Since Liu Bang was crowned King of Han, the Han Dynasty was established for 215 years. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoA foundation of more than 200 years has fallen into the hands of the Confucian practitioner Wang Mang silently and inexplicably.

In the Confucian group, Wang Mang was a typical radical. This poor son who lost his father at an early age has endured humiliation and burdens for decades, playing with power, just for this day. On this day, he glorified Confucianism and used his hands to complete the ideal country in the eyes of Confucianism. Perhaps, in his opinion, the Han Dynasty was like a big ship that had been adrift on the sea for many years, but now it was mired in a quagmire. As the new helmsman of the empire, Wang Mang first opened up a new course and sailed to the other side of the ideal... As a result, as soon as Wang Mang came to power, he began social and political reforms.

Wang Mang's new policy is mainly carried out from the following aspects:

1. Change the name of the government agency. The name change law basically refers to the system of the Zhou Dynasty.

After changing the officials, then change the name of the place. Some place names are hundreds of years old and familiar to everyone. But Wang Mang felt unhappy and said that he had to change his ancient name. The most terrible thing is: there are no rules to talk about this name change, Wang Mang can change it wherever he thinks, the same place name, called this name today, may have to be changed tomorrow. So in the end, the common people don't know what the name of the place they live in? In the official documents issued by the state to a certain place, the new name should be followed by parentheses to annotate the old name.

This name change is a small matter, but it is a big annoyance. But Wang Mang changed it happily, what can you do as a common people?

2. Carry out land reform. Wang Mang's land policy was to restore the well-field system of the ancients. In the Han Dynasty, land could be bought and sold at will. As a result, many powerful enclosed a large amount of land and became veritable large landlords. But now Wang Mang has issued an edict announcing that all land must be nationalized and redistributed. Under the new rules, an adult man will receive 100 acres of land. If there are no more than eight members in a family and the land exceeds 900 mu, the excess shall be automatically divided among the clansmen, neighbors, relatives and friends in the same village.

In the Han Dynasty, those who sold out of land had nowhere to go but sold themselves into slavery to make a living. However, Wang Mang issued a new rule: slaves and maidservants, like state land, are not allowed to be bought and sold freely.

Wang Mang's move is too ruthless. He did not offend a small group of people, but the interests of the majority. First of all, the interests of large landowners. The ancestors of these people, many years ago, may still be poor, after several generations of struggle, finally turned over and became a landlord, but there was nothing left overnight, do you think they will get along with Wang Mang?

Then there are the slaves and the maidservants. In the Han Dynasty, it was not easy to be a farmer. 1/30 of the tax is charged a year. But in times of war, the country has no money, and desperately draws taxes from them, even as high as 1/2. The crops grown by hard work are not enough to eat, and half of them will be taken away by others. What do you think is the future of doing this job?

As a result, some people want to evade taxes. If you want to evade taxes, you have to sell your land, so that you can make money, and then sell yourself to others as slaves. Mr. Lu Xun once said that "in ancient China, there have always been only two mentalities: one is the era of slaves, and the other is the era when even slaves can't be done" You must not know that people can't live, there are slaves to do, but to survive, it is much better than not having slaves...

Wang Mang said that slaves and maidservants were not allowed to buy and sell casually, and if any of the family members were sick and had no money for treatment, they would sell their property. But they all have nothing, and they can't sell themselves into slavery, doesn't that mean that they are blocked from having a way to make a living? The so-called bare feet are not afraid to wear shoes. Wang Mang offended these barefoot, they are unemployed and homeless, wandering in society, that is very dangerous!

Wang Mang didn't understand this truth at first. A year after the policy was implemented, the society became increasingly unstable, and Wang Mang had no choice but to announce the abolition of the rule that slaves were not allowed to be bought and sold freely. But by then, it was too late!

