Emperor Hua looked at some rough summaries about European countries left by Zeng Jize and was not very satisfied, stood up and saw if Princess Katrina Kafu had returned. Pen? Interesting? Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo

Princess Katrina Kafu didn't go long before she returned, and the President's Secretariat deserves to be the most efficient organization in China, and even in the world, and the efficiency is really high, even on the way out of the Emperor, it is the same as in Beijing.

The historical relationship between northern Italy and France from the end of the Middle Ages to the unification of the Kingdom of Italy was the focus of the Emperor's understanding on his way to the Kingdom of Italy.

All of this will be thanks to the information from the Bureau of Statistics brought by Princess Katrina Kaf.

"Your Majesty, when will you leave?" Princess Katrina Kafu asked.

"The sooner the better." The Chinese emperor was still very anxious, and once he realized that Austria-Hungary had no hope, he was anxious to open the next golden egg.

Hua Huang did not believe that none of all European countries had a sense of strategy, and as long as one country could realize that Hua Guo would rise in the East, things would be easier.

At the beginning, Emperor Hua had illusions, thinking that Europe was more developed than other places, enlightened earlier, well-informed, and the upper class should have a visionary person, but as a country came over, after removing most of the itinerary, he felt more and more disappointed, although the powers of this era were much more powerful than the Manchu Qing Dynasty, but what was the difference between the political vision and insight of the upper class society and the rulers of the Qing court?

The late Qing government was relatively corrupt and incompetent, but the decadence and incompetence of the late Qing government was not formed overnight, and many institutional problems actually existed in the early Qing Dynasty, but at the end of the Qing Dynasty, they finally accumulated disadvantages and became completely prominent.

Several emperors, including Jiaqing and afterward, were relatively lacking in ability and courage, and did not have the courage to reform and establish new ones.

If there were no Han ministers such as Zeng Guofan, the Qing Dynasty would have fallen at least 50 years earlier, and there would have been nothing to do with Cixi Lafayette.

The direction of the tide of history cannot be reversed, but the impact of human power in the process of its development is often extremely far-reaching.

It must not be simply said that a certain ruler is powerful, but a contest of systems, and the feudal system will definitely not be able to defeat capitalism.

Objectively speaking, Cixi is much greater than the Queen of the British Empire, and in a patriarchal society where a baby girl is not responsible for falling to death, it is not easy for a woman to be in charge.

She also had to play tricks to balance the bureaucratic power of various nationalities for her own use, and there were many extremely large-scale cult rebellions during her tenure, and the corrupt and smoking Eight Banners army was weaker than the brave and warlike Indian Sikh mercenaries, and India was smoothly "integrated" by the British Empire.

There is also the virtue of the Tsarist Empire, and the existence of your grandparents is the credit of Cixi.

Cixi's Game of Thrones is arguably far more difficult than Wu Zetian's, and even more so than any foreign monarch in the 19th century.

Although Emperor Hua overthrew Cixi's rule, he has always admired Cixi as a person.

"The unification of the Kingdom of Italy was not long before ours, but it is developing very quickly." Princess Katrina Kaaf said to the Chinese Emperor.

"yes." Hua Huang looked at the information, and said stupidly: "Europe has geographical advantages, a little bit bigger, as long as one country completes the industrial revolution, other countries, even if there is no unified country, will still be affected, can absorb a lot of excellent social experience and industrial technology." ”

"But we're also fast." Princess Katrina Kafu smiled and cheered for the Emperor.

President Meng smiled slightly, and then looked at the information of the Kingdom of Italy.

Turin was also nearly occupied by France before Napoleon swept across Europe; Nice, which was also part of France until the 19th century, belonged to the Savoy dynasty, which at one time stretched its borders to Lyon.

Como, north of Milan, belonged to the Austrian Empire in the early 19th century.

Northern Italy was more closely related to Germany than to France, which was more of a player in the form of a slice of the Holy Roman Empire.

First of all, although the princes of Northern Italy and Germany were members of the Holy Roman Empire since the Middle Ages, their status in the Holy Roman Empire was completely different.

The northern Italian princes were nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but in reality they were in a very awkward position. The most typical is that the princes of Northern Italy did not have the right to participate in the Imperial Council, the decision-making body of the Holy Roman Empire. To add insult to injury, the Council of Augsburg in 1500 demarcated the six imperial districts of the Holy Roman Empire.

However, Switzerland, Bohemia and Northern Italy were excluded.

So the attitude of Northern Italy towards the HRE is, if you don't take me to play, I won't play with you.

