When I found out the science and technology, the content presented surprised Guo Dalu, which completely subverted Guo Dalu's perception of the ancients all along, didn't it mean that the ancients were very ignorant? Doesn't it mean that the ancients were not worth mentioning except for the developed ideology and philosophy? Doesn't it mean that the ancients were a mess backward in terms of science and technology?

But what does the current information show? Could it be that what you are seeing is a fake Ming Dynasty??

Guo Dalu felt that at this time, he had to count the number of words, and he must record these detailed information and show it to modern readers, so as to set the record straight, otherwise many people will not know where their ancestors are.

{The author feels it is his duty to make a name for his ancestors, but fortunately this is a free chapter, and the children's shoes you don't like can skip it, but honestly, the author is shocked to see these materials.} }

Astronomy, meteorology

The mid-fourteenth-century White Ape Offering Three Light Maps contains 132 cloud maps that are linked to weather changes, most of which are consistent with modern meteorological principles. (Only sixteen cloud maps were published in Europe until 1879.) ）

In 1383, the Beijing Observatory was set up in Nanjing, and in 1439, the armillary sphere was built and placed in Beijing (in 1900, it was robbed by the Eight-Nation Allied Forces and Germany, and in 1921, it was claimed and placed in the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing).

In 1442, an observatory was set up in Beijing.

In 1446, the sundial shadow hall was built (located on the southwest side of the ancient observatory in Beijing).

In 1607, Li Zhizao wrote "Hun Gai Tongxian Diagram" and published it.

In 1617, Zhang Xie wrote "The Examination of the East and the West", which recorded the detailed information of the sea and the weather.

In 1634, China's first astronomical telescope was officially installed: "筩" (yong).

In 1643, the Chongzhen Almanac was published.

Mathematics, Physics

In 1450, Wu Jing wrote the "Nine Chapters of Algorithm Analogy".

In 1524, Wang Wensu wrote 54 volumes, totaling more than 1,500 questions and nearly 500,000 words.

In 1584, Zhu Zaiyu's "Lu Lu Jingyi" was published.

In 1592, Cheng Dawei wrote "Algorithm Tongzong", which was the first to record the use of abacus methods to open squares and open squares.

In 1606, Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci began to work together on the translation of the Geometric Originals.

In 1613, Li Zhizao compiled the "Tongwen Arithmetic Index" based on the Westerner Kravis's "Introduction to Practical Arithmetic" and the Chinese Cheng Dawei's "Algorithm Tongzong".

In 1637, Song Yingxing made a scientific explanation for the production and propagation of sound in "On Qi and Qi Sound", arguing that sound is produced by the vibration or rapid movement of objects impacting the air, and is transmitted through the air, similar to water waves.

Fang Yizhi proposed in Volume 2 of "Physics Knowledge": "The universe (time) wheel is in the universe (space), then there is a universe in the universe, and there is a universe in the universe." He proposed the view of time and space that time and space cannot exist independently of each other. In the Physics Digest, volume 1, the phenomenon of air difference (i.e., atmospheric refraction) is correctly explained.

Sun Yunqiu, a folk optical instrument manufacturer, made dozens of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses and microscopes, and wrote "The History of Mirrors" (lost).

medicine

In 1406, Zhu Di and others presided over the collection and compilation of the Puji Fang (containing 61,739 prescriptions, which is the largest surviving medical prescription book in China).

In 1567, the Chinese pox inoculation method was tried to prevent smallpox in Taiping County, Ningguo Province. (Pox prevention of smallpox was the beginning of artificial immunization and a major achievement in the history of medicine.) In the 17th century, the technique of pox inoculation in China was quite perfect, and it has been popularized throughout the country. The Chinese pox method was introduced to Europe in the early 17th century).

In 1596, Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" was officially published in Nanjing, and at the same time, "The Study of the Pulse of the Lake" and "The Examination of the Eight Veins of the Strange Classics" were published.

In 1601, Yang Jizhou wrote "Acupuncture and Moxibustion".

In 1617, Chen Shigong wrote "Surgical Authenticity" (collected a large number of effective prescriptions. He paid attention to practice, had the courage to innovate, and creatively performed surgical operations such as toe amputation (finger) and tracheal suture, and made contributions to Chinese surgery. Some tumors are also discussed in the book).

In 1624, Zhang Jingyue wrote the "Book of Kinds" and published it, and in the same year, Jingyue compiled "The Wings of the Book of Kinds" and "The Wings of the Book of Kinds".