3. Carry out currency reform. The popular currency of the Han Dynasty was the five-baht coin. After Wang Mang implemented the monetary reform, he changed the small into the big, and the light for the heavy. The large spring that was cast weighed no more than 12 baht, which was only 2.4 of five baht coins, but it was to be used as 50 pieces of five baht coins. It is clear: the currency ratio is unbalanced and unreasonable, and many people certainly do not admit it. So some people thought of stealing casting, and they were repeatedly banned.

Even more terrifying is yet to come. Wang Mang has a lot of currency, there are six kinds in total: gold coins, silver coins, turtle coins, shell coins, coins, and cloth coins. Among these coins, ancient toys such as turtle coins and shell coins have not been used for many years by the Han Dynasty. What's even more unbearable is that these six types of currencies have a total of 28 cents, which are so varied that people are all dizzy. What's even more annoying is that the value of goods changes back and forth, seriously disrupting the financial market...

As mentioned above, Wang Mang's new monetary policy is nothing more than self-inflicted hardship. Sure enough, later the people of the Han Dynasty were nostalgic for the five-baht money they once used, and privately traded with the old currency, not recognizing Wang Mang's new monetary policy. Wang Mang had no choice but to abolish turtle coins, shell coins, and cloth coins, but they still didn't work. The economy of the Han Dynasty has been messed up by him, and everything is out of control...

4. Establish a market administrative agency and the government intervenes in the market economy. Wang Mang set up material adjustment officers (Wujunsi City) and economic officials (Qian Fu officials) in the six major cities across the country. In the second month of each quarter, i.e., February, May, August and November, the material adjustment officer makes an assessment of the price and sets the price of the upper, middle and lower prices to maintain market stability. In the private sector, if there is grain, cloth and other things that cannot be sold, the state will purchase them at cost after investigation and verification by the material adjustment officer. Once the price rises and exceeds 1/10 of the market price, the material adjustment officer will sell it at the assessed price. If the price of goods is lower than the assessed price, the people can buy and sell freely; If people lack funds, they can apply for a loan from the Economic Officer at an interest rate of 3% per month.

In addition, Wang Mang also introduced relevant guarantees for laid-off workers to enjoy state welfare and re-employment rights. On this point alone, Wang Mang's intentions are good. It's a pity that he didn't use people properly. So good things are done bad...

Two thousand years later, when we look at Wang Mang's reforms, we are no stranger to them. Because these policies are still partially used today in the 21st century. So some people put a high hat on Wang Mang, saying that he was a political ideal implemented more than 2,000 years ago, which was called Wang Mang's socialist reform.

But what we see is a failed master of national blueprint design. Land and slaves were not allowed to be bought and sold freely, which offended the big landlords and poor peasant brothers who had no way out; The failed monetary policy has offended a large number of citizens; The economic intervention of the state in the market offended a large number of urban businessmen ...

From top to bottom, Wang Mang offended everything that should be offended except for himself. He couldn't get along with the Han Dynasty system, the royal family, officials at all levels, businessmen, and even more so the vast number of peasant brothers. If we had to describe him in one word, we could call him the Han Dynasty - the public enemy of the whole people!

On January 1, the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (9) (Wang Mang took the original December as January, the original January as February, and the original February as March...), Wang Mang established Wang Xian's daughter as the queen. He named his third son, Wang An, as the new Jiapi, and his fourth son, Wang Lin, as the crown prince. The six sons of Wang Yu, the eldest son who was executed by himself, were named dukes: Wang Qiangong Longgong, Wang Shougong Minggong, Wang Ji Gongchenggong, Wang Zonggong Chonggong, Wang Shigong Zhaogong, and Wang Ligong. Amnesty to the world.

