy naval artillery, and the cottage began to use brittle white pig iron.

The only "Shenwei General" cannon cast in the Ming Dynasty is less powerful than the 18-pound red-coated cannon purchased from the Grape Man, and it is not as good as the first-generation copycat red-coated cannon "Tianyou Cheering General" of the Qing Army outside the Guanwai.

The most powerful cannon in the Ming Dynasty, the "Dingliao General" cannon, was donated and cast by Wu Sangui, and the more powerful cannon was the Qing version of the "Shenwei General" cast by the Qing army outside the Guanwai.

Later Jin and Qing originally attached great importance to artillery, and the Qing Dynasty outside the gate in the 5th year of Tiancong used the plundering craftsmen to develop the lost wax method cast steel cannon. At this time, it was only one year before the Qing army obtained the Hongyi cannon, and it was only one year to master the world's most advanced cannon casting technology.

In addition, after the Denglai Rebellion, Kong Youde crossed the sea to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, and the cannon craftsmen who were stranded in Denglai were both Han Chinese and Portuguese, and they quickly improved the third-generation red-coated cannon whose craftsmanship surpassed that of Europe.

In the process of casting cannons, the Qing army developed the iron body and copper core method, and cast heavy artillery with a larger caliber, longer barrel and lower scrap rate.

In the Qing Dynasty, which was still outside the customs, the casting process had already surpassed Europe.

In the subsequent battle of Songshan in the Ming and Qing dynasties, Hong Chengchou took more than 200 officials below the eight general soldiers and deputy generals, 130,000 cavalry troops and 40,000 horses, and raised the troops of the country to relieve the siege of Jinzhou.

In Hong Chengchou's army, he carried six red-coated cannons.

This is a lot, Yuan Chonghuan's "Ningyuan Great Victory" guarded Ningyuan, and there are only ten red-clothed cannons in the whole city.

As a result, the Ming army and the Qing army encountered in Songshan, Hong Chengchou had just put out six red-coated cannons, and when he looked at the opposite side, the Qing army slipped out more than 50 heavier red-coated cannons, and more artillery was still in place.

As soon as the fight started, Hong Chengchou was bombarded with urine.

In the ten-day battle, the Ming army was killed more than 50,000 people, tens of thousands of corpses floated on the sea, Wu Sangui was so good at running, only a light pole was left to be chased and killed, only to be spared, the Ming army outside the gate collapsed, and only a lonely city in Ningyuan remained......

The Manchurian Eight Banners attached great importance to artillery, and Yuanji naturally attached more importance to it.

In all Chinese dynasties, no Qing army attached so much importance to firearms, and from the Eight Banners to the Green Battalion, all firearms were troops.

It was during the Kangxi period that the Qing army reached its peak in firearms, that is, the artillery team, the bird gun team bombarded, and the cavalry pursued. The so-called guns and cannons are fired together, and the iron cavalry is killed.

The broadsword and spear are gadgets in TV dramas.

During the Kangxi period of the Qing army, the proportion of firearms was higher than that of the Spanish army, and there were ten companies of a standard phalanx in Spain, each company had 300 people, and there were only two arquebus companies, and the remaining ten companies were spear companies.

The phalanx sent by Spain to Italy and other overseas areas was composed of 12 companies, each with 250 men, of which the arquebus company was also two, and the remaining ten were spear companies.

And what about the proportion of firearms in the Qing army at this time? A green battalion has a basic establishment of Xun, 500 soldiers and horses, and a thousand general garrison land battalions, in addition to one thousand generals, four generals, five foreign commissions, and three additional foreign commissions, a total of 14 officers are also cavalry establishments, and there are 100 horse troops and nearly 400 infantry troops.

The general garrison of the green battalion is equipped with 250 bird machine guns, horse bird guns, and bird guns in addition to the sword, bow and rattan cards. There are more than 40 Weiyuan cannons, sub-mother cannons, field type sub-mother cannons, iron shouting cannons, lifting cannons, and double-wheeled camp cannons.

The bird gun is not for birds, but to describe the fire guns that hit far and accurately, and can knock down the birds!

On average, two infantry have one musket, and the rest of the infantry is operating large and small artillery!

This is still the local garrison green camp.

The musket attached to the Eight Banners of Manchuria is the "Lumi Gun" transformed from the Turkish arquebus of the Ottoman Empire envoy Duo Sima during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

The Ottoman envoys may be fake, "Lu Mi" is the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantium, which has been destroyed, and the later "Lu Mi" is not well recorded, and it is mostly considered to be the Ottoman Empire.

However, due to the tribute of the Ming Dynasty and the concession of the exploration trade, the envoy came from Jiayuguan with the envoy of the Timurid Empire, perhaps pretending to be merchants from the Western Regions, but it should be true that the guns came from the Ottoman Turkish region.

The eastern front troops of the Ottoman Empire were also defeated first, the same Mongolian hero, who later captured Ming Yingzong alive at Tumubao.

The Turkish musketeers, the artillery were much more elite than those of the British, French, and Jose regions. The kind of large-scale artillery bombardment in World War II before the charge has been done by the Ottomans for 200 years.

In the fourteenth century, the Ottomans began to use artillery, and the sophistication of artillery, the first in Europe, was made by Jewish craftsmen and bellsmiths from all over the world who were forced away by the Inquisition.

In the fifteenth century, the Ottomans had already built siege artillery that could fire a 1,000-pound projectile with a range of one mile.