In 1640, the 64 volumes of "Jingyue Quanshu" were completed, and in 1641, Wu Youxing wrote "Treatise on Plague", and Wang Fuzhi put forward the concept of the metabolism of living organisms in "Siwenlu: Outer Chapters", he said: "The quality is the same from generation to generation,...... The day of muscle is born and the old disappears, and people do not know. Man sees the form unchanged but does not know that the essence has changed,......"

agronomy

In 1376, Yu Zongben wrote the Book of Planting Trees (which recorded the grafting methods of various trees, such as the close grafting of peaches, plums, and apricots, and the distant grafting of mulberries and pears).

In 1406, Zhu Hu's "Materia Medica" was published (collecting information on 414 kinds of edible wild plants, indicating the origin, form, taste, edible parts and eating methods, and drawing a fine map).

In 1547, Ma Yilong wrote "Agricultural Theory" (which recorded the planting experience of intensive cultivation, dense planting, seedling raising, transplanting, etc. of rice, and was the first work in China to use philosophical views to expound agricultural technology).

In 1596, Tu Benjian (Jun) wrote the earliest surviving monograph on marine biology in China, "The Misarrangement of the Sea in Fujian" (which recorded the morphology and living habits of more than 200 kinds of aquatic organisms in the coastal area, mainly marine invertebrates and fish).

In 1608, Yu Ren (Yu Benyuan) and Yu Jie (Yu Benheng) co-authored the Yuan Heng Collection of Healing Horses (a well-known veterinary work that included the experience of treating horses, cattle and camels, which is still of practical value today).

In 1617, Zhao Pu wrote "Plant Products" (about the planting technology of tomatoes, etc.).

In 1628, Xu Guangqi wrote the "Complete Book of Agricultural Administration".

geography

From 1405 to 1431, Zheng He led a large ocean-going fleet to more than 30 countries in the Western Ocean.

In 1425, the "Zheng He's Navigation Chart" was compiled.

In 1536, Huang Zhen wrote "The Language of the Sea" (a record of the history of Southeast Asia and the traffic situation in Nanyang with China).

In 1565, Hu Zongxian compiled the "Preparation of the Sea Chart", which recorded Sino-Japanese traffic and anti-Japanese affairs.

In 1589, the earliest world map, Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, appeared.

In 1639, Gu Yanwu began to compile "Zhaoyu Chronicles" and "Tianxia County Guoli Disease Book".

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Xiake began to write "Xu Xiake's Travels".

Chemistry, metallurgy and chemicals

In 1521, an oil shaft was dug in Jiazhou, Sichuan (now Leshan) with a depth of several hundred meters.

In 1596, the "Tang County Chronicle" recorded the mining technology by the fire method.

In 1596, Li Shizhen recorded the chemical properties of 276 inorganic drugs and the techniques of distillation, evaporation, sublimation, recrystallization, precipitation, and cautery in the Compendium of Materia Medica.

In 1637, when Song Yingxing described the smelting technology in "Tiangong Kaiwu", he regarded many chemical elements such as lead, copper, mercury, and sulfur as basic substances, and regarded the substances produced by the reactions related to them as derived substances, thus giving rise to the germination of the concept of chemical elements. Many achievements of ancient Chinese metallurgical technology are recorded in Tiangong Kaiwu, such as the continuous production process of smelting pig iron and wrought iron (mild steel), steel heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalizing, quenching, chemical heat treatment, and solid carburizing.

Fang Yizhi recorded the method of making coke in volume 7 of "Physics Knowledge": "Coal is produced everywhere. Those who stink will be burned and closed. into stone, and then chisel into the furnace, said reef. "Coking in Europe did not begin until 1771.

The idea of developing science in an all-round way

Xu Guangqi attached great importance to deductive reasoning, with a special emphasis on mathematics, which he considered to be the foundation of all other natural sciences and engineering. On July 26, of the same year that the Western Bureau was established in 1629, Xu Guangqi gave Emperor Chongzhen a lecture entitled "Correcting the Precession of the Calendar", saying that "everything has a tangible and qualitative substance, and it is indispensable to have a degree of knowledge", and put forward the idea of "Fencao" cuisine, that is, the study of different disciplines, and discussed the relationship between mathematics and other sciences, and the role of mathematics in production practice. He believed that mathematics was "the basis of use", and proposed "ten things that bypass degrees": calendar, measurement, music, military, financial management, construction, machinery, land, medicine, and timekeeping.

Under his supervision, he carried out research in meteorology, hydraulic engineering, military engineering technology, architecture, mechanical mechanics, geodesy, medicine, arithmetic and music.

The bureau had the rudiments of a scientific research institution.

Emperor Chongzhen responded positively and supported this, and issued an order to "bypass the degree, and the relevant achievements should be divided into Cao cuisine, and the Ya knows". Xu Guangqi's "study of the poor theory of things" was developed by Li Zhizao, Li Tianjing, Sun Yuanhua, Wang Zheng, and later Fang Yizhi and Wang Xiyan.