After the Qing army entered Beijing, "everything is decided by Wencheng". Fan Wencheng "stood up day and night" and "acted at the opportune time".

In modern language, Fan Wencheng rejuvenated his politics, and he conscientiously issued a series of measures to bring the Manchus to the status of "liberators."

Fan Wencheng suggested a funeral for Chongzhen, Duo Erhong issued an edict on the fourth day of the first month of May: Li Zicheng was originally a common man of the Ming Dynasty, but dared to kill the corpse of the master, "the people of Chengtian are angry, and the law cannot be punished", and now the officials and people are ordered to "mourn for Emperor Chongzhen for three days to show public opinion", and the Ministry of Rites and Taichang Temple "prepare for the emperor's funeral".

Immediately afterwards, Duo Erhong "ordered the officials of the cabinet, the six ministries, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate in Beijing to act as one official with the official Manchurian." Soon after, it was further clearly announced: "All civil and military officials, military and civilians, etc., regardless of whether they belong to the thieves or are forced to surrender by the thieves, if they can submit to our court, they will still be allowed to be hired." ”

This means that whether it is a Ming official or a Dashun official, as long as they are attached to the Qing Dynasty, they will be reinstated.

Feng Quan, a native of Zhuozhou, attached himself to Wei Zhongxian during the Apocalypse, and became a scholar of the university, Chongzhen was dismissed from his post at the beginning of the people, and after the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered Beijing, he was appointed as a scholar of the Inner Court, ranking before Fan Wencheng.

Chen Mingxia had signed up for a post after the Dashun army entered Beijing, and after the Qing army entered the customs, he fled back to the south, and was regarded as a "thief and rebel minister" by the Hongguang court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and wanted to be arrested. Chen Mingxia returned to Beijing in desperation and has been a bachelor.

Many Ming Dynasty officials have surrendered to Li Zicheng, so there is a question, with what position will the official be reinstated? Duo Erhong waved her big hand, subject to the high official rank!

Immediately, the civil and military officials celebrated.

Li Zicheng's peasant army's slogan was "free grain for all fields" at the beginning, and later it was "equal land for the noble and lowly, no levy for five years", which was equivalent to "fighting local tyrants and dividing the land" in later generations. Wherever the peasant army went, they ordered the landlords to hand over grain and property, and then distributed the confiscated grain money to the poor people.

"Did the landlord provoke you?"

Fan Wencheng was-for-tat and launched the "Return to the Field Order". Ordered the fields confiscated by the peasant army to be returned to the landlord, even if the landlord was a nobleman of the Ming Dynasty.

Fan Wencheng also abolished the system of adding Tian Fu at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the average amount of silver per mu of land increased by more than two cents, and the total amount of silver increased by more than 16 million taels in the whole country, which was more than half of the old amount.

Duo Erhong listened to Fan Wencheng's words and issued an edict to the officials, the military and the people of the whole country on July 17, announcing the abolition of the three salaries:

"In the past, the government was malfunctioning, and the people were even worse, so that the people were poor and stolen, and then they were forced to pay for each side. However, these three salaries, several times the positive supply, tired of the small people, fat scraping, far away for more than 20 years, near more than 10 years, the world is screaming, day and night. …… The people of Z'er are poor and have not been eliminated...... For the people of Er, since the first year of Shunzhi, all the additional distributions, such as Liao, salary, training, and the purchase of rice beans, are exempted. Each should be pressed, that is, the military guards of the provinces, prefectures and counties to which they belong, and they will be notified that if there are officials who are hazy and mixed with the secret faction, they will be killed without forgiveness. ”

This move instantly broke the people's will to resist.

Gu Yanwu sighed: "A paper return order, 100,000 troops will be disarmed." ”

On the first day of October, the six-year-old Emperor Shunzhi ascended the throne in Beijing. On the 10th day of the first month, the edict of enthronement was promulgated.

In addition to emphasizing the undoubted legitimacy of Shunzhi as the Son of Heaven, the edict put forward a total of 55 paragraphs, which can be seen as a summary of a series of policies of Fan Wencheng:

"The sixty-fifth generation of Confucius's grandson Yunzhi was enshrined as the Holy Father, and his official raids such as the Doctor of the Five Classics were the same......

"Abolish the strict and miscellaneous taxes in the next season, and the money and grain per mu will be exempted from one-third of the current year's field tax, and half of the regular grain will be exempted wherever the army passes......

"All silver grain, salaries, and taxes owed during the Ming Dynasty were exempted......

"Military and civilian persons over the age of 70 shall be allowed to serve and be exempted from conscription......

"The soldiers of the 68 guards in the capital, which were supported by the local government in the Ming Dynasty, are now forever exempt......