1 cannon is more ferocious than 100 red-coated cannons, and the fortress can collapse!

None of the pirate states in Western Europe and Northern Europe could fight the Ottomans in this era.

The main force of the Spanish Army and the Spanish Armada, before the British Drake Pirate Fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, had already inflicted heavy losses on the Ottoman Empire, and it had been defeated I don't know how many times.

The Spanish Empire was bankrupt three times because of the war with the Ottomans, and France was the leading party of the Ottoman monarchs.

Britain, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and other countries were poor and couldn't stand it, and the Arab dealers monopolized the entrepot trade between the East and the West, so they came out to make a great voyage.

The world is looking for India!

The Eight Banners of Manchuria did not have the highest proportion of firearms in the Qing army, the proportion of dragoons and ironclad cavalry in the Eight Banners of Manchuria was very high, the proportion of light cavalry of the Eight Banners of Mongolia was extremely high, and the most firearms and cannons were actually the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty.

The Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty have special artillery Wuzhen Chaoha, Yishui's red-coated cannon improved model, "God bless the general", "Shenwei general", one artillery team can talk about 100 guns, which is much higher than the proportion of the German armor division artillery of the chairman of the committee.

Even the 3,000-man establishment of the Han Army's garrison of the Eight Banners was equipped with more than 80 long cannons and eight red-coated cannons.

The highest proportion of firearms is the Han Army Flag and the Green Battalion in the Eight Banners of the Qing Army!

The firearms of the Eight Banners are very sophisticated, not to mention the flintlock pistol and fixed gunpowder in Yuan Ji's hands, the modern copper-cap gun bullets and rifled rifling rifles are available, but there is no automatic shell throwing, singles one, doubles and doubles.

The rifle was invented by the Mongolian Mughal Empire, and there was a tribute rifle in the Qing Palace, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs had already copied it.

It's just that this kind of hand-refined bullet is currently only used for hunting by Manchurian princes and nobles. The princes of Europe have long used rifles and copper cap ammunition, and they are only used for hunting.

The big-headed soldiers are not allocated, not because they don't know that the rifle is good, but because it is too expensive. A copper hat bullet is more expensive than silver of equal weight, and it is not worth it.

The Qing army ranked first in the world in terms of the sophistication of firearms, the proportion of firearms, and the number of firearms.

So much so that Kangxi Mulan was hunting, and only bows and arrows were allowed, not guns, but there were too many firearms in the Qing army to make people unbearable.

In the Yongzheng period, the proportion of firearms was higher, so that Yongzheng had to repeatedly emphasize that "Manchu is heavy on cavalry shooting, and it is not possible to specialize in bird guns and waste bows and arrows. ”

The reason why Yongzheng emphasized "riding and shooting" was not because he looked down on firearms, but because there were too many firearms in the Qing army. As soon as there were too many guns, the Qing army was only willing to shoot at people, and was unwilling to charge, so Wu Yong was lost.

At the time of the Opium War, the proportion of firearms in the Qing army even accounted for more than 70 percent, and the proportion of firearms in southern regions such as Fujian, Zhejiang, and Guangdong was as high as 80 percent.

The Qing army not only had a lot of artillery, but most of them were self-made, and most of them were long-range suppression artillery and heavy artillery!

The Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau of the Great Qing Dynasty manufactured 12-pounder guns, 32-pounder smoothbore guns, 40-pounder steel-rifled guns, 80-pounder and 120-pounder 150-caliber Armstrong heavy guns weighing 4.5 tons.

Only one 180-pound 203-mm Armstrong heavy gun was built with 56 guns. Both 250-pound 9-inch guns and 12-inch 305-mm guns can be built.

The Armstrong 12-inch 305 mm caliber super heavy gun produced in the Qing Dynasty has never produced such a large-caliber heavy gun even until later generations.

The record of the Qing Dynasty has not been broken in the 21st century.

In the end of the Qing Dynasty, nearly 4,000 heavy artillery pieces were cast, most of which were long-range suppression artillery and super heavy artillery. The light machine gun produced in the Qing Dynasty was still used by the Brazilian special forces in later generations.

And during the entire Republic of China, not a single 75 mm caliber field gun was ever made.

If the Qing army is a big sword and a spear, isn't the chairman holding a toothbrush to resist the Japanese?

The Anglo-French coalition and the Eight-Nation Coalition invaded China, and the Qing army was holding a gun and shooting at the British and French coalition forces, and it was bombarding the Eight-Nation Coalition with heavy artillery.

Countless cannons were seized with bayonets.

Compared with shooting, who is the Qing army afraid of, in the First Sino-Japanese naval and land battle, the caliber and total tonnage of naval guns at sea are larger than those of Japanese ships.

In the Korean land war, the Qing army was also able to shoot until the Japanese army ran out of bullets.

It was the Japanese army, like Britain and France, who did not pay attention to the rules, and always rushed with bayonets "full game", and the Qing army lost their guns and ran away.

Countless cannons were seized with bayonets.

The Qing army just had too many firearms and the bows and horses were slack, so the combat effectiveness plummeted, not the other way around.

You call the Great Qing Dynasty with a big sword and spear? Long admiration, long admiration, hello, get to know me, my name is rumor-mongering!

Who am I? Why is it called the "big sword and spear" of the Qing Dynasty?

That's a good question!

The night gave me black eyes, and I used them to find out how the night gave me eyes......

……