Later, Wang Mang named 5-year-old Liu Ying as the Duke of Ding'an, and named his daughter, the empress of Emperor Ping of Han, the Empress Dowager of Ding'an. With 10,000 households in 5 counties of Pingyuan, Ande, Jinyin, and Chongqiu in Qingzhou Plain County, the local 100 miles is the Principality of Ding'an. Set up the sacrificial temple of the ancestors of the Han Emperor, and carry out the Zhengshuo and clothing of the Han Dynasty. and changed the Mingguang Palace to the Ding'an Pavilion, and the Empress Dowager of Ding'an lived there; Change the Dahonglu Mansion to Ding'an Gongdi, and Ding'an Gong Liu Ying lives there. and set up guards and messengers to keep them guarded. All nursing servants are not allowed to talk to Liu Ying. After Liu Ying was weaned, he was imprisoned in the four walls. When he grew up, Wang Mang married his granddaughter, Wang Yu's daughter, to Liu Ying.

Then, Wang Mang divided the 11 major heroes. The list of meritorious heroes shall be subject to the Jin Kui Ce book dedicated by the mourning chapter: Taifu Zuofu Wang Shun is the Taishi and An Xingong; Da Situ Pingyan is the Taifu and the new duke; Shao'a, Xi and Liu Xin are national teachers and Jiaxin Gong; The mourning chapter is the national general, the new prince of the United States (the above is the fourth auxiliary, the position of the prince); After the Taibao, Zhen Han was the great Sima and the new duke; Pijin Hou Wang Xun is the great Situ and Zhang Xingong; The infantry general Wang Yi is the Great Sikong and Long Xin Gong (the above is the third duke); Tai'a right flicker, Dasikong Zhen Feng is the first general, Guangxin Gong; Jingzhao Wang Xing was the general of Wei and the new prince of Feng; Sun Jian, the general of the light car, was the general of the founding of the country and the new duke; Jingzhao Wang Sheng is a former general, Chongxin Gong (the above is the four generals), among them, Wang Xingben is the history of the city gate, and Wang Sheng is a cake seller. Just fabricated these two names for the mourning essay, and they got a great fortune out of thin air.

After that, Wang Mang made hundreds of doctors, servants, and scholars. The Liu royal family is the county keeper, and all of them are doctors. All 32 princes and kings surnamed Liu were demoted to dukes, and 181 princes were demoted to viscounts. And the prince of the Feng Wang clan Qi Yi is the marquis, the great merit is the uncle, the small merit is the son, and the hemp is the baron, all with the name of "harmony". The women of the Wang family are all Ren, with "Long" as the number. He also named the Yellow Emperor, Shaohao, Zhuan, Emperor Yu, Yao, Shun, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Gaotao, and Yiyin, respectively, as dukes and marquises, and worshiped them.

Then, after Wang Mang called himself Emperor Shun, he recognized the Yellow Emperor as the first ancestor and Emperor Shun as the ancestor. It is said that after Tian An, one of the eighteen princes of Jibei who was divided by Xiang Yu, lost the country, the local people of Qi called the Tian family "Wang family", which is the origin of my Wang Mang's "Wang" clan! So he posthumously honored Chen Hugong as the king and Tian Jingzhong as the king. There are 5 ancestral temples and 4 pro-temples. The world's Yao (Emperor Shun Yao's) concubine (Emperor Shun's descendant, Chen Guoguo's concubine) Chen, Tian (Chen Ligong's son Chen Wan Benqi, changed his surname to Tian, is the ancestor of Tian Qi) Wang 5 surnames are considered to be the same ancestry. Chen Chong and Tian Feng were named marquis, and after the king of Chen Hu and King Qi Jing.

Wang Mang also set up official positions such as Da Sima Si Yun, Da Situ Si Zhi, and Da Sikong Si Ruo, and changed his name to Da Si Nong Xihe and Nayan; Dali is said to be a scholar; Too often said to be ranked; Da Honglu said that the music; Shaofu is called co-worker; Shui Heng Du Wei said Yu Yu, and the three company secretaries have a total of nine secretaries, which belong to the three princes. There are 3 doctors and 3 doctors for each doctor, for a total of 27 doctors and 81 doctors. It was also renamed Guangluxun as the division, the servant as the emperor, the guard as the guard, the Jinwu as the fenwu, the lieutenant as the military officer, and the newly established chief officer, that is, the six supervisors. He also changed the county Taishou to Da Yin, the Du Lieutenant to the Captain, the county magistrate to the slaughter, and the imperial history to enforce the law. Then change Changle Palace to Changle Room, Weiyang Palace to Shoucheng Room, Chang'an to Chang'an. Those with a rank of 100 stones are a scholar, those with 300 stones are corporals, those with 400 stones are sergeants, those with 500 stones are lifefighters, those with 600 stones are Yuanshi, 1,000 stones are doctors, 2,000 stones are doctors, 2,000 stones are doctors, and 2,000 stones are Qing, and then Si Gong, Situ, Si Ming, Si Cong, Si Zhong Doctor, etc., are very happy to change...