The reply to a series of slogans led by Fan Wencheng in response to the old system of the Ming Dynasty made Ming officials, scholars, landlords, and ordinary people think that the "good old days" had returned, so the anti-Qing Dynasty was not fierce.

Li Zicheng entered Beijing, and the Ming officials surrendered one after another, which has shown that the people have lost confidence in Emperor Chongzhen at that time. The reason may be that Zhu Youzhen's tricks and death disappointed the people to the extreme, or it may be because the plague sent down from heaven and the people chose to obey the will of heaven.

Before his death, Zhu Youzhen said cruelly: "All the ministers are mistaken!" ”

His last words can be analyzed:

A football team, if the goalkeeper doesn't work, change the goalkeeper! If the defender doesn't work, change the defender! If the striker doesn't work, change the striker!

What if the whole team can't? Change coaches!

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, everyone understood that it was time to "change coaches".

Fan Wencheng's series of policy programs packaged the Manchu Qing as "foreign coaches" who could recite scriptures for foreign monks.

It's just a change of dynasty, the surname "Zhu" is not good, and the surname "Aixin Jueluo" comes! Officials, scholars, gentry, landlords, and the common people all benefited.

Against this background, Duoduo took Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming to set off from Beijing on October 19. In the first month of the following year, it occupied Tongguan and Kexian, entered Henan in February, left the Tiger Prison Pass in March, slaughtered Yangzhou in April, and entered Nanjing in May. It's not surprising that there is such a record.

In May, Duoduo just posted a notice in Nanjing: "The matter of shaving the head, the country has become a custom, and now the soldiers are here, and the soldiers are not shaved and the people are not shaved." and thou shalt not disobey the law, and shave it thyself. There were shameless officials in the past, and they shaved their heads first, and their own country has already spat on them. Specified. ”

On the fifth day of the sixth month, Duo Erhong gave Duo Duo an order: "Civil, military, and civilians everywhere, order to shave their hair, and if they do not obey, they will be engaged in military law!" ”

On June 15, Duo Erhong informed the military and civilians across the country that all localities should complete the shaving of their hair within 10 days of the arrival of the official document, and those who violated the order died. If the local officials oppose it, "there will be no mercy".

Duo Erhong replaced Duo Duo with Hong Chengchou in leap June, and awarded Hong Chengchou "Recruiting the Governors of Jiangnan Provinces Military Affairs University" and giving him "cheap action". Hong Chengchou has since taken over the great cause of "shaving heads" in Jiangnan. Duoduo returned to Beijing in October of that year, and has not made any achievements since then.

It is conceivable that Duoduo's destruction of Dashun and Nanming is just a cheap military feat given to him by Duo Erhong.

At the same time, the "enclosure movement" launched by the regent Duo Erhong in the north intensified.

Duo Erhong ordered in December of the first year of Shunzhi:

"I built the capital of Yanjing for a long time. Where the people of the prefectures and counties near Beijing have no owner wasteland, and the emperor's relatives, concubines, princesses, marquis, uncles, eunuchs and other people who died in the rebellion, there are many ownerless fields. The ministry may make an inventory of the people, and if the owner is still alive, or if the owner is dead and the children are alive, they will give it to them. And the rest of the land was to be distributed to the kings of the east, and to the princes, and the soldiers. This is not beneficial to its land, and the kings, lords, and soldiers from the east of Liang have nowhere to settle, so they have to draw in this way. ”

Sounds good, the allocation of terra nullius land to Eight Banners does not harm anyone's interests. However, with the increase in the number of children of the Eight Banners entering the customs, the land was insufficient.

In October of the second year of Shunzhi, Duoerhong once again ordered the enclosure of land, and the scope was expanded to Hejian, Luanzhou, and Zunhua, with a total of more than 50,000 hectares of enclosure.

The third enclosure in the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi enclosed the land, encircled into the 42 prefectures of Shuntian, Baoding, Hejian, Yizhou, Zunhua and Yongping, and occupied more than 100,000 hectares of private land.

The Eight Banners first occupied the ownerless land in the distant prefectures and counties, and then exchanged them with the landlords near the capital. As compensation for demolition and relocation, it is stipulated that those who are 300 miles away from their homeland will be exempted from paying taxes for one year, and those who are 400 miles away from their homeland will be exempted from taxes for two years.

There is a written record: "When the field is encircled, the landlord is expelled when he arrives, and everything in the room is there." Those who have wives and ugly wives are taken away, but those who want to stay dare not take them. ”

According to statistics, within 500 miles of the capital, the Manchu Qing Dynasty occupied a total of about 2,335,477 mu of land for three times, and about 6 mu for one day, or 166,636 mu and 71 mu. Among them, the royal family only occupies more than 5,700 hectares, and the rest are the "banner land" of the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners.

