"The horse is a set, the white horse is an element in the set, the white horse belongs to the horse, and the white horse is not equal to the horse......"

If Gongsun Long's previous "Treatise on the White Horse" was still attracting attention with special examples that cannot be universally recognized by the world, and making famous artists by winning debates, today's "Theory of Sets" is very different from his past works. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

According to Chang Anjun's suggestion that "instead of saying simple and complicated, it is better to try to say simple and complex", Gongsun Long no longer used ambiguous language to confuse people, but began to dissect the white horse from the deep one.

He first demystified the incomprehensible debate and showed its principle to the public, and then made it clear that this example was not unique, but universal. White horses and horses, cattle and cows, men and people, all of the above are set problems, and the relationship between the two can be expressed by logical symbols.

The equal sign, the unequal sign, belongs, is contained, is contained in, and those symbols are drawn by him with chalk on the black-painted wooden board, which is clear at a glance.

Although Gongsun Long has tried his best to use simple words, the scholars who do not have enough understanding of the argument between name and truth are still confused, but those who should understand understand it all understand.

Xun Kuang and Zou Zheng, who had argued with Gongsun Long, glanced at each other, and they both saw a trace of surprise in each other's eyes.

Although there are many attacks on the theories of the famous masters, no one has ever made the famous scholars give up their doctrines, they can't, they can't, and neither can the Mohists.

But today, what Gongsun Long is doing is to completely expose the debate that the famous artist has always been proud of, revealing the simple essence. Although Gongsun Long is still so arrogant when he speaks, there is less sophistry in the process of grandstanding, and the things put forward by the famous artist do not seem to be so offensive.

Chen Qiu, the ink artist of Qi Guo, also approached, squinted at the symbols on the blackboard, and remained silent.

The Mo family of Qi has been thoroughly academic in recent years, and by the way, they regard famous artists as their biggest enemies. Knowing oneself and knowing that the other has won all battles, in order to have a place under the grass, he has studied Gongsun Long's theory. Conceptually, they divide the name into three types: reach, class, and private, and "reach" is equivalent to the largest range, such as "thing"; "Class name" is equivalent to a general concept, such as "horse"; "Private name" is limited to the name of an individual thing, including a proper name or name, such as "white horse".

The private name of the white horse is included in the class name of the horse, and to put it bluntly, it is also a bit similar to the concept of sets and subsets. Chen Qiu was going to throw out this concept today, and he was going to suppress Gongsun Long, but he didn't expect to be mentioned by his opponent first......

Now it's embarrassing.

For a while, no one on the Mohist side refuted it, because what Gongsun Long said was exactly what their Mohist debate faction was tirelessly proving, and as a summary of a broad concept, there was nothing to refute.

On the contrary, some of the scholars below who did not understand kept asking questions, but as Gongsun Long's narration continued, few people could keep up with him and ask questions.

So the unthinkable happened, from beginning to end, no one stood up to refute Gongsun Long's sentence, until he densely wrote the blackboard with white characters, until he finished talking about the "Set Theory", everyone reacted, and for a while, there was a sense of sudden enlightenment.

It turns out that the "white horse is not a horse" that was respectful and distant before is like this!

But no one high-fived and cheered, everyone fell into an eerie silence, and the people who originally planned to boo him for Gongsun Long's sophistry also look at me and I look at you, and finally looked at Xunzi, the arbiter of this "debate".

Xun Guo felt that there was nothing wrong with Gongsun Long's words today, first of all, the logic was self-consistent and rigorous, and secondly, he talked about things on a case-by-case basis, and did not throw out some things that ordinary people could not accept, and finally, after using symbols to represent various relationships, it was not easy to have misunderstandings and disagreements.

He thought to himself: "Confucianism was divided into eight after the death of Confucius, and in order to seize the orthodox position, the later scholars each wrote works and annotated poems and spring and autumn periods. Whoever speaks first and speaks the loudest will become the leader of Confucianism and exert influence on the people of the world. Are all those who are now delving into the debate between name and truth also in this situation? I thought that it would be the Mo family who proposed their own set of things first, which overshadowed the famous family, but Gongsun Long threw out this "Set Theory" at the last moment......"

Xunzi feels that this is almost the end of the proposition that white horses are not horses, and as soon as this statement comes out, the world will never argue that white horses are not horses.

But giving up a proposition, but launching a set of theories that can be practiced in the world, Gongsun Long is really smart.

Thinking like this, Xun Jing looked at Chen Qiu: "Chen Zi, can you agree with Mr. Gongsun's theory?" ”

"What Mr. Gongsun said is actually the truth of my Mo family."

Chen Qiu paused for a while before he said: "Mr. Gongsun has been stubborn for most of his life, and he has deceived the world with the theory that white horses are not horses, and now he finally recognizes his mistakes, devotes himself to the right path, and instead admits that my Mohist words are right, and it is not too late to rein in the precipice......