Wang Mang also ordered: The sacrificial temple of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, was the temple of Wenzu. In the Beijing Chang'an, the Han Emperor Garden and the temples are not stopped, and the shrine is recommended as before.

In January, Wang Mang issued another edict: Liu Zi is "Mao, gold, knife". Since then, on the first day of the first month of each year, the gang mao and the golden knife are all prohibited. He also removed all the wrong knives, deed knives and five-baht coins that had been used since the time of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and only "one worth fifty" was left. It also casts a small coin with a diameter of six cents, weighs one baht, and is "straight", which is used in parallel with large coins. In order to prevent the people from stealing and casting, it is forbidden for the people to hold copper and charcoal without permission.

In April, Wang Mang heard the news that the Liu clan had rebelled against him: this time it was Liu Kuai, the sixth grandson of Emperor Liu Qi of the Han Dynasty and the Marquis of Xuxiang after Liu Ji, the king of Jiaodong, and his brother Liu Yinben inherited the king of Jiaodong, and Wang Mang demoted him to the title of Fuchonggong. Liu Yin didn't dare to resist, but Liu Kuai was determined to rebel. Gather thousands of people to attack Jimo City, where the county seat of Jiaodong County in Qingzhou is located. When Liu Yin heard that his brother had raised an army, he was extremely frightened, and while closing the city gate, he himself was imprisoned and wrote a letter to apologize. As a result, Liu Kuai's attack on Jimo failed, and he fled to Changguang County and died. Wang Mang issued an edict to **** Liu Yin, and sealed him: the country is full of 10,000 households, and the place is 100 miles.

In the spring, Wang Mang carried out land reform in imitation of the ancient Jingtian system: Tianxia Tian was called "Wang Tian", slaves and maids were "private belongings", and private buying and selling were prohibited. It also stipulates that if a family has less than eight members or one well, the remaining land should be distributed to the nine ethnic groups, neighbors, and township parties. Violators will be fined heavily.

In the autumn, Wang Mang issued an edict to give the second-class titles of the officials of the world, the first-class titles of the people, the sheep wine for every hundred households of women, and the currency and silk of the barbarians. This is the only time that Wang Mang has been knighted in the 14 years of the new dynasty. There are two characteristics: 1 Cow wine changed to sheep wine, I don't know what it means? It may be that emphasis is placed on production and the protection of cultivated cattle; It may also be a deliberate change in the Han system. 2 Grace and barbarians.

In the autumn, Wang Mang sent Wang Qi and other 12 "five generals", each of which placed five marshals. First, he traveled around the counties and states in the country, and promulgated a total of 42 talismans with 5 things of Dexiang, 25 talismans, and 12 Fuying, announcing the rationality of the new dynasty to replace the Han Dynasty; Then he traveled around the country to promote Wang Mang's new dynasty to the outside world, and at the same time took back the old seal of the Han Dynasty and replaced it with the seal of the new dynasty.

The five generals went east to Xuansu, Lelang, Goguryeo, Fuyu and other countries; south to Yizhou Ju Town and other countries; to the countries of the Western Regions in the west; The north came to the territory of the Xiongnu. Change the kings to princes. And this will naturally cause dissatisfaction among the kings of various countries who have already been on good terms with the Han for dozens or even hundreds of years.