The conference in 1500, which expelled Northern Italy from the center of imperial decision-making and administration, actually marked the de facto independence of Northern Italy from the HRE.

But nominally Northern Italy was still part of the HRE.

The Holy Roman Emperor often relied on his position as emperor to dictate to northern Italy, and such criticism was considered de jure and the prerogative of the HRE Emperor.

In 1519, King François I of France launched a bribery war in an attempt to compete with Charles V of Spain for the throne of the HRE. It was because he wanted to make himself Duke of Milan. After the extinction of the Visconti family of Milan, the King of France was the rightful heir to the Duke of Milan.

However, the Holy Roman Empire, in its capacity as the suzerainty of Milan, refused to accede to this request, and instead made a warlord who had no relationship with the Visconti family duke.

Then the French king will snatch this title of emperor and crown himself Duke of Milan.

The War of the Spanish Succession of 1701-1714, which declared war as a collective resolution of the Imperial Diet.

But the Duke of Mantua in Northern Italy joined the rivals of the HRE, France, so Emperor Joseph I declared his treason, stripped him of the title of duke, and annexed the Duchy of Mantua.

After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the eastern half of northern Italy was annexed by Austria-Hungary, and parts of western Italy were controlled by France.

The rest of the region and the south were united to form what is now Italy. After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, the eastern half of northern Italy was ceded back to Italy, and Austria became a purely landlocked country.

The relationship between Northern Italy and France was so difficult that the Emperor Hua was a little dizzy, but he was particularly interested.

Because the political reality and complicated diplomatic situation of small states in northern Italy can be traced back to the messy court relations of the Middle Ages, and it was the rising star Sardinian Piedmont that finally unified Italy.

The decisive event in the unification of Italy was the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, in which the Kingdom of Sardinian Piedmont defeated Austria with the help of France, and the domino effect promoted by this was finally beyond the prior planning of France and Sardinia, allowing the unification of the small Italian states in the hands of Sardinian Piedmont and the possibility of a unified Italy.

Napoleon III's help was not gratuitous - although he was indeed a supporter of national self-determination, an old enemy of Austria and a member of the Italian nationalist movement - France annexed Savoy and Nice through a referendum, which Cavour and Napoleon III had secretly agreed in advance at Prombière-les-Bains.

However, Savoy and Nice have long been closely linked to France, having annexed the French Republic in a referendum as early as 1792, and many locals have also exerted important influence in France, such as Masséna, a famous general of the Republic and the Empire, who was born in Nice.

The Kingdom of Italy is the Italy of the Piedmontese, just as Meiji Japan is the Japan of Sacho, but the Kingdom of Italy is not the Piedmontese Kingdom of Sardinia after all.

The most important symbol is the Italian tricolor: the red, green and white tricolor, which in 1798 was designated as the flag of the Republic of Sisharpin, the "sister republic" of France.

In 1848, the Piedmontese Kingdom of Sardinia added its coat of arms to the tricolor as a military flag, which became the flag of the Kingdom of Italy.

In addition, the new constitution granted to the Republic of Sisharpin by the ruling government in 1802 changed the name of the country to "Italy", which for the first time made the name "Italy" the name of a political entity.

Although the Italian Jacobins, the republics and supporters of the French Revolution were called the Jacobins, they were far less radical than the French Jacobins of 1793 and were very dissatisfied with the Directory's policy of dividing up Italian territory.

The Directory had openly declared that "the Republic of Ssycharpin must be strong enough to help us, but never so strong as to harm our interests", after all, it was France that first brought the flames of nationalism to the Apennines: a united Italy would only become possible if the cornerstone of a sovereign state was the nation and not a dynasty.

The domination of Italy by revolutionary France also left another legacy: the myth of popular movements.

The popular movements of 1830, 1848 and 1860 were too radical and dangerous as a nationalist resource to fall into the manipulation of radical democrats, and the memory of popular movements was necessary to connect the Italian state with the Italians, so the stories of the peasant uprisings of Piedmont and Naples against the French invaders were widely told, and although the revolt had no common language with the bourgeoisie that ruled Italy in the 19th century, they fought populist enough and conservative enough.

As Napoleon III tried to protect the Papal States and prevent the complete unification of Italy, history and reality overlapped at this moment, and the image of France as the enemy of Italian unification was constructed: Napoleon III, Napoleon I, the Republic, Louis XV, Louis XIV, Richelieu, François I, Charles VIII, and the invasions from France hindered the unification of Italy.

The royal family of Savoy, who went into exile in Sardinia during the French Revolutionary War, seemed to be linked to the fate of the Italian nation.