This is a disguised admission that what Gongsun Long said is reasonable, but he stubbornly believes that Gongsun Long's "Set Theory" today was put forward by the teachings of the Mo family.

Gongsun Long laughed loudly: "Chen Shishi will really put gold on his face, my "Theory of Sets" is obviously inspired by my Zhao Guozi Chang'an Jun, and discussed with him, God knows that he knows I know, and there is no third person present, how can any Mo family disciple come to teach me, is it the ghost of Mozi?" “

Chen Qiu was so angry that he blew his beard and glared, and as soon as these words came out, everyone turned their heads and ears one after another, asking who Chang Anjun was. Although Chang'an Jun was unknown from the beginning, he is now famous in Linzi City, but on the side of the Xue Palace, there are not many people who know his deeds.

The Mo family was clamoring that Gongsun Long was copying the Mo family's theory, otherwise he would ask Chang An Jun to come out to testify, but Zou Zheng took the time to bow his hand to Gongsun Long and asked, "Mr. Gongsun, I don't know if this thing is Zhao Di's thing?" “

He pointed to the blackboard on the stage, as well as the bald chalk in Gongsun Long's hand, just now I watched Gongsun Long brush and write on it, and the people below could see it clearly, Zou Zheng was very envious.

The disciples of the gentlemen of Jixia had hundreds of ideas, and when they gave lectures, they usually found a place for the master to dictate and the students to take notes, but sometimes the students did not understand what the master said, so they had to draw what they were going to write on the sand table, or write it on a wooden slip for the students to circulate by themselves.

But how can there be a blackboard and chalk conveniently! As the most popular educational tools, the blackboard and chalk have occupied the most important position in the school since their invention, and even in the electronic age, it is still serving tenaciously and is difficult to be eliminated.

Gongsun Long said with a smile: "This thing is called blackboard and chalk, even if it is not found in Zhao Kingdom, it is also a gift from Chang'an Jun." “

Zou Zheng was stunned, he had heard too many names these days, and it seemed that Gongsun Long really had a good relationship with Chang'an Jun.

And offstage, Tian Jia also looked at Chang'anjun next to him, and the meaning was obvious: "You made this thing?" ”

Mingyue smiled: "It is made by the warlocks and craftsmen in my house." ”

It turned out that after successfully making soju, he did not let the other warlock master and apprentice idle, and immediately started the next invention non-stop, considering that there would be a trip to the scorpion, what was the most urgent need for the school in this era?

Paper? It seemed too late, so Mingyue slapped her forehead and decided to make a blackboard and chalk.

The blackboard is not difficult, there is no need for a warlock, just let the carpenters dig out a few smooth boards, paint several layers of black paint on them, and air dry.

Chalk is a bit more complicated, but raw gypsum has been discovered in China at this time and regarded as a medicinal herb. The magician also loved this thing very much, and regarded it as a necessary material for refining pills. Mingyue asked people to purchase some around Linzi, heated it to a certain temperature in the kettle, and partially dehydrated it to form cooked gypsum, and then added water to stir the cooked gypsum into a paste, poured into the model to solidify, and then got chalk......

The process is not known to others, so it looks like there is a sense of mystery, looking at Mingyue with an indifferent face, Tian Jia looked at him again with admiration, this Chang'anjun, how can he come up with something strange and new?

At this moment, Gongsun Long had already come to the side of the stage, and shouted to Mingyue, who was hiding his identity in the crowd: "Chang'anjun, since the Mo family doesn't believe it and wants Gongzi to testify, and Mr. Jixia is also interested in this blackboard chalk, why don't Gongzi come to the stage and talk to them?" ”

One stone stirred up a thousand waves, and everyone turned around, but saw two handsome sons standing side by side, like a pair of beautiful people.

The fairer-skinned one hurriedly bowed his head, covered his face with wide sleeves, and stepped back, while the other smiled helplessly, politely parted the crowd, and walked up to the stage in a few steps.

"This is the proton of Zhao Guo, this is Chang'anjun?"

Facing countless eyes, Mingyue did not have stage fright, and testified for Gongsun Long: "This set theory was indeed put forward together in my casual conversation with Mr. Gongsun, and it is not plagiarizing any school of thought. As for the chalkboard and chalk ......"

He saluted Xun and Zou Zheng: "Confucius said, fifteen and aspire to learn, although the boy is stupid by nature, but he yearns for it, and he also wants to listen to the debates and lectures of the nine streams and ten schools. It's just a newcomer, there is nothing to bring, just the Chinese craftsman made ten blackboards, a number of chalk, and dedicated to the various factions of the school palace as a meeting gift, meager heart, not a tribute! “