Duo Erhong issued an edict in the name of Shunzhi:

"The land received by the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners is not allowed to be sold beyond the flag at a price or sold privately to the people", "All the strong men of the Eight Banners, the poor, grain, grass, and cloth, will never stop losing and paying", "If you go out, you will be a soldier, and if you enter, you will be a farmer; The two things of ploughing and warfare have not been wasted."

The officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners benefited from the Dragon Entry, and this was the moment when the so-called "Manchus", called "Banner People" at that time, were truly formed as a nation.

If the banner man has land, he needs to cultivate it by hand.

Hiring tenants to collect government rent? No, it won't!

The Eight Banners have a system of clothed servants. Leave you alive and "voluntarily" be a slave for me, so that you can be exempted from the country's land taxes and forced labor, which is called "surrender".

In front of the Iron Cavalry of the Eight Banners, not only did some peasants whose land was encircled and unwilling to relocate "surrender", but there was even a strange phenomenon of taking the initiative to surrender the land.

Some figures show that after Zunhua has been enclosed and recharged, the remaining taxpayer land is less than 1 percent of the original amount, Jizhou is less than 2 percent of the original amount, and Dong'an County is even more thorough, and there is no surplus at all.

In April of the second year of Shunzhi, an edict from Shunzhi illustrated the reality of "surrender":

"I heard the people join the slaves under their umbrella, and they originally opened up a way for the poor to live with food and clothing. …… Today, I heard that there are Manchurian coerced people to surrender, and there are foolish people who are confused by the words of thieves and traitors who subdivide the people and slaughter the people. ”

The people who surrendered soon found that life as slaves was not easy, so they fled one after another.

In May of the third year of Shunzhi, Duo Erhong believed that "in just a few months, tens of thousands of people have escaped", and introduced a strict "Fugitive Law", with more than 100 items, focusing on severely punishing the "nest owner". Once it is found, the owner of the nest will correct the law on the spot: "Those who hide and flee will be beheaded, and those who are neighbors, ten parents, and hundreds of parents will not be able to raise their heads, and those who cannot be detected by the magistrate will all sit together." ”

Shaving, enclosing land, surrendering, and fleeing were recognized as evil governments in the early Qing Dynasty and caused civil revolt, but these were all things after the victory of Duoduo.

What Fan Wencheng thought at that time, future generations have no way of knowing. But Fan Wencheng was obviously put on a table by Duo Erhong, and in the third year of Shunzhi, Duo Erhong cut off Fan Wencheng's rights in the name of Fan Wencheng's "known illness, no overwork", and after that, Fan Wencheng couldn't go out on the grounds of recuperation.

If the Manchu Qing Dynasty's shaving of hair and easy clothing aroused the vigilance of the Ming gentry, then it was the follow-up policy that really triggered the gentry's backlash.

Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, "Jiangnan has been endowed with half of the world, and the five counties of Su, Song, Zhen, Chang and Jiangning have accounted for most of the wealth in Jiangnan", but the officials and gentry in Jiangnan have been in arrears of taxes and money for many years.

In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), the Qing court formulated regulations that all gentry in Jiangnan would be punished if they were in arrears of money and grain. But the Jiangnan gentry still refused to pay as before.

In the first year of Kangxi (1661), the Qing court launched the "Song Cutting Case". Only 13,517 Jinshi, Juren, and Gongjian members of the four prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang were whipped and disgraced on the charge of "resisting grain."

As for Yongzheng, the finances were tight, and in order to feed the children of the Eight Banners who did not pay taxes properly, Yongzheng announced that "the land is divided into the mu", and "the officials and gentry are integrated to pay grain and be on an errand", which completely offended the gentry.

Gu Yanwu understood this change in the people's attitude towards the Manchus as the difference between the death of the country and the death of the world:

"Yi surname changed his name, which is called the death of the country,"

"Benevolence and righteousness are full, and as for leading beasts to eat people, people will eat each other, which is called the death of the world."

"Those who defend the country seek it from their kings and ministers, and those who eat meat seek it,"

"Protect the world, the cheapness and responsibility of the husband!"

However, it was too late.

The gentry were credulous at the beginning, and they did not support the rebellion of the people, and they did not stretch out their hands until the rebellion of the military leaders did not think of resisting until they caused themselves. The Qing court was already full-fledged, and there was no need to worry about the gentry at all.

Yongzheng initiated a literary prison to deprive the gentry of the right to speak. Three prohibitions were promulgated to "no words, no alliances, no associations, and no engravings" were promulgated in Minglun Hall in various places.

Later generations concluded: "The literati of the previous generation suffered a great calamity, and there was no one like the Qing Dynasty." "A little carelessness, disaster and unexpected", "Therefore, since Yongqian, the people of Zhijie have disappeared." ”